《室内空气质量标准》实施情况调查及问题探讨

张霞; 徐毅; 高剑晖; 苏瑾; 徐东群; 雷苏文; 郭常义

doi:10.11847/zgggws1130762

《室内空气质量标准》实施情况调查及问题探讨

Application of national Indoor Air Quality Standard and its obstacles in China: a cross-sectional survey

摘要

摘要:
目的对《室内空气质量标准》GB/T 18883 — 2002实施情况进行评估，了解其实施过程中存在的问题，为标准修订提供依据。
方法 2019年7 — 10月，采用分层多级抽样方法和问卷调查方式，收集疾控系统、卫生监督系统、住建系统、检测机构、行业协会、高等院校等专业机构的标准应用情况，获得有效问卷91份。
结果本调查涉及全国26个城市91家专业机构。标准应用情况调查显示，日常应用以检测机构为主，每周至少应用一次的机构占18.68 %，常用指标为甲醛（91.21 %）、苯（68.13 %）、氨（62.64 %）、甲苯（57.14 %）、总挥发性有机物（TVOC）（57.14 %）。检测能力调查显示，19项指标中检测能力不足10项的机构占31 %，甲醛检测能力具备率为91.21 %，苯并（a）芘检测能力具备率仅为28.57 %。指标分类管理、增加PM_2.5指标、适当优化采样和检测的仪器方法是修订时需要重点关注的技术问题。社会公众对标准的知晓率为43.82 %，对室内空气质量的关注度为73.8 %。
结论《室内空气质量标准》GB/T 18883 — 2002整体合理，室内空气质量检测机构是标准日常应用的主体，标准修订应重点关注指标和方法的完善。

Abstract:
Objective To examine the application of national Indoor Air Quality Standard – GB/T 18883 – 2002 (IAQS) and its obstacles and to provide references for revising the standard.
Methods Using stratified multistage sampling, we conducted a questionnaire survey among 91 professional institutions in 26 cities across China during July – October 2019. The selected institutions included centers for disease control and prevention, health supervision institutes, housing and construction companies, detection agencies, industry associations, and universities. Information on IAQS-related awareness and concern among the public were also collected from 1 052 valid responses in all provincial-level regions of mainland China simultaneously.
Results Valid information were collected from all the institutions selected. The IAQS was mainly applied by detection agencies and daily application of the IAQS was reported by 18.68% of institutions surveyed. In indoor air quality assessment performed by the institutions, the most commonly adopted indicators of the IAQS was formaldehyde (being adopted in 91.21% of the assessments reported), followed by benzene (68.13%), ammonia (62.64%), toluene (57.14%), and total volatility organic compounds (TVOC) (57.14%). There were 31% of the surveyed institutions reporting being able to conduct less than 10 of 19 indicators included in the IAQS. Of all the institutions, 91.21% were reported with the capability of detecting formaldehyde in routine monitoring, but only 28.57% with the capability of benzo(α)pyrene detection. Stratified indicator management, including the particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM_2.5) as a quality index, and appropriate optimization of sampling and analyzing instrument were among the most frequent recommendations proposed by the institutions for the revision of the IAQS. Among the surveyed citizens, 43.82% reported the awareness about the IAQS and 73.8% reported the concern on indoor air.
Conclusion The national Indoor Air Quality Standard – GB/T 18883 – 2002 is generally reasonable and mainly adopted by detection agencies in daily routine indoor air quality assessment. Improvements in indicator selection and analysis instrument were suggested by professional institutions for the revision of the standard

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