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2018 Vol. 34, No. 7

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Effect of twin pregnancy on thyroid function among women during pregnancy
Shuang ZHANG, Nan LI, Wei LI,
2018, 34(7): 937-941. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1117390
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Abstract:
  Objective  To investigate gestational thyroid function in women with twin pregnancy and compare with that among the women with singleton pregnancy.  Methods  Data on serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) for 19 979 pregnant women, including 317 women with twin pregnancy, were extracted from pregnant health records in Tianjincity form January 2104 through December 2015. We analyzed the differences in serum TSH and FT4 levels between the women with single and twin pregnancy.  Results  The serum TSH level (median = 1.05 mIU/L) of the women with twin pregnancy was significantly lower than that (median = 1.35 mIU/L) of women with singleton pregnancy (P < 0.01). The abnormal rate (23.66%) of thyroid function among the women with twin pregnancy was higher than that (16.61%) among the women with singleton pregnancy, with a significantly increased rate of hyperthyroidism (P < 0.01). The changing trend of serum TSH level with gestational weeks in the women with twin pregnancy was similar to that in the women with singleton pregnancy; but the serum TSH level of the women with twin pregnancy was significantly lower than that of the women with singleton pregnancy during the period of 8 – 20th gestational week (P < 0.05) and the level was even higher after 28th week. The serum FT4 level in the women with twin pregnancy was higher than that in the women with singleton pregnancy at 8th and till 12th gestational week (P < 0.05). Logistic regression results revealed that twin pregnancy was associated with increased risk of hyperthyroidism compared to the singleton pregnancy (odds ratio = 4.082, 95% confidence interval: 2.936 – 5.675).  Conclusion  The serum TSH level is lower while thehyperthyroidism prevalence is higher among the women with twin pregnancy than in the women with singleton pregnancy.
Screening results of different free cervical cancer screening strategies among 35- to 64-year-old women in Beijing
Jie SHEN, Li-li GAO, Yue ZHANG,
2018, 34(7): 942-945. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1116938
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Abstract:
  Objective  To analyze screening results of different free cervical cancer screening strategies among 35- to 64-year-old women in Beijing.  Methods  Cervical cytology, high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) test, and co-testing (combining the two detections) were adopted for cervical cancer screening free of charge among 182 119 women aged 35 – 64 years selected with random cluster sampling in 9 urban and rural districts of Beijing city from December 2014 to March 2015. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 11.0.  Results  The overall detection rate (505.9/100 000) of cervical cancer and precancerous lesion of co-testing screening was significantly higher than that of cervical cytology (334.6/100 000) and HR-HPV test (246.3/100 000) (P < 0.001); but there were no significant differences in detection rate and early detection rate of cervical cancer among the participants taking different screening schemes. The positive rate of HR-HPV or abnormal cervical cytology co-testing was 8.5%, which was significantly higher than that for preliminary HR-HPV and cervical cytology screening. Among all the participants, the detection rate of HR-HPV was 7.4%, with the detection rate of 0.53% for human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) and 0.15% for HPV-18.  Conclusion  The study demonstrates that adopting HR-HPV test is applicable in preliminary cervical cancer screening.
