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2016 Vol. 32, No. 5

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Zika virus epidemic and its research progress: an overview
CHENG Jin-quan, WANG Xing-bao, WEI Ya-zhen.et al
2016, 32(5): 569-572. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2016-32-05-01
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Since May 2015, Zika virus epidemic outbreak caused great concern around the world.Zika virus is a kind of flavivirus which has two subtypes:African and Asian.The virus is transmitted mainly by aedes bite, but it also could be spread by blood, sex and vertical transmission.The incubation period of Zika virus infection is 3-12 days and the main clinical manifestations of the infection include maculopapule, fever, and joint or muscle pain.Zika virus was first identified in 1947.Since May 2015, a large-scale outbreak appeared in Brazil and other American countries then spread to 59 countries.Studies show that neonatal intensive small head syndrome cases and other neurological diseases occurred in Brazil may have a close relationship with Zika virus infection.The whole-genome sequence of Zika virus, which has a series of mutations, has been published.So far there is no effective vaccine to prevent Zika virus infection and the main preventative measures are mosquito control and self-protection awareness.
Secondhand smoke exposure and related factors among employees in public places
JI Ning, ZHANG Yong, MAO Fan.et al
2016, 32(5): 573-577. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2016-32-05-02
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Objective To investigate the exposure of secondhand smoke(SHS), warning labels and tobacco related knowledge among employees working in public places.Methods Purposive sampling method was used to choose a total of 1 676 staff from public places such as medical care settings, government agencies and restaurants in 6 national non-communicable disease control and prevention demonstration areas in 6 provinces or municipalities for a questionnaire survey between April to July 2014.Results Among all the respondents, 90.58% were non-smokers, of which, 65.48% reported exposed to SHS.Multivariate analysis showed that category of the public place(medical care setting vs.restaurant:odds ratio[OR]=3.094, 95% confidence interval[95%CI]:1.752-5.464), economic area of the public place (eastern vs.western area:OR=0.439, 95%CI:0.330-0.582;middle vs.western area:OR=0.699, 95%CI:0.522-0.936), administration region of the public place(urban vs.rural region:OR=0.719, 95%CI:0.574-0.902), and education level of the respondent(college or above vs.high school or below:OR=1.403, 95%CI:1.008-1.953) were related to SHS exposure(all P<0.05).Of the respondents, 92.54% reported having been reading warning labels or materials about tobacco control in their workplaces within the previous 30 days.Multivariate analysis showed that category of the public place(medical care setting vs.restaurant:OR=5.449, 95%CI:2.633-11.276;government agency vs.restaurant:OR=0.438, 95%CI:0.205-0.934), economic area of the public place (eastern vs.western area:OR=2.015, 95%CI:1.296-3.135;middle vs.western area:OR=9.556, 95%CI:4.609-19.814), administration region of the public place(urban vs.rural region:OR=2.567, 95%CI:1.667-3.951) and gender(female vs.male:OR=0.389, 95%CI:0.248-0.608) were significant influencing factors for respondents' awareness of tobacco control labels(all P<0.05).The correct answer rate for tobacco related questions ranged from 44.10% to 92.74%;the two questions with the lower correct answer rate were about health hazard of "low tar" and "light" cigarette (44.10% and 47.54%) Conclusion The SHS exposure among the staff in public places is still serious.Measures such as raising the coverage of the warning labels and improving tobacco related knowledge should be taken to cope with the situation.
Indoor PM2.5 concentration in public places in Qingdao city, 2012
LI Shan-peng, LIU Hui, QI Fei
2016, 32(5): 577-579. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2016-32-05-03
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Objective To measure levels of particulate matter less than 2.5 microm in aerodynamic diameter(PM 2.5) in different public places and workplaces and to provide baseline data for tobacco control legislation in Qingdao city.Methods Totally 80 monitoring points were established in 40 restaurants, hotels, government agencies, hospitals, and schools randomly selected in Qingdao city and indoor and outdoor PM2.5 concentrations at the monitoring points were detected and analyzed from June to September 2012.Results The average indoor PM 2.5 concentration for all the monitoring points was 70.0 μg/m3(9.1 μg/m3-228.0 μg/m3), with the lowest mean concentration of 51.2 μg/m3 for the schools and the highest of 97.3 μg/m3 for the restaurants.The logarithmic values(1.93±0.60 μg/m3 and 1.86±0.51μg/m3) of indoor PM2.5 concentration were significantly higher than those of the outdoor for restaurants and hotels (both P<0.05), while there were no significant differences observed in the values between indoor and outdoor measurements for government agencies, hospitals, and schools(all P<0.05).Conclusion The indoor PM 2.5 concentrations are higher for restaurants and hotels but relatively lower in schools and hospitals in Qingdao city, suggesting probable heavy tobacco smoke pollution in some public places and successful implementation of smoking-free policy in hospitals and schools in the city.
Influences of stress, personality and social support on smoking behaviors among adolescents
FENG Yong-hui, YU Zhi-ye, LI Li
2016, 32(5): 580-583. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2016-32-05-04
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Objective To examine smoking prevalence and the impacts of stress, personality and social support on smoking behaviors among adolescents and to provide references for prevention and control of smoking behavior among the youths.Methods Totally 2 380 junior and senior students aged 12-18 years were recruited with stratified random cluster sampling from 6 high schools in Zhangjiajie, Changde, and Yueyang city of Hunan province and Qingyang city of Gansu province and surveyed with Adolescent Life Events Questionnaire(ALEQ), simple version Big Five Personality Inventory(NEO-FFI), Perceived Social Support Scale(PSSS), and a self-designed smoking behavior questionnaire between October to December 2014.Results There were significant between-gender difference(χ2=152.52, P<0.05) and between-grade difference (χ2=84.75, P<0.05) in smoking behavior among the adolescents, with obviously higher smoking rates among the boy and senior students compared to those among the girl and junior students.Compared to the non-smoking students, the smoking students had significantly different scores for stress, social support, and openness to experience and agreeableness dimensions of personality(all P<0.05).The results of logistic regression showed that gender(odds ratio[OR]=8.39), stress(OR=1.02), social support(OR=0.99), and personality dimensions of openness to experience(OR=0.97), agreeableness (OR=0.95) and conscientiousness(OR=0.96) were predictors of smoking among the adolescents.Conclusion The male adolescents with low social support, low scores for openness to experience and agreeableness, and high score for conscientiousness are more likely to smoke when they face pressure.
Prevalence and influencing factors of smoking among urban and rural residents of 15-69 year old in Gansu province
LU Yi-ming, LU Pei-jun, QIAN Guo-hong.et al
2016, 32(5): 583-586. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2016-32-05-05
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Objective To analyze the prevalence and influencing factors of smoking among urban and rural adult residents in Gansu province and to provide evidences for tobacco control.Methods Stratified multistage cluster sampling was adopted and 2 136 residents aged 15-69 years were selected from 8 districts and counties and surveyed with a questionnaire.Results Among the residents, the smoking rate was 35.67%;the current smoking rate was 30.85% and the current smoking rate in the males was significantly higher than that in the females(60.92% vs. 3.06%, P<0.01).The results of logistic stepwise regression analyses revealed that age and occupation were main influencing factors of smoking;the residents aged 35-44 and 45-54 years were more likely to smoke than the residents of other ages, with the odds ratio(OR) of 2.239 and 2.069, and farmers were more likely to smoke(OR=1.939) compared to the residents with other occupations.Conclusion The smoking rate is still very high among urban and rural male residents aged 15-69 years, especially in farmers, in Gansu province and effective tobacco control should be promoted among the populations.
