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2012 Vol. 28, No. 2

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Participation equity of new rural Cooperative Medical System in Jiangxi province
FANG Li-lin, YUAN Zhao-kang, HAN Bing
2012, 28(2): 129-131. doi: 10.11847/zgggws-2012-28-02-01
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Objective To evaluate the implementation effeciency of the new rural Cooperative Medical System(CMS) from the respect of participation equity for perfecting the scheme of CMS. Methods We made a complete survey to investigate the participation data of new rural CMS in 40 pilot counties of Jiangxi province.The concentration index(CI),slope index of inequity(SII)were adopted to evaluate the equity. Results From 2006-2008,the new rural CMS participation rate of the farmers increased from 84.95% to 92.89%;the participation rate of the five welfare guarantees increased from 96.25% to 99.80%;the participation rate of impoverished farmers increased from 86.63% to 98.71%.All the CI were close to 0.The participation rate of farmers with higher income was slightly higher than those of farmers with positive CI and SII.The absolute values of SII for the participation rate of the five welfare guarantees and the impoverished were decreased. Conclusion The participation equity of the new rural CMS is good but special attention should be paid to the participation rate of farmers with low income.
Analysis on hospitalization expense of angina patients with medical insurance and its influencing factors
LIU Yuan-yuan, MA Jun, LI Chang-ping
2012, 28(2): 131-132. doi: 10.11847/zgggws-2012-28-02-02
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Objective To analyze hospitalization expense and its main influencing factors in angina patients and to provide references for controlling the excessive increase in medical expense. Methods A retrospective study was conducted based on a random sample of 5 826 hospitalized patients with medical insurance from January 2004 to December 2007 in Tianjin city. Results The mean hospitalization cost was 14 793.01 RMB yuan per patient from 2004 to 2007.The mean hospitalization cost was 4 329.77 RMB yuan per patient in first-grade hospital,7 427.15 RMB yuan per patient in secondgrade hospital,and 16 524.95 RMB yuan per patient in third-grade hospital.The items of hospitalization cost of angina patients with medical insurance were as follows:medicine(3 807.89 RMB yuan,25.74%),examination(1 706.71 RMB yuan,11.54%),treatment(1 680.25 RMB yuan,11.36%),surgery(269.75 RMB yuan,1.82%),bedding(414.64 RMB yuan,2.80%),materials(6 828.82 RMB yuan,46.16%),transfusion(12.70 RMB yuan,0.09%),component transfusion (38.21 RMB yuan,0.26%),and other costs(34.02 RMB yuan,0.23%).The results of multiple linear regression showed that the patients in higher grade hospital,with longer hospitalization,and having operation treatment had much more cost than other patients.The female and elder patients had less cost. Conclusion Gender,age,grade of hospital,time of hospitalization,times of admission and operation are the influencing factors of the hospitalization cost for angina patients in Tianjin city.
Hospitalization and its cost of chronic disease patients in rural areas of Gansu province
YANG Ai-min, CHEN Xue-zhong, LIU Yuan-qiang
2012, 28(2): 133-134. doi: 10.11847/zgggws-2012-28-02-03
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Objective To analyze hospitalization and its cost of chronic disease patients in rural areas of Gansu provice and to explore key points of chronic disease prevention and treatment among rural residents for the screening of appropriate health technologies. Methods The data on hospitalization and its cost of rural inpatients were collected from medical instutions in Gaolan and Linze county of Gansu province in 2007,and the distributions of disease and cost of the hospitaltzation were analyzed. Results The proportion of inpatients with chronic disease was 37.78% for all inpatients in county-and township-level hospitals.The common chronic diseases for the inpatients were circulatory,digestive,and respiratory system disease. The average daily cost of the hospitalization in county and township-level hospital were 216.15±1.88 and 87.03±1.66 RMB yuan with a significalt difference between the hospitals at different levels(P<0.05);the average costs of per hospitalization in county-and township-level hospital were 2342.39±2.38 and 680.74±1.79 RMB yuan.The main expenditures(76.25%) for hospitalizaton at county-level were surgical expense,medicine fee,and the charge for consultation and those(70.02%)at township-level were medicine fee,operation fee,and bedding fee. Conclusion The patients with chronic disease account for a maior part of inpatients and the costs of medicine and operation are the main factors affecting the expenditure of the inpatients in the countryside.Appropriate health technologies for the treatment of chronic diseases should be promoted.
Influence factors of hospitalization expenses among viral hepatitis patiens in Guangdong province
LIU Hai-ping, ZOU Yu-hua, MA Qi-shan
2012, 28(2): 135-136. doi: 10.11847/zgggws-2012-28-02-04
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Objective To analyze the component of hospitalization expense and its influencing factors among viral hepatitis patients in Guangdong and to provide the reference for the control of medical cost. Methods Medical records of 431 viral hepatitis patients hospitalized from April to July,2010 were collected and analyzed with descriptive method and multiple stepwise regression analyses. Results The average hospitalization cost per person for the patients was 17 045.77 RMB yuan,with highest cost of 20 452.35 yuan for hepatitis A.The cost of the medicine accounted for 57.5% (9 806.82 yuan)of the total hospitalization cost and the fee of medical examination accounted for 19.9% (3 393.91 yuan)of the total cost.The munber of day of hospitalization,the registered residence,the mode of payment,and the diagnostic classification had significant impacts on the medical expense. Conclusion Effective prevention of viral hepatitis,reducing the munber of days of hospitalization reasonably,and controlling the cost of drug are effective means to reduce the economic burden of viral hepatitis patients.
Satisfaction level to management mothod of chronic disease out-paitent among employees under basic medical insurance
JI Hai-yan, LI Wu-ping, SONG Qi-ru
2012, 28(2): 137-139. doi: 10.11847/zgggws-2012-28-02-05
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Objective To examine the satisfaction level to management method of chronic clisease out-patient under basic medical insurance system among employees with the insurance in Yinchuan city and to analyze the factors influencing the satisfaction. Methods A total of 2 100 employees with the medical insurance were selected and investigated. Results The insurants'satisfaction level to the management of out-patient with chronic disease under the basic medical insurance was low(49.7%).The satisfaction level of the males was higher than that of the females(χ2=26.045,P<0.001);the satisfaction level of single employees was higher than that of the married,the divorced and widowed(χ2=6.633,P<0.05);the satisfaction level of insurants in active servivce was higher than that of the retired(χ2=45.550,P<0.001);the insurants with higher education had lower satisfaction level(χ2=36.264,P<0.001);the insurants of different profession and with different monthly income had different satisfaction level(P<0.001 for all). Conclusion The insurants of female,married, retired,with high degree of education,and with middle monthly income have a lower level of satisfaction to out-patient chronic disease management method under basic medical insurance system.
Hospitalization expenses and its influential factors among schizophrenic patients with medical insurance
ZHU Bao, LI Chang-ping, CUI Zhuang
2012, 28(2): 139-140. doi: 10.11847/zgggws-2012-28-02-06
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Objective To explore the hospitalization expenses and its influential factors in schizophrenic inpatients in Tianjin city and to provide evidence for the control of hospitalization cost. Methods A total of 18 182 schizophrenic inpatients with medical insurance from 2003 to 2007 were selected randomly from a hospitalization database and the medical expenses and influencing factors among the patients were analyzed. Results The average total cost for one schizophrenic inpatient were 3014.59±745.31,1 986.94±538.79,2 181.92±503.85,and 3 861.22±738.29 RMB yuan for hospitalization in any hospital,in the hospital of first,second and third grade.The fee of treatment,test,berth,drugs,other,and material accounted for 52.37%,22.60%,15.41%,5.04%,4.31%,and 0.27% of all hospitalization expense,respectively.The results of multi-regression analysis showed that there were positive correlations between age,admission days,grade of the hospital,proportion of treatment fee,material fee and hospitalization expenses.And negative correlations were found between former admission time,berth fee,others fees,and hospitalization expense. Conclusion Age,grade of the hospital,admission days,former admission time,the proportion of treatment,and material fee are key factors for the cost of hospitalization expenses for insured schizophrenic inpatients in Tianjin city.