Prevalence and influencing factors of postpartum weight retention among women in southeastern Shanxi province
Jian-zhou YANG, Yun-xia CHEN, Wen-xia SONG,
2018, 34(7): 946-948. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1117344
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Abstract:
  Objective  To examine the prevalence and influencing factors of weight retention measured 6 months after childbirth among the women in southeastern Shanxi province and to provide evidences for formulating measures to improve the condition.  Methods  We enrolled 635 local pregnant women to be delivered between July 2015 and June 2017 for a prospective cohort study. Follow-up surveys were performed at one month and 6 months postpartum. The observation items included general conditions, weight before pregnancy, weight gain during pregnancy, and 6 months postpartum weight.  Results  Of all the participants, 495 were followed up till 6 months postpartum, with a response rate of 77.95%. For the women completing the following up, the average prenatal body mass index (BMI) was 20.27 ± 2.28 and that at 6 months postpartum was 23.12 ± 2.74; the average body weight retention was 2.68 ± 2.48 kg. The ratio of overweight and obesity increased from 16.36% during pregnancy to 24.65% at 6 months postpartum. A total of 295 participants (59.6%) had the weight increment at least 1 kg exceeding the United States Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommendation and 104 (21.01%) exceeded the standard of 5 kg. The results of multivariate linear regression revealed that gestational weight gain, postpartum depression, and pre-pregnancy BMI were influencing factors of body weight retention at 6 months postpartum.  Conclusion  Weight management and mental health interventions are needed during pregnancy and within 6 months postpartum to reduce the incidence of obesity and obesity-related diseases.
Concomitant symptoms of premenstrual syndrome among Chinese reproductive women: a survey via mobile application
Xing CHEN, Wen-pei BAI, Yu-liang HUO,
2018, 34(7): 949-952. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1116534
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Abstract:
  Objective  To investigate concomitant symptoms of premenstrual syndrome among Chinese reproductive women and to provide evidences for improving health care in premenstrual and menstrual period among the population.  Methods  We conducted an online survey among 24 670 women using a self-designed questionnaire which was dispatched on the homepage of a mobile application named Menstruation from January to December 2015. The questionnaire refers to general demography characteristics and concomitant symptoms of premenstrual syndrome.  Results  With the increment of age, the percentage of the participants reporting illness symptoms (constipation, acne, fever, diarrhea, breast distending pain, body aching pain, poor appetite, headache, abdominal bulge, and dizziness) during premenstrual and menstrual period decreased significantly (P < 0.01 for all). The participants with low body mass index (BMI) reported significantly higher occurrence rates of acne, fever, diarrhea, breast distending pain, body aching pain, poor appetite, headache, and dizziness (P < 0.05 for all). Compared to the participants not having sexual activity, those having sexual activity reported significantly lower occurrence rate of acne (11.95% vs. 12.95%, P < 0.05) but higher occurrence rates of breast distending pain (15.37% vs. 12.26%), body aching pain (17.83% vs. 16.48%), and dizziness (12.60% vs. 11.44%) (P < 0.05 for all). In comparison with the participants without delivery history, the participants with delivery history reported significantly lower occurrence rates of acne (10.17% vs. 13.30%), fever (5.79% vs. 8.15%), diarrhea (7.57% vs. 10.70%), body aching pain (16.83% vs. 18.12%), poor appetite (13.52% vs. 14.72%), and abdominal bulge (14.97% vs. 19.16%) (all P < 0.05). Significantly higher occurrence rates of constipation (11.45% vs. 7.94%), acne (13.18% vs. 9.02%), fever (8.25% vs. 5.27%), diarrhea (10.96% vs. 6.59%), breast distending pain (15.89% vs. 10.63%), body aching pain (19.08% vs. 12.51%), poor appetite (15.95% vs. 10.47% ), headache (14.77% vs. 10.03%), abdominal bulge (19.85% vs. 12.17%), and dizziness (13.39% vs. 8.94%)were reported by the participants with dysmenorrhea than by the participants without dysmenorrhea (P < 0.01 for all).  Conclusion  Concomitant symptoms in premenstrual and menstrual period associate with age, body mass index, sexual activity, fertility, menstruation regularity, and dysmenorrhea among Chinese reproductive women.