Relationship between secondhand smoke exposure and emotional disorder among pupils in Shandong province
CHEN Ren-you, SUN Tong, WEI Xia.et al
2016, 32(5): 587-590. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2016-32-05-06
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Objective To examine the association of secondhand smoke(SHS) exposure with emotional disorder among pupils.Methods With multi-stage random cluster sampling, 5 861 pupils and their parents from 13 schools in 3 cities in Shandong province were surveyed with a questionnaire in 2012.Results Of the pupils, 50.5%(2 962) reported exposure to SHS and 16.3%(953) reported emotional disorder symptoms(EDS).The pupils with SHS exposure reported a higher ratio of EDS than those without SHS exposure(18.6%% vs. 13.9%, P<0.05).The reported ratios of EDS were 21.7%, 17.0%, and 16.3% among the pupils with familial SHS exposure of ≥5 days/week, 1-4 day/week, and without the exposure;the reported ratio of EDS was 18.7% among all the pupils with SHS exposure at home and the ratio was higher than among the pupils with SHS exposure in other places.Logistic regression analyses showed that SHS was significantly associated with emotional disorder and the pupils with SHS exposure had a 1.364 higher risk of EDS compared to those without the exposure.Conclusion Secondhand smoke exposure is positively associated with emotional disorder among pupils in Shandong province and specific interventions should be conducted among the parents of the pupils for the prevention of secondhand smoke exposure at home.
Smoking behaviors among urban and rural residents aged 40-74 years in Haining city
ZHU Yun-feng, SHEN Yong-zhou, HUANG Yan-qin
2016, 32(5): 591-594. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2016-32-05-07
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Objective To examine the characteristic of smoking behavior among urban and rural residents in Haining city of Zhejiang province, and provide a scientific basis for effective implementation of tobacco control.Methods Based on the data on smoking from a screening survey for colorectal cancer in Haining city from March to September 2012, 90 266 residents aged 40-74 years were selected with cluster sampling from 3 rural towns and 2 urban communities for a questionnaire survey on smoking and its related factors.Results The overall smoking rate among the residents was 33.03%; the male residents had a significantly higher smoking rate than the female residents(66.29% vs.0.67%, χ2=43 920.687; P<0.001).Compared to that among the urban residents, the smoking rate was significantly higher among the rural residents(35.42% vs. 27.39%, χ2=549.159; P<0.001) and the rural males(70.52% vs. 55.88%, χ2=878.091; P<0.001), but significantly lower among the rural females(0.52% vs. 1.01%, χ2=878.091; P<0.001).The male residents of 50-54 years old and the female of 70-74 years had the highest smoking rate compared to the residents of same gender of other ages.Among the smokers, the age of starting smoking ranged from 9 to 70 years old, with an average age of 22.90±4.94 years;68.14% smoked more than 20 cigarettes per day and 65.41% had a smoking index of greater than 400; 7.49% reported smoking cessation and there was no significant gender difference in the ratio(7.50% for the male vs. 6.56% for the female, χ2=0.386, P=0.653); and the urban smokers had a significantly higher cessation rate than the rural smokers(10.16% vs. 6.62%, χ2=100.547; P<0.001).Conclusion In Haining city, the rural residents have a higher smoking rate than urban residents and the smokers have a younger age of starting smoking and a greater proportion of heavy smoking; the results suggest that tobacco control still faces major challenges in the city.
Discouraging smoking behaviors among nursing students: a cross-sectional study
ZHANG Li, ZHU Xiao-bin, LI Jun.et al
2016, 32(5): 594-598. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2016-32-05-08
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Objective To investigate the status and influence factors of discouraging smoking behaviors among nursing students and to provide evidences for carrying out tobacco control education.Methods Cluster sampling was employed to survey 5 210 nursing students recruited from two public medical colleges in main urban area of Chongqing with a questionnaire during November to December 2014.Results Among the students surveyed, 45.5% reported ever discouraging their relatives from smoking and 34.0% reported ever discouraging strangers from smoking in public places with obvious no-smoking signs.The results of univariate analysis demonstrated that discouraging strangers from smoking in public places was significantly affected by 14 factors, including the students' gender, grade, whether being a smoker, parental smoking, knowledge and attitude on tobacco control, and perceived smoking control environment and practice in the society(P<0.05 for all).Multivariate analysis revealed that the students with high score for tobacco-control know-ledge, against secondhand smoke(passive smoking), having positive attitude towards active smoking cessation service, with willingness of participating in tobacco control practice, paying attention to tobacco control information in media, having communication with other persons about tobacco hazards, and having experience of discouraging others form smoking successfully were more likely to have discouraging smoking behaviors in public places(P<0.05 for all).Conclusion There are many factors influencing discouraging smoking behavior in public places among college students majoring in nursing; both tobacco control education and training on tobacco control skill need to be strengthened among the students.
Eruption and caries prevalence of first permanent molar in Chinese children aged 7-9 years
WANG Chun-xiao, YANG Yang, ZHANG Qi.et al
2016, 32(5): 599-601. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2016-32-05-09
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Objective To analyze the eruption and caries prevalence of first permanent molar in Chinese children aged 7-9 years for the determination of suitable age of pit and fissure sealant.Methods Data of oral examination among 560 121 children between 2014 and 2015 were collected and analyzed.Results The complete eruption rate of first permanent molar among the children aged 7, 8, and 9 years were 79.53%, 89.84%, and 93.81% and the caries prevalence were 12.18%, 16.83%, and 19.61%, respectively;the two rates increased with the increment of age among the children and the two rates were higher among the girls than among the boys.Caries often occurred on occlusal surface of upper and lower teeth, buccal surface of lower teeth, and lingual surface of upper teeth.Conclusion The complete eruption rate of first permanent molar is high among 7-9 years old children and the prevalence of first permanent molar caries is also high among the children, suggesting that pit and fissure sealant should be carried out at early age among the children.
Contamination of pathogens in milk powder available in retail markets
YAN Lin, LI Ying, YANG Da-jin.et al
2016, 32(5): 602-604. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2016-32-05-10
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Objective To investigate the contamination of pathogens in milk powders.Methods Different kinds of milk powders were sampled from main consuming places such as supermarkets, online stores in 10 provinces in China in 2003.All the samples were detected for Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella with national food safety standard methods.Results In 2 735 samples, the detection rate of Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella were 16.78%, 0.51%, and 0.04%, respectively.The positive rate of Bacillus cereus in formulated milk powder was higher than that in whole milk powder.There were no statistically significant differences in pathogen detection rate for milk powder samples from main sampling places(farmer's market, supermarket and online shop) and those collected in different seasons, althouth the pathogen detection rate for milk powder produced druing the third and forth quarter was higher than that during other quarters of a year.Conclusion There is pathogen contamination in milk powders available in retail markets and hygiene quality of milk powder still needs to be concerned.
Main foodborne pathogens and implicated food in children with foodborne infection
SUN Jian-yun, LIU Xing-rong
2016, 32(5): 605-608. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2016-32-05-11
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Objective To explore the distribution of main foodborne pathogens isolated from children with foodborne disease and to provide a basis for developing prevention measures and clinical treatment for the disease.Methods Totally 6 320 medical records, 3 968 specimens, and relevant information were collected from children aged under 14 years and seeking medical service for suspected foodborne acute diarrhea at sentinel surveillance hospitals in Gansu province from 2013 to 2015.Specific pathogens in the specimens were isolated and detected.Results The detection rates of main foodborne pathogens were significantly different among the diarrheal children at various ages, except for Norwalk viruses with relative high detection rate in the children of different age.Nontyphoidal Salmonella(detection rate:3.54%) and Shigella(2.25%) were the most prevalent in children aged 6-14 years(χ2=11.76, P=0.01), while Escherichia coli(3.23%) was a main pathogen detected among the children aged 1-2 years(χ2=21.72, P=0.01).There were monthly variations in the detection rates of nontyphoidal Salmonella and Escherichia coli;the detection rate peaked in March for nontyphoidal Salmonella(3.23%, χ2=21.65; P=0.03) and in August for Escherichia coli(4.81%, χ2=52.49; P=0.01).Milk, dairy and friuts were the main suspected food contaminated by the pathogens detected among the children.Conclusion The detection rate of foodborne pathogens is different among diarrheal children of various ages and in different seasons; the main food possibly contaminated by the pathogens are milk, dairy and fruits.