Health status and utilization of health service among rural residents in Xinjiang
LI Xiao-na, QIN Jiang-mei, TANG Jing-xia
2012, 28(2): 141-142. doi: 10.11847/zgggws-2012-28-02-07
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Objective To explore the changes of health status,requirement,utilization,and the equity of health service among rural residents in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from 2003 to 2008. Methods The data from National Health Services Research in rural residents of Xinjiang in 2003 and 2008 were collected.SPSS 13.0 software was used to analyze the data.The concentration index(CI)of health service utilization was calculated with quintile method to evaluate the equity. Results The distributions of gender and age of the residents were not statistically different between the two health service studies(P>0.05).From 2003 to 2008,two-weeks disease prevalence rate increased from 9.1% to 15.0%;the prevalence rate of noncommunicable chronic diseases(NCDS)increased from 7.8% to 14.6% (P<0.001);two-weeks consultation rate increased from 8.5% to 11.0% (P<0.001);the non-consultation rate was 45.0% and 45.1%,respectively;the hospitalization rate increased from 5.6% to 11.6% and the non-hospitalization rate decreased from 42.4% to 15.4% (P<0.001).The CI for two-weeks consultation rate increased from 0.09 to 0.11;the CI for non-consultation decreased from-0.11 to -0.06;the CI for hospitalization and non-hospitalization rate tended to zero(0.03,0.01)in 2008. Conclusion In 2008,the two-weeks disease prevalence rate and prevalences of NCDS and the utilization of health service increased,whereas the utilization of out-patient service among poor residents was restrained and the equity of inpatient health service was improved among rural residents in Xinjiang.
Association of eNOS gene 27 bp VNTR polymorphism with essential hypertension
ZHANG Qiang, TANG Bin, HE Fang
2012, 28(2): 145-148. doi: 10.11847/zgggws-2012-28-02-09
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Objective To investigate the association of 27 bp variable number of tandem repeat(VNTR)polymorphism of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase(eNOS)gene with essential hypertension(EH)in the Kazakh and Han population in Xinjiang. Methods A total of 363 Kazakh patients(case group)with EH,370 healthy Kazakh people(NT group)and 346 Han EH patients,385 healthy people in Han Chinese population were selected from Tacheng area in the Xijiang.27 bp VNTR polymorphism of eNOS gene was detected with multiplex snapshot system.Genotypic and allele frequency were calculated and compared.Blood samples were collected and the blood level of eNOS was quantified using sandwich enzymelinked immunosorbent assay. Results For the two different ethinc EH groups,the average levels of systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure,average arterial pressure,body mass index,waist/hip ratio,cholesterol,low density lipoprotein,creatinine,uric acid,and apolipoprotein A1/B were all higher than those of the NT group(P<0.05 for all).The frequencies of genotype of 27 bpVNTR polymorphism of eNOS gene(bb,aa,ab,bc)had no difference between EH and NT groups in the Kazakhs(P>0.05).The frequencies of genotypes and alleles of eNOS gene had no difference between EH and NT groups in Han population(P>0.05),and the bc genotype was not detected in Han EH group.The average plasma eNOS levels were 12.31±15.63,13.25±13.55,and 14.27±18.94 ng/ml for Han EH patients with bb,aa,and ab genotype and those were 13.84±15.19,17.97±13.33,and 13.55±13.73 ng/ml for Han controls with bb,aa,and ab,respectively,and the levels of Han populations of different groups were all higher than those of Kazakh populations. Conclusion The polymorphism of 27 bpVNTR eNOS gene was not associated with essential hypertension in Kazakh and Han population of Xinjiang. The Han populations with bb,aa,and ab genotype have a higher average eNOS level than Kazakhs.
Reliability and validity of Questionnaire on Health Status Assessment
YUAN Bao-shi, SI Chao-zeng, PAN Ting-fang
2012, 28(2): 149-151. doi: 10.11847/zgggws-2012-28-02-10
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Objective To evaluate the reliability and validity of a self-designed Questionnaire on Health Status Assessment. Methods Data were collected from 3 187 participants aged 18-55 years in Hubei province with the questionnaire. The construct validity was evaluated by exploratory factor analysis and Cronbach alpha coefficients were estimated to investigate the homogeneity reliability. Results Exploratory factor analysis revealed that the questionnaire contained soma-psychological-social scale(SPSS),fatigue assessment scale(FAS)and sleep quality scale(SQS).The SPSS was consisted of a social support factor,a vigour factor,and a pain factor.These factors accounted for 55.37% of the variance on the SPSS. FAS and SQS was consisted of a fatigue factor and a sleep quality factor,respectively,which accounted for 67.94% and 41.95% of the variance on the FAS and SQS.The correlation coefficient of these 3 sub-scale with the MOS 36-item shortform health survey(SF-36)was 0.633,0.363,and 0.457,respectively.The Cronbach alpha coefficients of sub-scales varied between 0.643-0.875. Conclusion The reliability and validity of the Questionnaire on Health Status Assessment are good and the questionnaire could be used as an effective tool to measure the status of sub-health among Chinese adults.
Prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease among residents of Fulaerji district of Qigihar city,Heilongjiang province
SUN Zheng-hai, CUI Guang-cheng, HAN Yun-feng
2012, 28(2): 151-153. doi: 10.11847/zgggws-2012-28-02-11
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To explore the epidemiological characteristics and distribution of Alzheimer's disease(AD) among residents of Fulaerji district of Qiqihar city,Heilongjiang province. Methods Stratified mulitstage cluster sampling method was adopted in the survey.The investigation included screening and clinical diagnosis.Mini Mental-State Examination(MMSE)and activites of daily living(ADL)were used in the screening.The diagnosis was made based on clinical history,clinical examination,neuropsychological testing according to the criteria of Diagnostic and Statistical of Mental Disorder,4th ed(DSM-IV)and the National Institute of Neurologic,Communicative Disorders and Stroke-AD and Related Disorders Association(NINCDS-ADRDA). Results Among 3 698 elder persons aged 60 years or over,87 AD patients were identified with a prevalence rate of 2.4%,of which 59.77%,24.14%,and 16.09% were mild,moderate,and severe cases.The prevalence rate was 2.92% for women and 1.83% for men with a significant difference(χ2=4.79,P<0.05). The AD prevalence rate increased with increment of age(Z=7.90,P<0.01).The residents with lower education had a higher AD prevalence rate(Z=-3.18,P<0.01). Conclusion AD prevalence in the females is higher than in the male and the prevalence is positively correlated with the increment of age and negatively with education level among the residents in Fularji district of Qigihar city,Heilongjiang province.
Association between blood pressure control and risk factor in community hypertensive patients
LI Wen, LU Wen-li, WANG Yuan
2012, 28(2): 154-156. doi: 10.11847/zgggws-2012-28-02-12
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Objective To investigate the rate of blood pressure control and its influencing factors in hypertensive patients and to provide evidence for hypertension control. Methods A total of 28 518 adults(≥18 years old)were selected with multi-stage randomized sampling and surveyed with a questionnaine. Results The prevalence of hypertension was 27.52%.The rate of having anti-hypertension medication routinely among the hypertensive patients was 51.51% and the rate of blood pressure control was 26.77%.For the 4 042 hypertensive patients,the rate of blood pressure control in the male was lower than that in the female(25.51% vs 27.75%)with a significant difference(χ2=292.031,P=0.000);the rates of blood pressure control among the patients of 18-44,45-59,60-74,and≥75 years old were 20.51%,24.09%, 29.00%,and 28.12%,respectively,with significant differences among the different age groups(χ2=65.880,P=0.000). The results of principal component logistic regression analyses showed that high-salt food(>6 g/d),smoking and alcohol consumption were associated with the uncontrolled blood pressure. Conclusion Smoking cessation,reduction of alcohol consumption and lowering sodium intake are likely beneficial to blood pressure control for hypertensive patients.