Influence of psychological factors during pregnancy on birth defects
Rong LIU, Hai-da DOU, Fang-yao CHEN,
2018, 34(7): 1-1. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1116295
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Abstract:
  Objective  To analyze influence mode and intensity of psychological factors during pregnancy on birth defects among the childbearing women in Shaanxi province.  Methods  Cross-sectional survey design and stratified multistage random sampling were adopted in the study. The survey was conducted in 30 districts and counties of Shaanxi province among 26 167 pregnant women with definite pregnancy outcomes during the period from 2010 to 2013. A hypothesis model was established based on the results of previous researches. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the effects of psychological factors during pregnancy on birth defects.  Results  Among the participants, the prevalence of birth defects was 1.83%, higher than the national average level (1.10% – 1.40%); the prevalence rate was 2.00% and 1.23% among the rural and urban participants, with a significant difference (χ2 = 15.343, P < 0.001). Structural equation model analysis demonstrated that adverse mental factors exerted negative effect on birth defects, with an effect ratio of 7.30% (path coefficient = 0.073, P < 0.05).  Conclusion  The prevalence rate of birth defects in Shaanxi province is higher than the average national level and the prevalence rate is higher in rural areas than in urban areas. Adverse mental status during pregnancy is a risk factor for birth defects and exerts a direct negative effect on birth defects.
Prevalence and influencing factors of preconception depression and anxiety among reproductive-age women intending to have a second child
Ji-hong XU, Xu MA
2018, 34(7): 1-1. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1116090
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Abstract:
  Objective  To explore the status and major influencing factors of preconception depression and anxiety among reproductive-age women intending to have a second child.  Methods  We conducted a questionnaire survey among 904 reproductive-age women intending to have a second child recruited from attendees of free pre-pregnancy health check at six cities in Jiangxi, Shandong, and Guangdong province between June and October 2016. Self-Rating Anxiety Scale and Self-Rating Depression Scale were adopted in the survey.  Results  Of the participants, 25.77% were identified with depression symptoms (18.47%, 6.42%, and 0.88% with mild, moderate, and severe depression symptoms) and 13.05% were identified with anxiety symptoms (10.40%, 1.99%, and 0.66% with mild, moderate, and severe anxiety symptoms), respectively. The positive proportion of depression and anxiety differed significantly by occupation and monthly income among the participants (both P < 0.001). The results of multivariate regression analysis revealed significant influences of monthly income and the gender of the first child on depression symptoms, and significant influences of monthly income, whether having cesarean delivery for the first child, whether with someone taking care of the child, and the first child's gender on anxiety symptoms in the participants.  Conclusion  The occurrence of preconception depression and anxiety is affected by monthly income and the first child's gender among reproductive-age women intending to have a second child.
Efficacy of maternal serum PAPP-A detection in first trimester combined with dual-marker screening test in second trimester in screening for Down's syndrome and open neural tube defect
Yi-ming CHEN, Xue-lian CHU, Sha LU,
2018, 34(7): 956-959. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1117321
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Abstract:
  Objective  To assess the efficacy of maternal serum pregnancy associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) in first trimester combined with detections of maternal serum alpha fetoprotein (AFP) and free β subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (free β-hCG) in second trimester for screening Down syndrome (DS) and open neural tube defect (ONTD).  Methods  We analyzed clinical data on 46 089 pregnancies in prenatal screening centre of Yuhang district of Hangzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital in Zhejiang province from July 1, 2014 to December 31, 2016, retrospectively. PAPP-A was detected in first trimester and AFP and free β hCG were detected in second trimester for DS screening. The detection results of first and second trimester were combined as a triple-marker of screening to calculate the risk rate of DS and ONTD. We followed pregnancy outcomes and karyotype analysis of amniocentesis to make a definite diagnosis.  Results  The screening sensitivity was 68.30%, 100%, and 83.33% for the test in first trimester, second trimester, and of triple-marker, without significant difference (χ2 = 0.540, P = 0.463). Both screening results of dual-marker in second trimester for one case and triple-marker test for 6 cases were low risk of ONTD and the sensitivity of the tests was 0%.  Conclusion  Triple-marker screening test is better than dual-marker screening test in second trimester; however, the difference is not significant. Serum screening test is not applicable for the screening of ONTD.