Alcohol drinking behavior among native adult Tibetans in Lhasa
Baimakangzhuo, Chunhua, Yangla.et al
2016, 32(5): 609-612. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2016-32-05-12
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Objective To investigate alcohol drinking behavior among native adult Tibetans in Lhasa.Methods With cluster random sampling, 2 341 native Tibentan residents(aged 18 years or above) were recruited from urban and rural areas of Lhasa municipality for a face-to-facd questionnaire survey, routine blood test, and liver function detection.Results The overall alcohol drinking rate was 48.95% in the participants;the alcohol drinking rate differed significantly by gender, occupation, educational level, average monthly income, and whether being a smoker among the residents(P<0.05 for all).The results of multivariate unconditional logistic regression revealed that male, farmer or herdsman, cadre, with an average monthly income of > 2 000 RMB yuan, and smoking were risk factors of alcohol drinking.Among the alcohol drinkers, the average daily alcohol consumption was 4.55 g(95% confidence interval:0.60, 32.53) and the average years of alcohol drinking was 17.00 years(8.00, 28.00);the average daily alcohol consumption and the average years of alcohol drinking of the male drinkers were higher than those of the female drinkers and the average daily alcohol consumption was the highest in the drinkers aged 51-60 years.The erythrocyte mean corpuscular volume(MCV) and globulin(GLO) content increased and the content of albumin(ALB) decreased along with the increment of drinking years among the drinkers.Conclusion The alcohol drinking rate among adult native Tibetans in Lhasa municipality was higher than that of national average level and alcohol consumption in the Tibetans was related with gender, occupation, average monthly income, and whether being a smoker and the factors should be concerned in health education on alcohol drinking.
Influence of cannabinoid CB2 receptor agonist AM1241 on cultured hepatic stellate cells
SHI Yun, HE Ping, SUN Jian-chao.et al
2016, 32(5): 613-617. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2016-32-05-13
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Objective To study the influence of cannabinoid CB2 receptor agonist AM1241 on cultured hepatic stellate cell line(HSC-T6).Methods HSC-T6 cells were divided into a control group(normal culture), an oxidative stress model group(treated with 100 mU/L glucose oxidase), and two AM1241 treatment groups(first treated with 20 or 80 μmol/L AM1241 and then treated with 100 mU/L glucose oxidase).Alpha-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA) expression in HSC-T6 cells was detected with immunocytochemical method.Collagen type I(Col I) content in supernatants of HSC-T6 cell culture, malondialdehyde(MDA) and superoxide dismutase(SOD) contents in HSC-T6 cells were determined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA);thiobarbituric acid method for MDA and nitroblue tetrazolium method for SOD were adopted in the detections.Western blot was used to detect total protein and nuclear protein of nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2(Nrf2) in HSC-T6 cells.Results Compared with the control group, the expression of Col I and α-SMA in HSC-T6 cells were significantly increased in the oxidative stress group(P<0.05) and the expression of Col I and α-SMA in HSC-T6 cells were significantly decreased (P<0.05).Compared with the control group, MDA of the oxidative stress group increased but SOD decreased significantly(both P<0.05); compared with the oxidative stress group, the content of SOD in AM1241 treatment group decreased but MDA increased significantly(both P<0.05).The expression of Nrf2 total protein in the control, oxidative stress and two AM1241 treatment groups were 0.57±0.021, 0.60±0.015, 0.59±0.020, and 0.61±0.032, respectively, without significant difference among the groups.No expression of nuclear protein of Nrf2 was detected in the control group; there was the expression of Nrf2 nuclear protein in the oxidative stress group and the expression of Nrf2 nuclear protein in the AM1241treatement increased significantly(P<0.05).Conclusion Cannabinoid CB2 receptor agonist AM1241 can inhibit HSC-T6 cell activation under oxidative stress and the effect may be related to the promoted intranuclear transfer of Nrf2 and the increased antioxidant activity in HSC-T6 cells.
Combined effect of sodium nitrite and sodium sulfite on function of human liver cells L-02
ZHENG Chong, YE Jian-fang, LIU Yong-ting
2016, 32(5): 617-620. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2016-32-05-14
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Objective To study combined effect of sodium nitrite(Na2NO2) and sodium sulfite(Na2SO3) on function of human liver cell L-02.Methods With 3×3 factorial experimental design, the L-02 cells were exposed to various dosages of Na2NO2(low, high), Na2SO3(low, high), and Na2NO2 plus Na2SO3(low Na2NO2+low Na2SO3, low Na2NO2 + high Na2SO3, high Na2NO2 + low Na2SO3, high Na2NO2 + high Na2SO3) for 24 hours and the L-02 cells without exposure were used as the control.Cell viability was detected with 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide(MTT) assay.The concentration of lactate dehydrogenase(LDH), alanine aminotransferase(ALT), aspartate aminotransferase(AST), superoxide dismutase(SOD), glutathione(GSH), and malondialdelyde(MDA) were determined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).Results ALT and MDA in L-02 cells increased with the dosages of Na2NO2 and Na2SO3 in a dose-dependent manner.Significantly higher ALT in L-02 cells of high Na2NO2+high Na2SO3 group and lower MDA in L-02 cells of high Na2NO2+high Na2SO3 and high Na2NO2+low Na2SO3 group were observed compared to those in L-02 cells of single high Na2NO2 and single high Na2SO3 groups(all P<0.01).Na2NO2 and Na2SO3 showed obvious interactive effect on ALT and MDA contents(both P<0.05) and no significant interactive effect on contents of LDH, AST, SOD, and GSH(all P>0.05) in L-02 cells.Conclusion Sodium nitrite and sodium sulfite has combined toxic effect on liver cells and the mechanism of the effect maybe be related to the damage of liver cell membrane and oxidative stress;sodium nitrite and sodium sulfite has antagonistic effect on ALT in cell supernatant and antagonistic or synergistic effect on MDA when L-02 cells exposed to the two agents combined.
Joint toxicity of carbaryl and piperonyl butoxide to Daphnia pulex
ZHANG Li-juan, ZHANG Hui, ZHEN Shi-qi.et al
2016, 32(5): 621-624. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2016-32-05-15
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Objective To explore the toxicity and its assessment methods of pesticide mixtures.Methods The Daphnia pulex were exposed to carbaryl, piperonyl butoxide as well as the mixtures of the two pesticides and the activity inhibition rates of Daphnia pulex were detected.Then based on the concentration-response curves of individual compound and interaction coefficient, two models including concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA) were employed to predict the joint toxicity of the mixtures.The concentration-response curves predicted by CA and IA were compared with that of based on the experimental data.Results The data of acute toxicity experiment of carbaryl, piperonyl butoxide and the mixture could be fitted by Weibull equation, and the correlation coefficients(R2) were 0.89005, 0.92834, and 0.944 41.The values of median effective concentration(EC50) obtained by the equations were 0.0714, 5.7147, and 2.968 μmol/L.A synergistic interaction between carbaryl and piperonyl butoxide was observed.After introducing K-functions, the fitted curve predicted by IA models was more approximate to the fitting curve based on the experimental data in the assessment of joint toxicity of the two pesticides.Conclusion Toxic effects of pesticide mixture can be predicted by models, and the interactions of the pesticide mixture can be modified by K-function.
Effects of lead exposure on Homer1b/c expression in hippocampus and on learning and memory in offspring rats
WEN Tao, SUN Wei, WANG Chao.et al
2016, 32(5): 624-627. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2016-32-05-16
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Objective To observe the effect of low level lead exposure during pregnant on the expression of Homer1b/c in hippocampus and the relationship between the exposure and learning and memory in offspring rats.Methods Thirty pregnant rats were randomly divided into 3 groups:a control group fed with doubly distilled water and two treatment groups exposed to 0.05% and 0.2% lead acetate(PbAc) in drinking water during pregnancy and lactation. After weaning, the offspring rats of treatment groups were directly fed with drinking water to postnatal 28 day as their dams.Step-down test was used to observe the change in learning and memory for passive avoidance response at postnatal 56 days.Western blot was used to detect the protein expression of Homer1b/c in hippocampus of offspring rats at postnatal 7, 14, 21, and 28 day, respectively.The contents of lead in blood and hippocampus were determined with atomic absorption spectrophotometer at postnatal 28 days.Results Compared to the controls, the offspring rats exposed to 0.05% and 0.2% PbAc showed significantly longer average escaping latency(39.67±5.18 and 64.82±9.73 vs. 25.71±4.56 seconds) and significantly shorter average remaining latency(147.15±19.26 and 83.56±14.52 vs. 234.89±25.85 seconds) (all P<0.05).The expressions of Homer1b/c in hippocampus of the offspring rats exposed to 0.05% and 0.2% PbAc were 0.607±0.022, 0.825±0.054, 0.583±0.015, and 0.557±0.011and 0.540±0.021, 0.574±0.018, 0.471±0.009, and 0.412±0.007 at postnatal 7, 14, 21, and 28 day, with a decreased tendency compared to those of the control group(P<0.05).Conclusion Chronic lead exposure results in decreases of ability of learning and memory for passive avoidance response in offspring rats and the effect may relate to the decline of homer1b/c expression in hippocampus in rats.