Correlation betwee negative coping style and sub-health among adolescents in eight cities of China
WANG Hong, HAO Jia-hu, TAO Fang-biao
2012, 28(2): 156-158. doi: 10.11847/zgggws-2012-28-02-13
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Objective To examine the prevalence of negative coping style and to investigate the correlation between sub-health and negative coping style among adolescents. Methods A questionnaire survey was carried out in 17 622 students selected with convenient sampling from eight cities.Multidimensional Sub-health Questionnaire of Adolescents (MSQA)and Trait Coping Style Questionnaire(TCSQ)were used in the survey. Results The girls,high school students, minority students,and non-only-child were more likely to select depressive and avoident coping style with the higher positive rates of 34.8% and 35.3%,31.6% and 36.2%,30.7% and 35.4%,28.5% and 32.7%,respectively,for the two coping styles.The adolescents with midium or high score of depression and withdrawing had 1.40-6.50 folds risk of sub-health than those with lower scores. Conclusion Negative coping styles are common problems in Chinese adolescents.There is a statistical correlation between the selection of negative coping style and the status of sub-health among adolescents.
Interactive effcets of family history of diabetes, diet and obesity on type 2 diabetes mellitus
SONG Shuang, XU Hui-lan, XIAO Shui-yuan
2012, 28(2): 159-160. doi: 10.11847/zgggws-2012-28-02-14
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Objective To explore the interactive effcts of family history of diabetes,diet and obesity on type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods Totally 1 602 rural residents in Wangcheng county were investigated to collect information on their socio-demographics,family history of diabetes,diet structure,height,weight,waist-to-hip ratio,blood glucose,and other risk factors of diabetes.All significant risk factors in single-factor analysis were analyzed to find out additive interaction. Results The age-standardized morbidity of type 2 diabetes in the residents was 5.35%.Additive interactions were detected between family history and age≥45 years with a relative excess risk of interaction(RERI)of 6.299,between family history and central obesity(RERI=7.180),between family history and low education level(RERI=3.500),between family history and fatty diet(RERI=3.020),and between central obesity and fatty diet(RERI=6.642). Conclusion There are aditive interactions between family history of diabetes,diet and obesity as the risk factors for type 2 diabetes millitus.
Growth and development and its related factors among rural children aged 6-24 months in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region
XU Yi-qun, WANG Hui-shan, GONG Li-min
2012, 28(2): 161-163. doi: 10.11847/zgggws-2012-28-02-15
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Objective To investigate the growth and development and its related factors among the rural children aged 6-24 months in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and to provide reference for the improvement of the children's health. Methods A questionaire survey was conducted among the parents of 1 198 children aged 6-24 months selected randomly with stratified cluster sampling form eight towns in two counties of Guangxi.The height and weight of the children were measured by nuiformly trained personnel and were evaluated based on the study of nine cities in China,2005. Results The prevalence of malnutrition was 21.9% among the children and was lower than the average level of the nine cities. The prevalences of underweight and stunting were 16.2% and 13.5%,and increased with the age among the children.There were significant differences in malnutrition and stunting among the young children of different month of age.The results of multivariate logistic regression indicated that aged 12 months or more,second or late parity,and drinking unboiled water were the risk factors and normal delivery was a protective factor for malnutrition among the children. Conclusion The prevalences of low weight and stunting are relative high and preterm infants and children of second or late parity are at a high risk of malnutrition among the children in rural areas of Guangxi.
Serum uric acid and its association with metabolic syndrome and its components in rural adult residents
JIN Shan-ji, PIAO Xian-nü, XIONG Ying-huan
2012, 28(2): 163-165. doi: 10.11847/zgggws-2012-28-02-16
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Objective To explore the concentration of serum uric acid(SUA)and its association with metabolic syndrome(MS)and its components in rural residents of Yanbian area. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted and concentration of SUA and the indexes associated MS were measured in 4 771 rural residents(1 996 males aged 49.9±11.1 years,2 775 females aged 50.3±11.5 years).MS was diagnosed according to the criteria of "Prevention and Treatment of Blood Lipid Abnormality in Chinese Adult". Results Logistic regression analyses showed that MS and its all components were significantly associated with concentrations of SUA after adjusting for sex,race,age,smoking,and alcohol drinking and the prevalence of MS and its components increased with the increment of SUA in model A.There were significant associations between the components(except hyperglycemia)of MS and the concentration of SUA after adjusting for the same set of variables in model A plus the other components of MS in model B.The same results were showed after adjusting for the same set of variables in model B plus general obesity.The general obesity was significantly associated with the concentration of SUA after adjusting for the same set of variables in model A plus all components of MS.The concentrations of SUA were significantly higher among the people with MS than those without MS(F=170.3,P=0.000)and SUA concentration increased along with the number of MS conponent(F=200.0,P=0.000). Conclusion Among rural residents of Yanbian area,concentration of SUA is strongly associated with the prevalence of MS and its components and increases along with the number of MS component.General obesity is significantly associated with SUA concentration.
Sexual behavior and its influencing factors among farmer workers
LI Ning, WANG Xue-liang, LI Xiao-mei
2012, 28(2): 166-168. doi: 10.11847/zgggws-2012-28-02-17
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Objective To examine the prevalence of sexual behavior and its influencing factors among farmer workers. Methods Totally 820 rural-to-urban workers from 6 villages of 3 towns in Lantian county were selected with random cluster sampling and a cross-sectional survey on sexual behavior was conducted. Results Among the farmer workers, 36.3% reported premarital sex;11.7% reported extramarital sex;17.1% reported two or more sex partners.Single factor analysis revealed that the first sexual behavior of female,youth and light manual workers was earlier than male,older and heavy manual workers(P<0.001).Multivariate analysis revealed that factors influencing multiple sex partners were gender (odds ratio[OR]=0.36),marriage status(OR=3.35),distance from hometown(OR=1.93),age of first sexual behavior (OR=0.79),and duration of working out of home town(OR=1.02).The ratio of using condom of the workers with multiple sex partner was higher than that of with single sexual partner(P<0.05). Conclusion The prevalence of risk sexual behavior is related to gender,marital status,and type,location and duration of working among rural-to-urban farmer workers.
Psycholoical health status and its influencing factors among rural left-behind children in Hubei province
ZHANG Lian-sheng, YANG Jie, ZHU Yu-ting
2012, 28(2): 170-171. doi: 10.11847/zgggws-2012-28-02-19
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Objective To examine the status of mental health and its influence factors among rural left-behind children in Hubei province. Methods Stratified multistage cluster randomization was adopted to choose 1 672 left-behind students of 5 to 9 grades from primary and middle schools in the rural of Hubei province.The Symptom Checklist-90(SCL-90)was used to determine psychological health status of the students. Results The prevalence of positive symptoms of SCL-90 among the students was 27.8% (95% confidence interval[CI]:25.62%,29.91%).There were significant differences in the prevalence between the students of different gender,working status and place of their parents.Multiple logistic regression model indicated that the students with their fathers having high education(odds ratio[OR]=0.669,95% CI:0.461,0.972) and regular job(OR=0.552,95% CI:0.317,0.962)had a lower prevalence and the lodging students had a higher prevalence(OR=1.710,95% CI:1.054,2.772). Conclusion The schoolboys and lodging students are prone to have psychological health problem than the others.The education level of farther and working status of the parents are correlated with mental health status of primary and middle school students in rural area.