Survival of HIV/AIDS patients infected via mother to child transmission
Xin-juan ZHOU, Zhi-yong SHEN, Yu-hua RUAN,
2018, 34(7): 960-963. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1116201
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Abstract:
  Objective  To examine the survival and its related factors among human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) patients infected via mother to child transmission in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (Guangxi).  Methods  We collected data on 940 HIV/AIDS patients from Chinese National HIV/AIDS Comprehensive Control and Prevention Information System for a retrospective cohort study. The participants of the study were permanent residents of Guangxi and registered between 2001 through 2015; HIV infection via mother to child transmission or maternal HIV positive was confirmed among all the participants. The survival curve was estimated using Kaplan-Meier method and influencing factors for the survival was analyzed with Cox proportional hazard regression.  Results  The median observation time was 2.39 years. Totally 207 cases died during the follow-up and the mortality rate was 7.79/100 person years. The Cox proportional hazard analyses revealed that initial CD4 cell count, source of registration information, and therapeutic status were correlated with the survival of the patients; after adjusting for confounding factors, the death risk were higher among the patients with lower initial CD4 cell count (hazard risk [HR] = 1.72, 2.64, and 3.74 for the participants with the initial CD4 count of 500 – 351, 350 – 200, and < 200 cells/μL compared to those with the count of > 500 cells/μL), being diagnosed as HIV positive in hospitals (HR = 2.13 compared to those diagnosed in voluntary counseling and testing), and without antiviral therapy (HR = 12.62 compared to those with antiviral therapy). The survival curves for the patients with and without antiviral therapy were significantly different (χ2 = 386.705, P < 0.001).  Conclusion  Early diagnosis and treatment need to be greatly improved for HIV/AIDS patients infected via mother to child transmission in Guangxi and the survival of the patients is mainly influenced by initial CD4 cell count, source of registration information, and therapeutic status.
Association between diet preference and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus among rural adults in Deqing county, Zhejiang province: a prospective cohort study
Xiao-ying CHEN, Xiao-lian DONG, Yu-zhuo WANG,
2018, 34(7): 968-971. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1115625
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Abstract:
  Objective  To explore the association between dietary behavior and the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) among rural adults in Deqing county, Zhejiang province and to provide evidences for implementing relevant interventions.  Methods  We conducted a dynamic prospective cohort study among a total of 28 233 diabetes-free permanent residents aged 18 – 64 years randomly selected from 2, 6, and 7 rural communities between 2006 – 2008, 2011 – 2012, and 2013 – 2014, respectively. Questionnaire survey, physical examination and laboratory test were carried out among the participants. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression were applied to explore the associations between diet preference and T2DM.  Results  By the end of study, a total of 2 773 participants, including 874 deaths, were lost to follow-up, with a rate of loss to follow-up of 9.82%. Totally 369 new T2DM incidents were identified till November 2015 and the incident density was 3.13 per 1 000 person years (PYs). Among the participants reporting main dietary pattern of balanced diet, vegetarian diet, and meat or fish diet, the number of T2DM incidents newly identified were 227, 46, and 96 and the T2DM incident density were 2.59/1 000 PYs, 2.88/1 000 PYs, and 6.67/1 000 PYs, respectively. The results of univariate Cox regression revealed that the T2DM risk was 2.58 times higher (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.58, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 2.03 – 3.27) among the participants with a main dietary pattern of meat or fish diet than among those with a main dietary pattern of balanced diet. The results of multivariate Cox regression demonstrated that compared to the participants with a main dietary pattern of balanced diet, those with a main dietary pattern of meat or fish diet had a significantly increased risk of T2DM incidence (HR = 2.46, 95% CI: 1.94 – 3.13) after adjusting 11 confounding factors including gender, age, education, occupation, smoking, alcohol drinking, tea drinking, body mass index, hypertension, impaired fasting glucose, and familial history of diabetes.  Conclusion  Meat or fish dietary pattern could increase the incidence risk of T2DM among rural adult residents and the results should be concerned in future prevention and control of T2DM among the population.