Impact of self-management group activities on self-efficacy and its influencing factors among diabetic patients
QI Li, DONG Wen-lan, MAO Fan.et al
2016, 32(5): 628-631. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2016-32-05-17
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Objective To analyze changes in self-efficacy of diabetic patients before and after self-management group activities and potential influencing factors for the changes and to provide evidences for improving self-management group activities.Methods A total of 1 059 diabetic patients who participated in 2014 annual activities of China Initiative for Diabetes Excellence Training Course were enrolled as the subjects.Questionnaire surveys on self-efficacy status were conducted before and after the implementation of self-management group activities.Multivariate regression analysis was performed to analyze influence factors for changes in self-efficacy.Results The score of self-efficacy(101.19±18.91) after the last activity of self-management group was significantly higher than that(85.88±20.99) before the first activity(P<0.001).The scores for dietary, sports, medication, self-monitoring of blood glucose, foot care, prevention and solution of high and low blood glucose were all improved significantly after the self-management group activities(P<0.001).Multivariate analysis results showed there was a positive correlation between frequency of attending self-management group activities and self-efficacy changes(β=0.87), physician's participation in the community and self-efficacy changes(β=5.69), as well as between perceived useful knowledge and skills from the activities and self-efficacy changes(β=7.16).There was a negative correlation between perceived difficulties in understanding the contents of education activity and self-efficacy change (β=-3.84).Conclusion The self-management group activity could improve self-efficacy of diabetic patients.Frequency of attending self-management group activities, perceived difficulty in education content, usefulness of the knowledge provided by activities, and participation of community physicians in the activities are major factors influencing self-efficacy of diabetes patients involved in the self-management group activities.
Associations of metabolic syndrome components and their different combinations with coronary heart disease
GUO Jing-wen, ZHOU Tao, TAO Li-xin.et al
2016, 32(5): 632-636. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2016-32-05-18
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Objective To investigate the correlation between coronary heart disease(CHD) risks and metabolic syndrome(MS) components and different combinations of MS components, and to provide references for CHD prevention and control.Methods A questionnaire survey, physical examination, and laboratory test were conducted among 18 254 adult examinees ≥18 years selected with cluster sampling from Beijing Friendship Hospital in 2012.The prevalence of MS and the correlations between CHD and MS components and their combinations were analyzed among the participants of different groups.Results Of the participants, 29.83% were identified as MS and 1.05% as CHD.The results of univariate factor analysis showed that all the 5 MS components(obesity or overweight, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol[HDL-C], and hyperglycemia or diabetes) were risk factors of CHD(P<0.01).The results of correlation analysis showed that the participants with 4 or 5 MS components had an increased risk of CHD, with the odds ratio(OR) (95% confidence interval[95% CI]) of 3.16(1.94-5.14) and 4.12(1.59-10.72);the participants with higher body mass index(BMI) plus higher HDL-C had a lower risk of CHD(OR=0.06, 95%CI=0.02-0.24), while the participants with higher blood pressure(BP) plus higher fasting plasma glucose(FPG) had an increased risk of CHD(OR=4.60, 95%CI=1.44-14.69);the participants with the 3 MS components of high BP, FPG, and HDL-C had a higher risk of CHD(OR=5.08, 95%CI=1.15-22.40);the participants with the 4 MS components of high BMI, BP, FPG, and triglyceride and of high BMI, BP, FPG, and HDL-C had an increased risk of CHD with the OR(95%CI) of 4.38(1.03-18.61) and 4.33(1.20-15.66).Conclusion MS components are risk factors of CHD.CHD risk increases with the number of MS components.Different combinations of MS components present different correlations with CHD.
Association of GLUT4 gene polymorphisms with risk of coronary heart disease in Han population in Guangdong province
ZHAO Xiang, JIN Lü, CHEN Ye-da.et al
2016, 32(5): 636-638. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2016-32-05-19
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Objective to study the association between the single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP) of glucose transporter-4(GLUT4) gene and the susceptibility of the coronary heart disease(CHD) in Han population in Guangdong province.Methods Genotyping for the two selected tag SNP(rs16956647 and rs5435) in GLUT4 gene was conducted in 1 044 CHD cases and 1 349 health controls by using SNPscanTM Kit.Then, genetic analysis software Plink and statistical analysis software SPSS 17.0 were used to assess the association of the SNP loci with CHD.Results SNP of rs5435 was excluded because it did not agree with Hardy-Weinberg proportions.Significant genotypic association of rs16956647 with CHD was found after adjustment for gender, age, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, total cholesterol, and body mass index(additive model:P=0.016, odd ratio[OR]=0.80[95% confidence interval:0.67-0.96];dominant model:P=0.002, OR=0.71[0.57-0.89]).And further stratification analysis demonstrated that only in the diabetes subgroup, rs16956647 was significantly associated with CHD(additive model:P=0.048, OR=0.82[0.67-0.99];dominant model:P=0.007, OR=0.72[0.56-0.91]).Conclusion In Han population in Guangdong province, the association of GLUT4 rs16956647 polymorphisms with CHD may be related to the insulin resistance that the gene confers, however, further studies are required to elucidate its molecular mechanism(s) precisely.
Content of chromium in blood and urine among general population in Liaoning province
ZHANG Yun-jiang, HE Yang, ZHANG Yao-yao.et al
2016, 32(5): 639-642. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2016-32-05-20
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Objective To explore the level of chromium(Cr) in blood and urine and its distribution characteristics among general population in Liaoning province between 2009 and 2010.Methods From 2009 to 2010, a total of 2 105 community residents aged 6-60 years were recruited from 3 municipalities in eastern, central, and western Liaoning province with random cluster sampling.A questionnaire survey was used to collect the participants' information on living environment and health conditions.Totally 2 105 blood samples and 1 691 urine samples were collected.Inductive coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS) was applied to measure Cr level in the samples.Gender, age, and regional distribution of Cr concentration were analyzed statistically.Results Among the participants, the geometric mean(GM) of blood Cr concentration was 0.53 μg/L, with a median of 0.3 μg/L and a 95% percentile of 2.92 μg/L.The GM of blood Cr in the male and female participants were 0.49 μg/L and 0.58 μg/L(P<0.01) and that in the participants aged 6-12, 13-16, 17-20, 21-30, 31-45, and 46-60 years were 0.38, 0.57, 0.66, 0.55, 0.57, and 0.52 μg/L(P<0.01);the GM of blood Cr for the participants from eastern, central, and western Liaoning province were 0.32, 1.23, and 0.42 μg/L(P<0.01).The GM of urine Cr for all the participants was lower than the method detection limit(MDL) 0.42 μg/L.There were statistically significant gender and regional differences in the GM of urine Cr among the participants(P<0.01 for all).Conclusion The levels of blood and urine Cr among general population in Liaoning province are lower than the average levels of the general population in China.The results of the study could be used as references for further study on the Cr biological monitoring, identification of occupational contraindication and other related studies.