Association between family cohesion,adaptability and suicide among rural residents
WANG Xin-xin, JIA Cun-xian, ZANG Ji-yu
2012, 28(2): 172-174. doi: 10.11847/zgggws-2012-28-02-20
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Objective To explore the relationship between family cohesion,adaptability and suicide among rural residents and to provide reference for suicide prevention and intervention. Methods With paired case-control study,25 towns from 3 counties in Shandong province were randomly selected.Case group was the suicide happened from Sept 1, 2008 to Aug 31,2009 in the 25 towns.Controls were normal persons matched with same age(no more than 3 years), gender,and same or neighbor village as suicide cases.The data of 200 suicide cases and 200 paired controls were collected with psychological autopsy method. Results There were significant differences between suicide and control groups in family cohesion(74.83±13.14 vs 65.82±14.64)and adaptability(57.46±9.59 vs 50.72±14.17).The percents of balance, intermediate,extreme family type in suicide group were 13.5%,26.0%,and 60.5%,respectively.The percents of those three family types in the control group were 27.5%,23.5%,and 49.0%,respectively,and the family type was associated with suicide(χ2=12.299,P<0.01).Multivariate conditional logistic regression model analyses showed that single,mental illness,experiencing negative life event,and extreme family type were risk factors of suicide.Party/league member,having high family income were protective factors of suicide. Conclusion There are defects in family cohesion and adaptability among the suicides.The persons in a family of extreme type are more likely to have suicide behavior.
Bicycle riding and its related risk behaviors among high and middle school students in Guangzhou city
LIU Wei, LIU Wei-jia, LIN Han-sheng
2012, 28(2): 174-176. doi: 10.11847/zgggws-2012-28-02-21
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Objective To explore the prevalence of bicycle riding and its related risk behaviors among middle school students in Guangzhou city and to provide scientific evidence for traffic injury prevention and control. Methods A survey with the "Questionnaire of Health Related Behaviors among Adolescents in China" in combination with some self-designed items was conducted among the students from 12 middle schools in Guangzhou. Results The prevalence of bicycle ridling was 84.4% and that of risk behavior related to bicycle riding was 75.7%.The boys reported a higher rate of risk behavior of bicycle riding than the girls(78.6% vs 73.2%)and the rate was higher among vocational high school students(80.8%) than among high school students(75.3%)and middle school students(74.2%).The rural students showed a higher rate of risk behavior(80.0%)than students of suburb area(74.3%)and urban area(69.7%).The incidence rates of both hands off handlebars,clinging to other vehicles,chasing or rough housing,riding against the traffic flow,carrying person,and ignoring the traffic-control signal were 25.7%,13.6%,24.5%,22.2%,68.1%,and 11.6% among the students,respectively. Of the students,43.8% knew riding bicycle on traffic road was prohibited for children under 12 years old and 50.8% knew how to ride a bicycle on roads without bicycle road. Conclusion The prevalence of risk behavior related to bicycle riding is high among middle school students in Guangzhou and related departments and schools should strengthen the education on the safety of communication and bicycle riding.
Association of survivin gene susceptibility and haplotype with hepatocellular carcinoma
LI Yu-hua, WANG Jiao-feng, JIANG Feng
2012, 28(2): 177-179. doi: 10.11847/zgggws-2012-28-02-22
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To explore the association of rs8073069 and rs1042489 in survivin gene with hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)in Han population and to provide basis for effective protective measure. Methods Under the design of case-control study,176 Han HCC cases and 196 Han controls were selected in communities of Haimen city,Jiangsu province.Questionnaire survey on basic information was carried out and two loci of rs8073069 and rs1042489 from survivin gene were genotyped. Results The frequency of CC,CG,GG,C and G in rs8073069 was 8.52%,35.22%,56.25%,26.14%, and 73.86% in HCC group and 6.12%,39.80%,54.08%,26.02%,and 73.98% in the control group,respectively.In different genetic models,no statistically significant difference was found in genotype or allele distribution of HCC case group relative to the control group in rs8073069(P>0.05).In HCC group,the frequency of CC,CT,TT,C and T in rs1042489 was 17.61%,55.68%,26.70%,45.45%,and 54.55% and 13.78%,52.04%,34.18%,39.80%,and 60.20% in the control group,respectively.No statistically significant difference was found in rs1042489(P>0.05)either.Multivariate logistic regression indicated that HBsAg positive and the history of hepatitis B were risk factors for HCC.In addition,the haplotype of rs8073069G-rs1042489T was a protective factor for HCC in additive genetic model.However,no haplotype-environment interaction was found in different genetic models(P>0.05). Conclusion Neither rs8073069 nor rs10424892 in survivin gene is associated with the susceptibility of HCC in Han population,but rs9904341G-rs1042489T in survivin gene is a protective haplotype for HCC.
AIDS/HIV education for students in urban high schools in 18 provinces of China
SONG Yi, JI Cheng-ye, ZHANG Lin
2012, 28(2): 180-183. doi: 10.11847/zgggws-2012-28-02-23
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Objective To analyze acquired immunodificiency syndrom/human immunodificiency virus(AIDS/HIV) health education for students in urban high schools in 18 provinces of China and to provide a basis for health education on AIDS among the students. Methods An anonymous questionnaire survey was conducted among 109 754 urban high school students selected by using multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method in 18 provinces and cities of China. Results The percentage of students who had ever been taught in school about AIDS or HIV infection was higher in elite high school students than in ordinary high school students or vacational high school students(P<0.01),and HIV/AIDS education in high schools was not as ideal as expected in some areas.The knowledge of and attitude toward HIV/AIDS were better among students with the education program in school about AIDS or HIV infection than those without the education in different areas(P<0.01). Conclusion There is a great disequilibrium in HIV/AIDS health education among different kinds of high schools in China.HIV/AIDS health education should be strengthened among vocational high school students and the educational effiency should also be promoted.
Effects of different feeding on rehabilitation of immune dysfunction in rats with severe burn
YOU Hao-yuan, ZHAN Jian-hua, LUO Jin-hua.
2012, 28(2): 185-187. doi: 10.11847/zgggws-2012-28-02-25
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Objective To observe the effect of different feeding on the rehabilitation of immune dysfunction in severely burned rats and to investigate the method of improving the rehabilitation of immune function of severe burn. Methods Totally 100 healthy Wistar rats were randomly divided into group A(n=30,burned and fed with medicinal feeding,group B(n=30,burned and fed with bouillon),group C(n=30,bured and fed normally),and group D(n=10,normal control). The rats in group D were sacrificeded after scalded at 37℃.At 3,7,14 day post the burn and 10 rats in group A,B and C were also sacrificed under the condition of asepsis to detect the amount of T lymphocyte subsets,the activity of natuual killer (NK)cells,the levels of IgA,IgG,IgM,C3,C4,and the concentration of secretory immunoglobulin A(sIgA). Results Compared with group A,B,and C,the amount of the CD3+,CD4+,CD8+,the ratio of CD4+/CD8+,the levels of IgA,IgG, IgM,C3,C4,and the activity of NK cells of group D were significantly higher at 3,7,14 day post the burn((P<0.05 or P<0.01).Compared with group B and C,all the indexes of group A recovered fast(P<0.05 or P<0.01). Conclusion The Medicinal feeding can play an important role in improving the distribution of T lymphocyte,enhancing the activity of NK cells,promoting the secretion ability of of sIgA in intestines mucous membrane,and the levels of IgM,IgG,C3,C4 in rats with severe burn.
Effects of 17β-estradiol on expression of NF-кB and TLR4 in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells
ZHANG Li-li, XIE Bo-hong, GUO Ji-qiang
2012, 28(2): 187-188. doi: 10.11847/zgggws-2012-28-02-26
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Objective To investigate the effects of 17β-estradiol on the expression of nuclear factor kappa B(NF-кB) and Toll-like receptor 4(TLR4)in lipoplysaccharide(LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Methods The expression of TLR4 mRNA in RAW264.7 cells was detected with reverse-tanscription-PCR(RT-PCR).The activity of transcription factor NF-кB was detected with method of luciferase reporter. Results The relative expression level of TLR4 mRNA was 1.23±0.21, 1.52±0.28,and 1.11±0.27 in the control group,LPS stimulation group,and 17β-estradiol group,respectively.Meanwhile, the relative value of NF-кB activity was 126±32,306±58,and 247±37 in the control group,LPS stimulation group,and 17β-estradiol group,respectively.17β-estradiol could decrease the expression of TLR4 mRNA and the transcription activity of NF-кB in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells(P<0.05). Conclusion 17β-estradiol has anti-inflammatory effect via regulation of TLR4 expression and NF-кB transcriptional activity.
Effects of sulforaphane on proliferation of human bladder cancer cells and its mechanism
LI Bao-long, HE Can-xia, WANG Feng-qian
2012, 28(2): 189-191. doi: 10.11847/zgggws-2012-28-02-27
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Objective To sutdy the effects of mitogen activated protein kinase(MAPK)and phosphatidy linositol 3-kinase(PI3K)on the inhibition of human bladder cancer cell proliferation induced by sulforaphane(SFN). Methods Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium(MTT)assay was used to detect T24 cell proliferation.The level of cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2) mRNA was determined by quantitative real-time PCR. Results SFN(5-20μmol/L)significantly suppressed the proliferation and the expression of COX-2 mRNA.Pretreatment with inhibitor SB202190 or LY294002,anti-proliferation of SFN on T24 cells was remarkably attenuated by the increase of cell viability.Inhibitor SB202190,but not LY294002,could thoroughly masked the level of COX-2 mRNA downregulated by SFN. Conclusion The results suggest that p38MAPK and PI3K signal pathway are involved in the inhibitory effect of SFN on T24 cells and p38MAPK plays a key role in the inhibition of COX-2 mRNA by SFN.
Interference effect of melatonin on acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity in rats
ZENG Li-ai, GUO Xiong-xiong, YAN Han-ying
2012, 28(2): 191-193. doi: 10.11847/zgggws-2012-28-02-28
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Objective To explore the interference effect of melatonin on acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity in rats. Methods Forty adult male SD rats were randomly divided into control group,acrylamide group,melatonin group,and melatonin intervention group(10 in each group).Acrylamide group was treated with 2.3 mmol/L of acrylamide in daily drinking.Rats in melatonin group were administered 2.5 mg/kg of melatonin by intraperitoneal injection once a day.All the treatments continued 9 weeks.Gait scores were analyzed once a week.The histopathologial injuries of cerebrum and cerebellum were observsed by hematoxhlin-eosin(HE)stain.The contents of of malondialdehyde(MDA),glutathione(GSH), superoxide dismutase(SOD),and glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px)in cerebral cortex and cerebellum tissue were determined. Results Compared with the control group,the gait scores rised markedly from the third week to the end of experiment(P<0.05)in acrylamide group and melatonin intervention group.In acrylamide group,the SOD activity in cerebral cortex decreased by 9.89% (P<0.05)and the SOD activity and GSH content in cerebellum decreased by 7.49% and 12.31%,respectively(P<0.05).Compared with acrylamide group,gait scores decreased at forth and fifth week by 22.92% and 15.85%,respectively(P<0.05),and the SOD activity in cerebral cortex increased by 14.96% in melatonin intervention group(P<0.01). Conclusion Acrylamide could induce gait abnormality,inhibit the activity of SOD and the content of GSH,while melatonin could alleviate the neurotoxicity induced by acrylamide at the early stage but have no protective effect later in rats.
Molecular cloning of staphylococcal enterotoxin gene from wild Staphylococcus aureus strains
YANG Fan, WANG Jian-hua, ZHU Li-na
2012, 28(2): 194-196. doi: 10.11847/zgggws-2012-28-02-29
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Objective To clone novel staphylococcal enterotoxin P(SEP)gene from Staphylococcus aureus(S.auresu)strains SD and 104 for the production of a novel staphylococcal enterotoxin. Methods Primers were designed according to the conserved sequence of SEP from published data.PCR products amplified from genomic DNA of S.aureus SD and 104 were inserted into the plasmid pET-28a.The resultant plasmids were transformed into E.coli BL21(DE3)and induced to express the gene with isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactoside(IPTG).Proteins purified through nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid(Ni+-NTA) affinity chromatography were used to analyze the superantigenic activity and anti-tumor effect in vitro. Results Two novel staphylococcal enterotoxin P genes were obtained according to the results of sequence alignment.E.coli harboring pET28aSEPSD and pET28a-SEP104 could high-efficiently express the soluble protein under 1 mmol/L IPTG induction.The proteins were purified through Ni+-NTA affinity chromatography.The purified protein was used to stimulate peripheral blood mononuclear cell(PBMC)proliferation.Compared with staphylococcal enterotoxin C2(SEC2),the proliferation rates of the proteins were higher than 30%.SEP could obviously inhibit the growth of tumor cells,even higher than SEC2. Conclusion New novel SEP genes were successfully cloned and the expressed proteins SEPSD and SEP104 of the genes exhibited anti-tumor effect stronger than SCE2.
Inhibitive effect of daidzein on growth of H22 tumor cells in mice
YANG Jing-jing, LIU Su-fang, Li Wan-li
2012, 28(2): 197-198. doi: 10.11847/zgggws-2012-28-02-30
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Objective To explore the effect of daidzein on the apoptosis of H22 tumor cells and its mechanism in mice. Methods The proliferation of H22 cells was detected by methyl thiazlyl tetrazolimm(MTT)assay.Sixty Kunming male mice were randomly divided into 6 groups(10 in each group).The mice in model and normal control group were given intraperitoneal injection of serum free RPMI 1640.The high,moderate,and low dose of daidzein groups were injected intraperitoneally with daidzein at different dose(50,100,and 200 mg/kg).The mice in positive control group were injected intraperitoneally with cyclophosphamide solution.After 14 days,the body weight,spleen index,thymus index,and tumor weight of the mice in different groups were compared.Bax and bcl-2 expressions in H22 cells were detected with western-blot. Results MTT assays showed that daidzein could inhibit the proliferation of H22 cells.After exposed to daidzein at a dose of 150 μmol/L for 72 hr,the proliferation inhibitory rate of the H22 cells was 30.3% (P<0.05).Compared to that of previous culture cycle,the growth inhibitory rate gradually increased.Thymus and spleen indexes in high and moderate dose daidzein groups were significantly higher(P<0.01).Compared with that of the model group,the tumor weight index of the three daidzein treatment groups decreased significantly(P<0.01 for all).Daidzein could regulated upward the expression of bcl-2 and downward the expression of bax.Compared with the 10.0μmol/L daidzein treatment group,the gray value for bax expression increased by 50.05% and that of bcl-2 expression decreased by 52.62%. Conclusion Daidzein inhibits the proliferation of H22 cells and induces apoptosis of H22 tumor cells.Daidzein can inhibit the growth of implanted tumor and promote the immune function of the mice.