Risk of hearing loss in noise-exposed workers: a retrospective cohort study
CEN Yong-zhuang, DENG Yan-jun, LIU Xin-xia
2016, 32(5): 642-645. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2016-32-05-21
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Objective To investigate the effect of intensity and duration of occupational noise exposure on hearing loss among workers.Methods With the data on pure tone audiometry and environmental noise monitoring from 2012 through 2014, we did a retrospective cohort study among 1 411 noise-exposed workers from Zhongshan city of Guangdong province.Results The noise exposure showed significant intensity- and time-dependent effect on binaural high-frequency hearing threshold among the noise-exposed workers(P<0.05);the average binaural high-frequency hearing threshold for all the noise-exposed workers were 30.88±7.21, 30.57±6.91, and 30.37±7.21 decibel hearing level(dBHL) for the measurements in 2012, 2013, and 2014.Compared to the measurements in 2012, the average binaural high-frequency hearing threshold of the noise-exposed workers was elevated in 2013(P<0.05), but there was a difference in the threshold between the measurements in 2013 and 2014(P>0.05).The average binaural high-frequency hearing threshold differed significantly by the intensity of noise(P<0.05) and the workers exposed to the noise of ≥88 dB(A) had the highest binaural high-frequency hearing threshold(32.83±9.45, 32.20±9.11, and 32.22±9.52 dBHL for the measurements in 2012, 2013, and 2014).Conclusion Our findings suggest that there is a dose-response relationship between intensity and time of noise exposure and binaural high-frequency hearing threshold among occupationally exposed workers.
Influences of smartphone addiction and negative affect on sleep quality among university students
LI Li, MEI Song-li, NIU Zhi-min
2016, 32(5): 646-649. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2016-32-05-22
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Objective To explore influences of smartphone addiction and negative affect on sleep quality among university students and to provide evidences for improving sleep quality and promoting mental and psychical health in the students.Methods A total of 770 university students were surveyed with Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Smartphone Addiction Scale, and Positive and Negative Affect Scale.Results Among the students, the average score was 5.13±2.16 for sleep quality, 36.94±8.28 for smartphone addiction, and 20.80±5.99 for negative affect, respectively;and the detection rate of sleeping problems was 15.8%.Statistically significant variations were observed in the scores of daily-life disturbance, smartphone withdrawal symptom, smartphone overuse, tolerance, overall smartphone addiction, and negative affect among the students with different sleep quality(all P<0.01).Sleep quality was partly associated with smartphone addiction and negative affect in the students(both P<0.05).Negative affect had both direct effect(regression coefficient=0.43) and indirect effect(regression coefficient=0.04) through smartphone addiction on sleep quality;smartphone addiction and negative affect had a total effect on sleep quality of 0.58.Conclusion Smartphone addiction and negative affect influence sleep quality and smartphone addiction prevention and mood control could improve sleep quality among university students.
Risk factors of osteoporosis among middle-aged and elderly residents
MA Si-si, WANG Juan-xiu, HE Wen-shuang.et al
2016, 32(5): 650-653. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2016-32-05-23
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Objective To investigate influencing factors of osteoporosis(OP) among mid-aged and elderly residents in Chengdu municipality, and to provide reference for the prevention of osteoporosis.Methods Totally 654 residents aged ≥ 45 years were recruited from two communities in Chengdu and investigated between October to November 2013.A self-designed questionnaire was used in a face-to-face interview to collect information on demographics, medical history, exercise habits, and dietary patterns of the participants;standard height-weight scale was used in somatometry and Metriscan was adopted to measure bone mineral density(BMD) of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th fingers of non-dominant hand among the participants.Inflencing factors for OP were analyzed with unconditional logistic regression model.Results The results of unconditional logistic regression showed that age(odds ratio[OR]=1.110, 95% confidence interval[95%CI]:1.076-1.145), gender(OR=11.128;95%CI:5.366-23.075), fracture history(OR=1.895;95%CI:1.177-3.049), height(OR=0.910;95%CI:0.873-0.949), body weight(OR=0.964;95%CI:0.873-0.949), regular exercise(OR=0.398;95%CI:0.173-0.915), and milk onsumption(OR=0.547;95%CI:0.315-0.948) were significant impact factors for OP (all P<0.05).Conclusion The old age and fracture history are the risk factors of OP and women are more likely to develop OP than men;with higher height, heavy weight, regular exercise, and milk intake are protective factors of OP among mid-aged and elderly residents.
Incidence and mortality of lung cancer among residents covered by cancer registry system in Jiangxi province, 2011-2013
WANG Ling, ZHU Li-ping, WANG Xin.et al
2016, 32(5): 654-657. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2016-32-05-24
Abstract(1041) HTML (261) PDF 861KB(71)
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Objective To investigate the incidence and mortality of lung cancer from 2011 through 2013 among residents covered by a cancer registry system in Jiangxi province, and to provide evidences for prevention and control of lung cancer.Methods The data on lung cancer incidence and mortality from 2011 through 2013 were collected from 6 cancer registration areas in the province.Crude incidence and mortality, age-standardized incidence and mortality rate by Chinese standard population(ASR China) and by world standard population(ASR world), cumulative incidence and mortality rate, truncated incidence and mortality rate, potential years of life loss(PYLL), potential years of life loss rate(PYLLR), and average years of life lost(AYLL) were calculated, respectively.Results The crude incidence of lung cancer in the registration areas during the period was 43.08/105(61.96/105 for male and 23.33/105 for female);the incidences of ASR China and ASR world were 26.48/105 and 35.88/105;and the cumulative incidence rate(0-74 years) was 4.47%.The crude mortality rate was 27.98/105(40.64/105 for male and 14.74/105 for female);the mortalities of ASR China and ASR world were 16.54/105 and 22.67/105;and the cumulative mortality rate (0-74 years) was 2.77%.The incidence and mortality of lung cancer increased with age and were higher in the males than in the females.The PYLL and AYLL of lung cancer were 14 199 person-years (10 471 person-years for male and 3 728 person-years for female) and 8.26 years(8.20 years for male and 8.42 years for female).Conclusion The incidence and mortality of lung cancer in registration areas in Jiangxi province are lower than those of national level.Males and the elderly are the key populations for the prevention and treatment of lung cancer and the early deaths due to lung cancer among the females needs to be concerned.
Status and equity of medical personnel allocation in urban community health service centers in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region
LIAO Jian-hong, GAO Hong-da, WANG Xuan.et al
2016, 32(5): 657-660. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2016-32-05-25
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Objective To examine the status of medical personnel allocation in urban community health centers in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region(Guangxi) and to evaluate the equity of the allocation.Methods A survey was conducted among 3 422 medical professionals working during 2013 at 133 urban community health service centers in Guangxi using a self-designed questionnaire in August 2014.Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient were used to analyze the equity of the medical personnel allocation.Results Among the 3 050 medical professionals with eligible response, the male to female ratio was 1:3.6 and the physician to nurse ratio was 1.3:1;41.44% were at the ages of 25-34 years;48.07% had college education;26.69% had the professional work experience of 5-9 years;and 41.74% were with primary professional titles. The ratios of the professionals with senior, secondary, and primary title were 1:6.3:8.8.The Gini coefficients for the service population-based(service area-based) allocation of practice or assistant physicians, registered nurses, pharmacists, clinic laboratory professinals, and image examination professionals were 0.378(0.679), 0.294(0.625), 0.354(0.652), 0.359(0.654), and 0.465(0.636), respectively.Conclusion There are imbalances in gender, age, and professional title ratios(more female and younger but less senior title) for the medical professionals allocation in urban community health centers in Guangxi and the equity of service population-based allocation is more superior to that of service area-based allocation.
Nutrients intake and dietary structure among residents in Yunnan province
ZHANG Qiang, WAN Qing-qing, LIU Zhi-tao.et al
2016, 32(5): 661-663. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2016-32-05-26
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Objective To analyze nutrients intake and dietary structure among residents in Yunnan province for making effective improvement strategy.Methods The data on 1 989 residents from 1 024 households in Yunnan province were extracted from Chinese Nutrition and Health Survey, 2010-2012 and analyzed.Results Among the residents surveyed, the intakes of energy and protein were sufficient(9 425.6 kJ and 67.9 g per reference man per day) and up to 93.8% and 90.5% of recommended nutrient intake(RNI), but the intakes of vitamin A, B1, B2, C and calcium were inadequate (381.2 μg retinol equivalent, 1.0 mg, 0.7 mg, 79.0 mg, and 270.7 mg), only accounting for 47.7%, 71.4%, 50.0%, 79.0%, and 33.8% of RNI or adquate intake(AI), respectively.The consumptions of grains, meats, and fat(505.5 g, 116.3 g, and 40.3 g) exceeded the reference standards, while vegetables, fruits, beans, eggs, milks, and aquatic products(241.6 g, 44.6 g, 17.8 g, 14.7 g, 10.0 g, and 12.3 g) were far lower than the standards.The percentages of energy provided by fat were 36.0%, 28.0%, 25.0%, and 21.0% for the residents living in large city, medium or small city, normal rural regions, and poor rural regions, respectively.The urban residents had a risk of excess fat intake.The dietary diversity scores based on nine classifications of foods(DDS9) were 6.4, 5.7, 5.4, and 5.0 for the residents living in large city, medium or small city, normal rural regions, and poor rural regions, respectively, with significant differences between the residents in urban and rural areas in Yunnan province.Conclusion There are micronutrients deficiencies and dietary imbalance and nutrition education and intervention should be promoted among the residents in Yunnan province.