Effects of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation on expressions of β-catenin and c-myc mRNA of thymoma induced by ionizing radiation in mice
WANG Hong-yan, QI Ya-li, LIU Li-ping
2012, 28(2): 200-201. doi: 10.11847/zgggws-2012-28-02-32
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Objective To study the effects of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)transplantation on the expressions of β-catenin and c-myc mRNA of thymoma induced by ionizing radiation in mice and to provide theoretical basis for exploring the effect of MSCs in tumor genesis and development. Methods MSCs from C57BL/6 mice were cultured through whole bone marrow adherence in vitro.The model of thymoma was induced by whole-body X-irradiation. The mice were divided into three groups:the normal,irradiation and treatment group with MSCs after irradiation.The expressions of β-catenin and c-myc mRNA were detected by reverse transcription-PCR(RT-PCR)6 months after the irradiation. Results The expression of β-catenin mRNA in the irradiation group was significantly higher than that of in the nomal control(P<0.05),and the expression in the irradiation+MSCs group was lower than that in the irradiation group.The expression of c-myc mRNA in the irradiation group was higher than that of in the nomal control,and the expression in the irradiation+MSCs group was significantly lower than that in the irradiation group(P<0.05). Conclusion MSCs could inhibit tumor proliferation through inhibiting the abnormal expressions ofβ-catenin and c-myc mRNA.
Effects of computer electromagnetic radiation on semen reactive oxygen species and semen quantity
BAO Hua-qiong, CAI Min, CHEN Ke
2012, 28(2): 202-203. doi: 10.11847/zgggws-2012-28-02-33
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Objective To investigate the effects of computer electromagnetic radiation on reactive oxygen species (ROS)level in semen and sperm fertilization capacity of male adult. Methods Totally 56 male adults were divided into two groups according to their active computer use:control group(without computer use)and exposure group(with computer use of 2 hours per day).The routine parameters of ROS level in semen,sperm acrosin activity,and the rate of sperm penetration of zona-free hamster egg(SPA)were detected according to WHO standards. Results The results showed an increase in ROS level in semen(24.2±17.1 vs 12.2±8.1)and decreases in sperm acrosin activity(78.9±19.8 vs 110.3±23.3) and the rate of sperm penetration of zona-free hamster egg(24.2±17.1 vs 47±19.6)in exposure group compared with those of the control(P<0.05 for all).The comparisons of mean semen volume,pH,sperm motility and viability between exposure and the control group showed no significant difference(P>0.05 for all).But the rate of sperm normal morphology was significantly different(P<0.05). Conclusion The results suggest that computer electromagnetic radiation may increase ROS level in semen and impair sperm morphology and fertilization capacity in male adult.
Effect of actinomycin D on apoptosis in V79 target and bystander cells
JIN Cui-hong, WU Sheng-wen, LU Xiao-bo
2012, 28(2): 204-206. doi: 10.11847/zgggws-2012-28-02-34
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Objective To observe the effect of actinomycin D(ACTD)and conditioned medium obtained from ACTD-exposed V79 cells on cell morphology and ultrastructure to determine whether ACTD could induce bystander effect in V79 cells. Methods V79 cells were administrated with ACTD for 1 hr at different dose(0,0.25,0.5,1.0,2.0,4.0,and 8.0 mg/L).Different period conditioned medium(CM)was collected at 4,8,12,and 24 hr after ACTD treatment to culture bystander cells for 24 hr to observe the bystander effect.Cell morphology and ultrastructural changes were observed under phase contrast optical microscope and transmission electron microscopy,respectively. Results The numbers of V79 cells reduced and those of abnormal cells increased in ACTD-treated groups in a dose-dependent manner(P<0.05).Bystander cells were much less and the cells turned round and many cells got rid of wall.The bystander cells damage alleviated with the time but aggravated in 24 hr CM-treated bystander cells.Under transmission electron microscopy,the cells were in normal shape with normal organelles and nuclear.In 4 mg/L ACTD-exposed cells,shrinked and apoptotic bodies formed. Amongst the bystander cells treated with 4 hr CM,apoptosis phenomenon was the most obvious and apoptosis reduced with the time till a rebound in 24 hr CM.Death type of the bystander cells was mainly apoptotic.Survival rates of the bystander cells in 4,8,12,and 24 hr CM groups were 59.5±3.4%,69.2±4.5%,88.8±5.2%,and 61.3±6.8%,respectively, which all were lower than that of the control group(100.0±0.1%)and higher than that of 4 mg/L ACTD group(50.0± 6.5%). Conclusion ACTD could induce apoptosis of bystander V79 cells.The 4 hr CM treatment induces the strongest bystander effect.
Effects of bisphenol A on calcium channel currents in dorsal root ganglion neurons of rats
WANG Wen-juan, WANG Jun, QIAN Wen-yi
2012, 28(2): 210-212. doi: 10.11847/zgggws-2012-28-02-36
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Objective To explore the effects of bisphenol A(BPA)on calcium currents in dorsal root ganglion(DRG) neuron cells of rats. Methods Ca2+ currents were obtained in DRG neurons by whole-cell patch clamp technique;calcium transients induced by 50 mmol/L KCl were also observed in the neurons with laser scanning confocal microscopy assay,and the effects of bisphenol A on calcium channels were observed. Results BPA at the concentrations of 0.1,1,10,and 100 μmol/L significantly inhibited calcium current in DRG neurons cells,with an IC 50 of 11.41μmol/L.BPA shifted the activation curve of calcium currents toward a depolarizing direction and increased the slope factor of the curve.Additionally, 10μmol/L BPA inhibited the increment of intracellular Ca2+ concentration([Ca2+]i)induced by 50 mmol/L KCl. Conclusion BPA has significant inhibitory effects on calcium current and calcium transient invoked by KCl in dorsal root ganglion neurons.
Implementation of basic public health service in urban areas
DUAN Xiao-jian, FAN Li-hua, YU Xi-wen
2012, 28(2): 212-213. doi: 10.11847/zgggws-2012-28-02-37
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Objective To evaluate the implementation of basic public health service and to explore the problems during its execution. Methods The in-depth interview and questionnaire survey were conducted in 29 community health service institutions of Heilongjiang,Anhui,and Guangdong province to collect data. Results There were 51.72% of the communities with a government investment of 15 RMB yuan for one person for the basic public health service.In the three provinces, the average munber of public health workers for ten thousand population was 0.25,0.25,and 0.35,respectively,and the ratio of formal workers was only 44.15%.For the nine basic public health service items,the coverage rate of health records,health educaion,elderly care,and chronic disease management reached 100%.But chronic disease managment rate was only about 40% and the psychiatric management rate was below 10%.The neonatal visit rate,maternal former management rate,and postpartum visit rate were about 20%.Residents'awareness of basic public health service project was only about 20%. Conclusion Basic public health serveice project was unbalanced among the community health service institutions surveyed and the quality of the public health service needs to be improved.
Relationship between stress and personality among doctor students
WANG Yuan-yuan, YU Jia-yuan, PAN Yue-qiang
2012, 28(2): 214-215. doi: 10.11847/zgggws-2012-28-02-38
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Objective To explore the situation of stress and its relationship with personality among doctor students. Methods Totally 119 students were selected from 5 cities and asked to fill in questionnaires of stress and personality with simple random and convenience sampling. Results There were significant differences among the five dimensions (F=34.002,P=0.000).Unmarried doctor's romantic pressure was significantly higher than the married;the total and study pressure of doctors studying at their own expenses were significantly higher than those at public expense(F1=6.899, p1=0.000;F2=1.916,p2=0.002).The grade had significant effect on the stress in the students(F=1.753,P=0.184). The relevances among all dimensions of personality and pressure were not consistent. Conclusion Among doctor students, the stress of marriage is the most serious,followed by the schoolwork stress,economic stress and the employment stress,and the intepersonal relation stress is the mildest.Marital status,at one's own expense or at public expense,and grade affect the stress at different extent.There are various effects of stress on different dimensions of personality.
Influence factors of IHDS scores and its correlation with MMSE scale in minority AIDS patients
ZHAO Ting-ting, WEI Bo, LIANG Hao
2012, 28(2): 216-217. doi: 10.11847/zgggws-2012-28-02-39
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Objective To assess the influence factors of International HIV-Associated Dementia Scale(IHDS)among AIDS patients in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and to provide eveidence for specific intervention. Methods From November 2010 to March 2011,100 human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)positive patients aged<65 years were selected, excluding the patients with nervous system infection,cerebrovascular disease,major depression,and alcohol and substance abuse,from the Fourth Peoplies Hospital of Nanning City and surveyed with IHDS and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)by trained neurolegists. Results The average IHDS score was 8.06±1.81 among the patients.The score of the patients equal or less than 50 years old was higher than that of 51-64 years old(9.79±1.94 vs 8.04±2.03;t=2.590, P=0.010).The score of the Han patients was higher thant that of Zhuang patients(9.56±1.70 vs 8.93±1.80; t=-9.329,P=0.041).The patients with the education under primary school had a lower score than those with the education equal or higher than primary school(7.33±1.37 vs 9.49±1.62;t=-7.861,P=0.000).Compared with the patients without history of alcohol drinking,the patients with alcohol drinking showed lower IHDS score(8.41±1.54 vs 9.27±1.83;t=3.301,P=0.030).There were no differences in the scores betweeen the ptients of different gender and smoking status(P>0.05 for all).The results of multivariate logistic regression showed that the age and the amount of alcohol consumption were negatively associated with and the education level was positively assciated with the IHDS score among the patients. Conclusion Age,educational level,alcohol consumption are major infulence factors of IHDS score.
Survey on AIDS risk behaviors among men who have sex with men in Dalian city
ZHAO Zhi-jie, LI Rui, TONG Wei
2012, 28(2): 218-219. doi: 10.11847/zgggws-2012-28-02-40
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Objective To examine the human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)risk behaviors,HIV,hepatitis C virus (HCV),and syphilis infection rates among men who have sex with men(MSM)in Dalian city and to explore the influencing factors of HIV infection among them. Methods A face-to-face questionnaire interview was conducted among MSM recruited with snowball sampling method and the blood samples were collected from the participants for the test fo HIV, syphilis,and HCV. Results A total of 932 MSM were recruited.The prevalence rates of HIV,syphilis,and HCV were 3.42% (32/932),12.12% (113/932),and 1.07% (10/932).In the past 6 months,88.73% (827/932)of the MSM investigated had anal sex with males.Among them,only 52.18% reported consistent condom use during anal intercourse. Multiple logistic regression analyses indicated that lower education background,floating population,commercial sex with men in the past 6 months,and syphilis infection were risk factors of HIV infection.Whereas having HIV test in the last year was a protective factor. Conclusion A high HIV infection rate and high risk behaviors are observed among MSM in Dalian.
Prevalence of eating disorders and its association with sleep quality among female students of kindergarten teacher college in Hefei city
SHAN Xiao-wei, SU Hong, XU Zhi-wei
2012, 28(2): 220-222. doi: 10.11847/zgggws-2012-28-02-41
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Objective To investigate the prevalence of eating disorders and its related factors among 14 to 21 years old female kindergarten teacher college students and to provide basis for implementing early screening and intervention. Methods With random cluster sampling,2 371 female students were measured with Eating Disorder Inventory(EDI),Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index(PSQI),Self-Rating Anxiety Scale(SAS),Self-Rating Depression Scale(SDS),and a self-administered questionnaire in October 2010. Results The estimated prevalence of eating disorders in the students was 7.09% (168/2 371). The highest prevalence was observed in the students aged 18 years(10.6%,41/388).The students of grade 5 had the highest prevalence(10.5%,43/411).The eating disorders scores among the students with abnormal body mass(too thin, underweight,normal,and overweight)were significantly different(F=26.79,P<0.01).Eating disorders prevalence among the students with different parents relationship,economic status,mass media concerning,and dieting status among relatives or friends were diffenent(P<0.01).The related factors of eating disorders were anxiety,concerning about the idol at media, depression,body mass index(BMI),sleep quality,age,and whether with the friends on dieting among the students. Conclusion The prevalence of eating disorders was high in kindergarten teacher college female students.Proper health education,reasonable diet,and regular sleep are the keys to reduce the occurrence of eating disorders.
Anxiety status among high school students after Wenchuan earthquake
WANG Rui, ZHENG Shi-cheng, ZHANG Qiang
2012, 28(2): 224-226. doi: 10.11847/zgggws-2012-28-02-43
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Objective To investigate the prevalence of anxiety related emotional disorders among high school students one and a half years after the 5.12 Wenchuan earthquake. Methods We surveyed 2 729 grade one or grade two students from three high schools in the disaster stricken areas using the 41-item version of the screen for child anxiety related emotional disorders(SCARED)scale. Results The prevalence of anxiety related emotional disorders among the students was 44.6%.Girls reported a significantly higher prevalence than boys(χ2=52.163,P<0.001).The total anxiety level of students in earthquake stricken areas was higher than that of the norms of Chinese urban children(t=9.324,14.695, P<0.001).The comparison between different grades showed that generalized anxiety factor score in senior high school students was higher than that of the junior students and that the students of grade two of senior high school had the highest social phobia anxiety score.Students who had experienced earthquake related events showed a higher anxiety prevalence than those who didn't(χ2=20.419,5.155,5.994,38.514,17.302;P<0.05 or 0.001). Conclusion Students in earthquake stricken areas had universal anxiety related emotional disorders one and a half years after the disaster.More attention should be paid on girls,high grade students and those with earthquake related event experiences.
Efficiency of free pre-marital examination in Zhangye city
DENG Li-li, ZHANG Xiao-wen, LEI Cheng-shan
2012, 28(2): 226-227. doi: 10.11847/zgggws-2012-28-02-44
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Objective To investigate the situation of free premarital examination and its influencing factors in districts of Zhangye city,Gansu province and to provide a reference for improving the efficiency of premarital examination. Methods The data on free premarital examination in districts and counties of Zhangye city from September 2008 through October 2009 were collected and analyzed. Results One year after the implementation of free premarital examination,a total of 17 406 people took the examination with a premarital examination rate of of 93.67% and 3 873 cases of abnormalities were detected.The disease detection rates of different abnormalities from high to low were reproductive system disease (12.10%),infectious disease(6.23%),internal or surgical disease(3.49%),other kinds of disease(0.30%),hereditary disease(0.13%),sexually transmitted disease(0.06%),and mental illness(0.01%),respectively.There were 89.97% of the examinees with abnormalities detected were allowed to get married and 10.03% of the examinees got guidance for the abnormalities from medical staff. Conclusion After the introduction of free premarital examination,the number of people takting the check-up increased dramatically,but there were still some people unwilling to accept the premarital examination. It is necessary to further promote the free premarital examination.The results suggest that infectious disease and reproductive system disease are the the key points for health education among young couples to be married.