Prevalence and related factors of chronic fatigue syndrome among civil servants in Ningbo city
CHEN Qi, YAN Kai, JING Ling-jun.et al
2016, 32(5): 664-666. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2016-32-05-27
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Objective To investigate the prevalence and influencing factors of chronic fatigue syndrome(CFS) among civil servants in Yinzhou district of Ningbo city.Methods A self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted among 1 022 active civil servants working in government departments of Yinzhou district to screen CFS and the suspected CFS cases were then examined by psychosomatic medical doctors for definite diagnosis.Results The prevalence rate of CFS in the civil servants was 6.07% and the rate of the female civil servants was higher than that of the male(7.57% vs. 4.62%, χ2=3.91;P<0.05);the rate of CFS decreased with the increment of age(χ2=40.676, P=0.000).The risk factors of CFS among the civil servants were aged ≤30 years, having working stress, and with low satisfaction to personal social status, with the odds ratios of 29.372, 2.719, and 3.995, respectively.Conclusion The prevalence rate of CFS among the civil servants in Ningbo city is at a moderate level and influenced by age and mental health status.Special attention should be paid to CFS among young civil servants.
Compensation for abnormal reaction in preventive vaccination of category A vaccines in Guangdong province, 2012-2013
ZHAO Zhan-jie, DENG Hui-hong, WU Cheng-gang.et al
2016, 32(5): 667-669. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2016-32-05-28
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Objective To analyze the status of compensation for adverse events following preventive vaccination of category A vaccines in Guangdong province during 2012 to 2013.Methods Case studies were conducted and descriptive epidemiologic method was used in the analyses.Results A total of 66 cases of adverse events following free preventive vaccination of category A vaccines were reported in 35 counties or districts of 18 prefectures in Guangdong province from 2012 to 2013 and the total compensation for the adverse events was 5.02 millions Yuan(RMB).Of the compensation, 63.74% were for the related disabilities of the cases(4.92 millions Yuan).The average amount of compensation to each case was about 74 500 Yuan and the first three higher average compensation amount were for the adverse events caused by the vaccination of oral poliovirus attenuated live vaccine(OPV) (29 730 Yuan), measles attenuated live vaccine(MV) (17 010 Yuan), and group A meningococcus polysaccharide vaccine(MPV-A) (12 670 Yuan).The average time for the verification of compensation application was 47 working days.Conclusion The average compensation amount for the adverse events following free preventive vaccination was 74.5 thousands Yuan in Guangdong province in 2012 to 2013, and the compensation amount was lower than the upper limit of the compensation for 95.45% of the cases.
Hospitalization cost for ischemic patients in Beijing, 2008-2012
ZHANG Yu-qi, WU Yi-qun, WEI Chen-lu
2016, 32(5): 670-672. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2016-32-05-29
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Objective To analyze the cost of hospitalization for ischemic stroke patients in hospitals in Beijing.Methods The study based on the data collected from 15 tertiary hospitals and 15 second-class hospitals in Beijing from 2008 to 2012.The study applied a descriptive design to investigate the hospitalization cost of ischemic stroke patients.Results Totally 74 198 ischemic stroke inpatients with a mean age of 67.2±11.7 years were included in the study, of which 67.0% were male.The average hospitalization cost of the inpatients was 17 789 Yuan(RMB).The average medication cost was 8 837 Yuan, accounting for a major part(49.7%) of total hospitalization cost.The hospitalization cost increased with the increment of age of the inpatients(P<0.05).The hospitalization cost for the inpatients stayed in tertiary hospitals was higher than that in second-class hospitals(19 345 Yuan vs. 14 321 Yuan, P<0.05).The hospitalization expenses for the ischemic stroke inpatients showed an increasing trend during the period from 2008 to 2012(P<0.05).Conclusion The burden of hospitalization cost of ischemic stroke inpatients is still heavy and increases in recent years in Beijing.The proportion of expenses for tradional Chinese medications in total hospitalization cost is higher than that in western countries.To control the increasing trend in hospitalization cost, comprehensive measures like standardizing medications utilization and reducing the mediations expenses should be adopted.
Prevalence and risk factors of hepatitis B virus infection among residents of Zhaoqing municipality
SHEN Wen-hao, KONG De-liang, MAI Wei.et al
2016, 32(5): 673-675. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2016-32-05-30
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Objective To examine the prevalence of hepatitis B virus(HBV) infection and its related factors among community residents of Zhaoqing municipality and to provide evidences for improving immunization programs.Methods Using stratified cluster random sampling, a questionnaire survey and serological detection were conducted between June to November 2014 among 1 716 permanent residents aged 1-59 years from 11 urban communities and 29 villages.Results Among the residents, the positive rate of hepatitis B virus surface antigen(HBsAg), surface antibody(HBsAb), and core antibody(HBcAb) were 8.74%, 72.09%, and 69.23%;no between-gender differences(all P>0.05) but significant between-age group differences and between-region differences in the positive rate of HBsAg, HBsAb, and HBcAb were observed(all P<0.05).In the residents, the self-reported proportions of exposed to risk factors of HBV infection were 7.11% for living for a long time with HBsAg positive family members, 1.28% and 0.58% for sharing toothbrush and razor with family members, 21.5% for history of dental medical treatment(including tooth extraction, dental filling and toothwash), 3.44% for history of paid blood donation, 1.05% for history of receiving blood transfusion, 2.79% for surgical history, 1.81% for history of endoscopic examination or treatment, 1.28% for history of acupuncture treatment, 0.06% for history of sharing syringe, 17.89% for history of shaving face or body hairs in a barbershop, 5.07% for history of having pedicure in public bath places, and 2.86% for history of surgical cosmetology in beauty salons, respectively.Conclusion HBV infection rate was relatively high among the residents of Zhaoqing municipality and some of the residents exposed to a variety of HBV infection risk factors in daily life, medical institutions, and public places.
Joint association of dietary patterns and physical activity with hypertension among urban residents in Nanjing
FENG Hong-wei, HONG Xin, WANG Zhi-yong.et al
2016, 32(5): 676-679. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2016-32-05-31
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Objective To explore the joint association of dietary patterns and physical activity(PA) with hypertension among urban residents in Nanjing city, Jiangsu province, and to provide references for the prevention and control of hypertension.Methods With multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling, a total of 3 376 urban residents aged 30-75 years were recruited from 7 communities of two districts and screened for hypertension;then 418 hypertensives newly diagnosed were assigned into a case group and 782 residents with normal blood pressure into a control group.All participants completed a questionnaire survey and physical examination.Results The proportions of participants mainly having western dietary pattern(WDP) and prudent dietary pattern(PDP) were 58.37% and 41.63% for the cases and 23.40% and 76.60% for the controls;the proportions of participants with and without sufficient PA were 43.78% and 56.22% for the cases and 51.02% and 48.98% for the controls, respectively.Adjusting for gender, age, education, marital status, occupation, family annual income, and body mass index(BMI), multivariate conditional logistic regression analysis showed that the odds ratio(OR) of hypertension for the participants with PDP was 0.208(95 confidence interval[95%CI]=0.160-0.270) compared to those with WDP;sufficient PA was associated with lower risk of hypertension(OR=0.756, 95%CI=0.593-0.962);compared to the participants with insufficient PA and WDP, the OR of hypertension was 0.124(95%CI=0.084-0.183) for those with PDP and insufficient PA, 0.357(95%CI=0.237-0.539) for those with WDP and sufficient PA, and 0.103(95%CI=0.068-0.156) for those with PDP and sufficient PA, respectively.Conclusion The study indicates that both sufficient physical activity and healthy dietary pattern can reduce the risk of hypertension and the combination of the two factors can play a more important role in the prevention of hypertension.
Occupational stress and job satisfaction among peasant workers
PAN Deng, HU Cheng-feng, MA Hong-lin
2016, 32(5): 679-681. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2016-32-05-32
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Objective To examine the relation between occupational stress and job satisfaction and mediating effect of psychological capital on the relation among peasant workers.Methods With stratified random cluster sampling, totally 899 peasant workers from construction sites and private enterprises in Anhui province were recruited and measured with Effort-Reword Imbalance Questionnaire, Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire and Psychological Capital Questionnaire.Results Among the participants, the average score of job satisfaction was 65.04±10.91;the average psychological capital scores were 22.1±5.34 for self-confidence, 23.7±4.67 for hope, 23.5±3.61 for toughness, and 22.6±2.69 for optimism, respectively.The job satisfaction was reveresely correlated with external effort, but positively correlated to reword and inner effort(P<0.001 for all).The contribution of occupational stress to job satisfaction was 30.6%.The contribution of psychological capital to job satisfaction was 22.5% with a mediating effect.Conclusion Job satisfaction is at a general level;external effort, reword and inner effort are significant predictors for job satisfaction and psychological capital is a mediating factor among reword, inner effort and job satisfaction among peasant workers.
Incidence of hepatitis E in Zhenhai district of Ningbo city, 2005-2014
CHEN Qin, WU Yong, HU Yi-hong
2016, 32(5): 682-683. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2016-32-05-33
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Objective To analyze the epidemic characteristics of hepatitis E(HE) in Zhenhai district of Ningbo municipality and to provide a basis for implementing preventive plan.Methods Descriptive epidemiological method was adopted to analyze the data on reported HE cases in Zhenhai district from 2005 through 2014.Results During the 10-year period, totally 141 hepatitis E cases was reported;the average annual incidence of HE was 2.06/100 000 and the annual incidence was the highest(5.02/100 000) in 2014.More HE cases(36.17%) were reported from February to April in a year and the majority(87.94%) of the reported cases were aged 30-70 years;of the reported cases, 38.30% were farmers and the male to female ratio of the reported cases was 2.38:1.Conclusion Under the condition of without specific intervention, the incidence of hepatitis E showed an increasing trend and incident peaks every 3 to 4 years between 2005 and 2014 in Zhenhai district of Ningbo municipality.
Hygienic status of secondary water supply to aircrafts by an airline in Dalian Airport
LIANG Zhao-hui, PENG Wei-nian, LI Shu-juan.et al
2016, 32(5): 684-686. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2016-32-05-34
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Objective To investigate hygienic status of secondary water supply to the aircrafts in Dalian Airport and to provide references for qualified water supply management for aircrew and passengers.Methods Water samples of secondary water supply were collected and detected according to the Drinking Water Standard Examination Method(GB/T5750-2006);the detection results were then evaluated according to the Hygiene Standard for Drinking Water(GB5740-2006) during the period from 2013 to 2015;the hygienic indicators in the survey included microbial indexes, free residual chlorine, pH value, and sensory property indexes.Results For the 204 water samples detected during the period, the overall qualification rate of hygienic indicators was 67.16%, with the highest rate of 83.93% in 2013 and the lowest rate of 50.57% in 2015.The hygienic indicators with lower overall qualification rate included total bacterial count(72.06%), total coliforms(99.02%), free residual chlorine(86.27%), and pH value(80.88%).The overall qualification rates were 78.95%, 63.79%, and 51.85% for the samples of tap water from secondary pump station, transported water from water trucks, and tap water from aircrafts, with a significant difference(P<0.05).Conclusion The hygienic status of secondary water supply to aircrafts by an airline in Dalian Airport needs to be improved to control related potential health risk, particularly for free residual chlorine and bacterial contamination.
Establishment of consensus sequences of Pre-S, S, Pre-C/BCP gene of hepatitis B virus prevaling in areas with high hepatocellular carcinoma incidence in Fusui county of Guangxi
GAO Yu-xin, LI Xi-liang, HUANG Tian-ren.et al
2016, 32(5): 687-690. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2016-32-05-35
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Objective To establish consensus sequences of Pre-S, S, and Pre-C/BCP gene of hepatitis B virus(HBV) isolated in Fusui county of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region(Guangxi).Methods Genes of Pre-S, S, and Pre-C/BCP of HBV isolated in 89 asymptomatic carrier of HBV were sequenced and the genotypes of the genes were determined with homology analysis.Consensus sequences of HBV prevailing in Fusui county were established base on different genotypes.Results Compared with the genotype sequences of HBV(CDQ448627, EU439006) isolated in other parts of China recorded in GenBank, the consensus sequences of Fusui county are of great difference, with a maximaum variation of 2.07%.The difference in the consensus sequences between different genotypes of HBV isolated in Fusui county was greater than the difference between the HBV isolated in different areas, with a minimum variation of 2.87% and a maximum of 9.65%.Conclusion The consensus sequences of Pre-S, S, and Pre-C/BCP gene of HBV isolated in Fusui county were primarily established and the study lays a foundation for researches on genetic mutations of HBV in Fusui county.
Relationship between Th17 cell expression and asthma in children: a case-control study
MU Jie, WANG Jie
2016, 32(5): 691-693. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2016-32-05-36
Abstract(1132) HTML (200) PDF 851KB(79)
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Objective To study the relationship between expression of T-helper 17(Th17) cells and asthma in children and to provide references for clinical treatment of asthma.Methods A hospital-based case-control study was conducted during 2014 among 150 asthma patients aged 2-15 years(cases) and 200 gender- and age-matched healthy physical examinees(controls) recruited in Chongqing Municipal Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital.Pulmonary function, peripheral blood Th17 cells, interleukin-4(IL-4), interleukin-17(IL-17), interleukin-8(IL-8), and interferon-γ(INF-γ) were determined among all participants and correlations between Th17 cell expression and cytokines were analyzed.Results The cases had significantly lower percentage of predicted forced expiratory volume in one second(FEV1%) (68.3±5.9% vs. 87.9±6.1%) and percentage of predicted peak expiratory flow(PEF%) (70.4±6.2% vs. 92.4±6.7%) than the controls(both P<0.001).There were significantly higher levels of peripheral blood Th17 cells(2.48±0.87% vs. 0.26±0.12%), IL-4(166.84±29.45 vs. 68.95±12.37 ng/L), IL-17(5.30±2.14 vs. 2.89±1.70 ng/L), and IL-8(529.46±193.20 vs. 157.97±48.24 pg/L) and lower level of INF-γ(35.16±5.04 vs. 51.49±7.02 ng/L) in the cases compared to those in the controls(all P<0.001).Correlation analysis showed that the level of Th17 cells in peripheral blood was positively correlated with IL-17 level in the cases(r=0.437, P<0.001).Conclusion Th17 cell expression in peripheral blood is higher in children with asthma than in healthy children and the expression may play a role in inflammatory reaction via the mediation of IL-17.
Anxiety and depression among brain tumor patients
BAO Yi-jun, TAO Shan-wei, LIU Yan.et al
2016, 32(5): 694-696. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2016-32-05-37
Abstract(997) HTML (300) PDF 849KB(71)
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Objective To explore the status of anxiety and depression for reducing mental disorders among inpatients with brain tumor.Methods An anonymous and self-administered survey was conducted among 205 neurosurgical inpatients with brain tumor using a questionnaire on demography, Perceived Stress Scale(PSS) and The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale(HADS) for assessment of anxiety and depression.Results The score for anxiety and depression among the inpatients were 6.86±4.07 and 5.62±3.81 and were both higher than those of national norm for internal medical outpatients(3.30±2.40 and 2.60±2.20).The positive rate of anxiety and depression symptoms were 39.51% and 30.24%, respectively among the inpatients.The results of logistic regression analysis showed that the inpatients with perceived stress were more likely to have anxiety and depression symptoms, with the odds ratio(95% confidence interval) of 1.84(1.102-1.273) and 1.206(1.113-1.306) compared to those without perceived stress.Conclusion Perceived stress is positively correlated with anxiety and depression symptoms among brain tumor inpatients and effective instruction on mental health should be provided to the inpatients for the prevention of these mental disorders.