Relationship between physical fitness and quality of life among college students
WU Chun-lei, XU Kai
2012, 28(2): 228-230. doi: 10.11847/zgggws-2012-28-02-45
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Objective To investigate the relationship between physical fitness,exercise behavior and the quality of life (QOL)in college stndents. Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted among 956 college students in Hebei province. Results The QOL score for physiological funtion,activity,emotional fumction,mental health,physical function, social function,bodily pain,and general health was 78.65±7.56,57.20±20.75,60.12±19.54,73.21±17.45, 67.35±28.14,80.23±21.65,67.58±20.86,and 69.26±18.22 among the students,respectively.There were significant gender differences in physical fitness,exercise behavior,and the total QOL exeept the flexibility,exercise intensity(P<0.0 or P<0.01).There were close correlations between QOL scores of all demensions except emotional function(P<0.05). There was a strong positive correlation between QOL and times and frequency of physical excercice(P<0.0 or P<0.01). Some dimensions of QOL showed negative correlation with exercise intensity. Conclusion Physical excercise is an important influencial factor and a mean to the improvement of QOL among college students.More attention should be paid to health education to improve QOL in college students.
Attitudes toward homosexuality and its association with empathy in nurse students
ZHANG Yu-cheng, WU Zheng-ji, ZHANG Chun-yu
2012, 28(2): 230-231. doi: 10.11847/zgggws-2012-28-02-46
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Objective To investigate the attitudes toward homosexuality and its association with empathy among nurse students. Methods Totally 410 nurse stuednts were assessed with self-administered Attitudes toward Homosexuality Questionnaire(ATHQ)and Interpersonal Reactivity Index-Chinese Version(IRI-C)for their attitudes toward homosexuality and empathy. Results Compared with the nurses in Taiwan,the students showed significantly higher scores in ATHQ (P<0.001).Compared with urban students,rural students showed significantly higher scores in ATHQ and IRI-C (P<0.05,P<0.001)and the rural students also showed significantly higher scores in condemnation/tolerance,empathy concern and personal distress(P<0.05,P<0.001).There was a significant correlation between fantasy and the attitude toward homosexuality. Conclusion The nurse students had negative attitude toward homosexuality and the attitude was related to the fantasy score of IRI-C.Also there was a significant difference in attitude toward homosexuality and empathy between urban and rural students.
Knowledge about health law and its influence factors in medical workers in Shandong province
MA Bin, SUI Ai-ru, YANG Ping
2012, 28(2): 233-234. doi: 10.11847/zgggws-2012-28-02-48
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Objective To examine the status of knowledge about health law in medical workers and to analyze its influence factors for promoting the medical workers'level of health law. Methods The medical workers were randomly chosen with cluster-based sampling method and interviewed with a questionnaire. Results Totally 928 medical workers were interviewed and the total score of law knowledge was 7.89±1.70,with 62% of the medical workers passing the base line.The influence factors of the knowledge level were gender,professional,title,the number of participating in the legal seminars,ways to obtain knowledge of law,and the number of laws and regulations learned.Multiple linear regression analyses showed that female medical workers,the medical workers knowing more than four laws or regulations and obtaining law knowledge more than two ways had higher scores on health law knowledge. Conclusion The level of health law knowledge in medical workers is not satisfied and the training on health law should be strengthened.
2012, 28(2): 235-236. doi: 10.11847/zgggws-2012-28-02-49
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2012, 28(2): 237-238. doi: 10.11847/zgggws-2012-28-02-50
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2012, 28(2): 244-245. doi: 10.11847/zgggws-2012-28-02-55
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2012, 28(2): 248-249. doi: 10.11847/zgggws-2012-28-02-58
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2012, 28(2): 250-251. doi: 10.11847/zgggws-2012-28-02-59
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2012, 28(2): 251-251. doi: 10.11847/zgggws-2012-28-02-60
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2012, 28(2): 252-253. doi: 10.11847/zgggws-2012-28-02-61
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2012, 28(2): 255-256. doi: 10.11847/zgggws-2012-28-02-63
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论文
Living behaviors and hygienic habits during puerperium among urban and rural women
ZHANG Chun-hui, MA Ai-guo, LI Yan-yan
2012, 28(2): 143-145. doi: 10.11847/zgggws-2012-28-02-08
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Objective To examine living behaviors and hygienic habits during puerperium among urban and rural women and to study scientific puerperal behaviors for women. Methods Cluster sampling method was used to select 2 448 women giving their birth to the children in previous one year in Qingdao city and Shenxian county.Questionnaire survey was used in the investigation. Results There were many unreasonable behaviors among the women during the puerperium. Totally 2.6% of the rural women didn't get out of bed in puerperium,and the rate of rural women was higher than that of urban women(P<0.05).The average time of getting out of bed was 2.59 hours per day for rural women,which was less than that for urban women(3.35 hours,P<0.05).The rural women paid more attention to keep warmth than the urban (P<0.05).The incidence rates of no bathe,no shampoo,and no bathing feet in rural women were higher than those of the urban(52.0% vs 41.3%,49.9% vs 33.0%,and 26.6% vs 6.7%).The incidence rates of no healing physical exercises, not doing housework in the rural women were lower than those in the urban(70.2% vs 76.9% and 26.4% vs 52.4%;P< 0.05).The rates of considering visting neighhbour home and getting vantilation as taboos in puerperium in the rural wonen were higher than those in the urban but the rates of considering taking a basking or a bathe,touching cool water,and geting out of bed as taboos were lower than those in the urban women(P<0.05). Conclusion The incidence rates of unreasonable behaviors during puerperium in rural women differ from that in the urban women,but are high in both rural and urban women.Specific eduction programs are necessary to promote the health of postpartum women.
2012, 28(2): 183-184. doi: 10.11847/zgggws-2012-28-02-24
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2012, 28(2): 199-200. doi: 10.11847/zgggws-2012-28-02-31
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2012, 28(2): 206-209. doi: 10.11847/zgggws-2012-28-02-35
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2012, 28(2): 222-223. doi: 10.11847/zgggws-2012-28-02-42
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2012, 28(2): 232-233. doi: 10.11847/zgggws-2012-28-02-47
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2012, 28(2): 238-239. doi: 10.11847/zgggws-2012-28-02-51
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2012, 28(2): 240-240. doi: 10.11847/zgggws-2012-28-02-52
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2012, 28(2): 241-242. doi: 10.11847/zgggws-2012-28-02-53
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2012, 28(2): 243-244. doi: 10.11847/zgggws-2012-28-02-54
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2012, 28(2): 246-247. doi: 10.11847/zgggws-2012-28-02-56
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2012, 28(2): 247-248. doi: 10.11847/zgggws-2012-28-02-57
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2012, 28(2): 253-254. doi: 10.11847/zgggws-2012-28-02-62
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流行病学研究
杭州市售婴幼儿食品营养标签调查
LIU Miao, WANG Sheng-feng, CHEN Yong
2012, 28(2): 168-169. doi: 10.11847/zgggws-2012-28-02-18
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目的         了解浙江省杭州市售婴幼儿食品营养标签标示现状并分析存在的问题。         方法        采用自行设计的食品标签评价表,抄录杭州市世纪联华超市庆春路店内全部婴幼儿食品营养标签并判断标签标示内容的规范性。         结果         共调查婴幼儿食品253种,标示营养成分表、营养声称、营养成分功能声称的分别有250(98.8%)、241(95.3%)、113种(44.7%);标示率较高的营养成分是能量、碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂肪、维生素B1、维生素A、铁、锌,标示率分别为100.0%(250/250)、95.2%(238/250)、89.2%(223/250)、96.8%(242/250)、84.8%(212/250)、83.6%(209/250)、88.8%(222/250)、85.2%(213/250);共出现739条营养声称,出现频数较多的是益生元/菌13.3%(98/739)、花生四烯酸11.5%(85/739)、胆碱9.3%(69/739)等;共出现339条营养成分功能声称,出现频数较多的是益生元/菌20.6%(82/399)、蛋白质11.5%(46/399)、钙11.01%(44/399)等。         结论         婴幼儿食品营养标签标示率较高,但规范性较差,应加强营养标签规范工作,完善标签法规,便于消费者正确选择营养健康的婴幼儿食品。