Effects of childhood sexual abuse on adolescent cognitive function and mental health and related mechanism
WANG Lu-han, SU Pu-yu
2016, 32(5): 697-701. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2016-32-05-38
Abstract(1026) HTML (401) PDF 868KB(123)
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Childhood sexual abuse(CSA) is a worldwide public health problem, which is not only harmful to physical and mental health of the victims in childhood, but also seriously influences the life, work, health, and behavior of the victims in adulthood.Under the premise of lacking effective prevention and control of CSA in China, this review analyzes the prevalence of CSA at home and abroad, and discusses the influence of CSA experience on adolescent physical and mental health and its possible mechanism in order to ring a wake-up call for the prevention of childhood sexual abuse in China, and to provide references to further in-depth study on the impact of CSA on victim's physical and mental health.
Development of serodiagnosis method for mosquito-borne disease detection
HE Jian-an, PENG Fang, WANG Sha-sha.et al
2016, 32(5): 701-704. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2016-32-05-39
Abstract(947) HTML (261)
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Through the years of efforts, mosquito-borne diseases have been under effective control in China.But the risk of imported mosquito-borne diseases is increasing in recent years because of economic globalization, climatic change, and wider geographic distribution of vectors.The objective of this review is to discuss current status of serodiagnosis for major mosquito-borne diseases and potential advantages and application of these detection methods to give a guideline on relevant monitoring practices.
Advances in researches on mechanism of lasting memory
ZOU Dan, XING Yang, ZHAO Yi-ning.et al
2016, 32(5): 708-711. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2016-32-05-41
Abstract(1174) HTML (297) PDF 864KB(72)
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Most of our experiences will be forgotten;emotional arousal enhances the storage of memories and can serve to create, selectively, lasting memories of our important experiences.The neural system mediated emotional arousal and memory are very closely linked.The stress hormones epinephrine and corticosterone released by emotional arousal regulate long-term memory.The amygdala plays a critical role in mediating the influences of these stress hormones.The stress-induced activation of the amygdala and its interactions with other brain regions involved in processing memory play a critical role in ensuring that emotionally significant experiences are well-remembered.In this article, the effect of the amygdala and emotional arousal during memory lasting retention is reviewed.
Current situation, obstacles and government responsibilities for social capital running medical institutes in China
ZHU Li-ping, WANG Xi-chen, ZHOU Ling.et al
2016, 32(5): 705-708. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2016-32-05-40
Abstract(1204) HTML (475) PDF 855KB(97)
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Promoting social capital to invest medical institutes is benefit to improve the efficiency of healthcare service and to meet the citizens' diversified and multi-level needs of medical service under the new situation.The government plays an important role in promoting social capital running medical institutes.This paper studies current problems and dilemmas in the establishment and operation of medical facilities with social capital, analyzes main governmental responsibilities on supporting and developing social capital invested hospitals, and proposes some suggestions on the issue.The main governmental responsibilities discussed in the paper include macro guidance, refining and implementing supportive policies, promoting legislation, and improving regulation and suppervision.
Effectiveness of community interventions on blood pressure control among hypertensives-a meta-analysis
YANG Wei-wei, LIU Pei, CHAO Jian-qian.et al
2016, 32(5): 712-715. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2016-32-05-42
Abstract(1189) HTML (252) PDF 909KB(108)
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Objective To evaluate the influence of community intervention on blood pressure control among hypertension patients with meta-analysis.Methods Related articles published between 2004 and 2014 were searched through China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI), VIP Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database(VIP), Wanfang Database(Wanfang), Chinese Biomedical Literature Database(CBM), PubMed, and Web of Science Databases, and selected according to inclusion and exclusion criteria.The systolic and diastolic blood pressure for intervention group and the control group after community-based intervention were chosen as indicators.Stata 12.0 software was employed in the meta-analysis.Results A total of 18 articles met inclusion criteria.Meta-analysis showed that there were statistically significant differences between the community intervention group and the control group in systolic blood pressure(standardized mean difference[SMD]=-0.65, 95% confidence interval(95% CI):-0.89, -0.41);P<0.001), and diastolic blood pressure(SMD=-0.51, 95% CI:-0.71, -0.31;P<0.001).Sensitivity analysis revealed that the results of this meta-analysis were stable.Conclusion The meta-analysis shows that systolic and diastolic blood pressure decrease after community interventions among hypertension patients but large-scale randomized controlled trials with higher-quality are needed to confirm the effectiveness of community intervention.
Bibliometric study on SCI articles on public health and preventive medicine written by professionals in some universities in China, 2008-2012
WANG Yu, DENG Nuo, WU Jian-guo.et al
2016, 32(5): 716-720. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2016-32-05-43
Abstract(860) HTML (196) PDF 859KB(122)
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Objective To examine publication status and trend of public health and preventive medicine-related papers covered by Science Citation Index(SCI) among professionals from some universities in China for the improvement of academic practice in the research field.Methods The SCI articles published from 2008 through 2012 were retrieved through Web of Science and only the articles written or co-written by the authors from the 11 universities categorized as the 10 top-ranking in research capability of public health and preventive medicine by National Degree and Graduate Education Development Center of Ministry of Education in 2012 were included in the analysis.Results Totally 1 873 published SCI articles on public health and preventive medicine were written by the professionals from the 11 universities, of which 939(50.13%) were written by the professionals as the first authors, with an annual average growth rate of 26.08% during the period.Of the 1 873 articles, 181(19.28%) were published by the professionals from Huazhong University of Science and Technology and 307(32.69%) reported epidemiologic or biostatistics studies in public health and preventive medicine.Conclusion There were disparities in the number, second-level field, and academic impact among the published SCI articles written by the authors form the 11 top-ranking universities in research capability of public health and preventive medicine.
Evaluation on presentation quality of multivariable logistic regression results published in Chinese clinical medicine journals
ZHANG Ying-ying, ZHOU Xiao-bin, ZHANG Jian.et al
2016, 32(5): 720-724. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2016-32-05-44
Abstract(1217) HTML (343) PDF 873KB(99)
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Objective To evaluate presentation quality of multivariable logistic regression(MLR) results published in major Chinese clinical medicine journals and to provide references for correct presentation of the MLR results to authors, reviewers, and editors.Methods Totally 281 articles with MLR result presentations published from 2010 through 2014 in 5 Chinese clinical medicine journals(Chinese Journal of Cardiology, Chinese Journal of Oncology, Chinese Journal of Neuromedicine, Chinese Journal of Pediatrics, and Chinese Journal of Digestive Surgery) were searched from the Chinese Biomedical Data-Base, VIP Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang database with computer retrieval combined with manual searching.All the articles were evaluated with established 15 criteria for appropriate usage and results reporting of MLR analysis.Results The score of presentation quality of MLR results of all the articles ranged from 1 to 9, with a median of 5, and 75.44%(212) of the articles had the score of less than 6.The items properly presented by more than 50% of the articles were name and version of statistics software used(97.2%), the value of the odds ratio and its 95% confidence interval(85.4%), the number of required samples and independent variables(77.6%), the basis of independent variables selection(68.0%), and fitting procedures(54.8%);while the items properly presented by less than 10%of the articles were the participation of statisticians and epidemiologists(0.36%), sample size estimation method(0.71%), verification of collinearity among the independent variables(1.78%), verification of outliers(3.56%), verification of interactions(3.91%), and validation and goodness-of-fit(9.96%).The proportions of the articles presenting the data-entry-form, coding of variables, and ethics approval and informed consent were 14.6%, 16.7%, and 29.9%, respectively.For the 173 articles involved with continuous variable or ordinal categorical variable, only 2 presented the verification of the linearity between the statistics of the variables and the value of logit(P).Conclusion The quality MLR results presentation is poor for articles published in five Chinese clinical journals.Editors should develop statistical presentation guidelines concerning MLR and encourage researchers to cooperate with statisticians and epidemiologists to improve the quality of presentation.