Effects of social environment factors on adverse birth outcomes: a structural equation analysis
Hong-li WANG, Fang-yao CHEN, Hui YAN,
2018, 34(7): 972-976. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1116695
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Abstract:
  Objective  To explore direct and indirect effect of social environment factors on adverse birth outcomes.  Methods  The data on the women of childbearing age and their children were obtained through a survey on the status of birth defects and their risk factors in Shaanxi province and the information about health development in 30 districts and counties in Shaanxi province were extracted from health statistics yearbook of Shaanxi province – 2010. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to construct five latent variables (health development, family characteristics, maternal and child health care utilization, folic acid supplement use, and adverse birth outcomes) and to establish a hypothesis structure model involving the latent variables. And then the best model was determined with modification and evaluation using structural equation model method.  Results  The participants of the study were 28 457 women aged 15 – 49 years and being pregnant and with definite pregnancy outcome during the period from 2010 through 2013. Of all the deliveries of the pregnant women, 2.0%, 2.7%, and 3.4% were birth defect, premature delivery, and low birth weight. The established structural equation model revealed that health service development affected the occurrence of adverse birth outcomes indirectly through the influence of maternal and child health care utilization and folic acid supplement use; maternal and child health care utilization influenced birth outcomes indirectly through folic acid supplement use. Family characteristics exerted direct and indirect effect on adverse birth outcomes mainly through maternal and child health care utilization and folic acid supplement use; whereas folic acid supplement use had a direct impact on the occurrence of adverse birth outcomes. The effect of family characteristics was the greatest (53.3%), followed by that of folic acid supplement use (30.0%), maternal and child health care utilization (12.7%), and the development of health service (4.0%).  Conclusion  Health service development, family characteristics, maternal and child health care utilization, and folic acid supplement use exert direct or indirect impact on adverse birth outcomes, and the effect of family characteristics is the greatest. The results suggest that family-based social interventions should be adopted in the intervention on adverse birth outcomes.
Prevalence and risk factors of pre-diabetes in adult residents in Jilin province
Yang ZHANG, Ming-jie WANG, Xin LIU,
2018, 34(7): 972-976. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1115842
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Abstract:
  Objective  To investigate the prevalence and influencing factors of pre-diabetes among adult residents in Jilin province and to provide a reference for prevention and control of diabetes.  Methods  We conducted a cross-sectional survey among 4 168 permanent residents aged ≥18 years selected using multi-stage stratified cluster sampling between June and August 2013. Questionnaire interview, physical examination, and laboratory test were adopted in the study.  Results  Among the participants, 1 162 were diagnosed with pre-diabetes, and the prevalence rate of the condition was 27.88%. The results of unconditional logistic regression analysis showed that aged elder than 40 years, hypertension, abdominal obesity, low total cholesterol (TC), high triglyceride (TG), and low high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were risk factors of pre-diabetes in the participants.  Conclusion  The prevalence of pre-diabetes is high among adult residents in Jilin province and the residents at elder age, with hypertension, abdominal obesity, higher total cholesterol and triglyceride, and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol are the key populations for intervention of pre-diabetes.
Aggressive behavior and its influencing factors among rural left-behind school children
Chun-xia WU, Yan-mei ZHANG, Yi-zhen YU
2018, 34(7): 977-982. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1116142
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  Objective   To investigate the prevalence and influencing factors of aggressive behavior among rural left-behind school children in China.   Methods   With multistage stratified random cluster sampling, 20 747 rural primary and high school students were selected in 5 provinces across China. Buss-Warren Aggression Questionnaire–Revised Chinese Version (BWAQ-RC) and the Resilience Scale for Chinese Adolescents were used to assess aggressive behavior and psychological resilience of the participants between November 2014 and May 2015.   Results   The mean age of the participants was 13.71±2.51 years and there were 5 483 (26.4%) left-behind and 15 264 (73.6%) non-left-behind school children. Significantly higher overall and domain BWAQ-RC scores were derived among the left-behind school children than among the non-left-behind school children (P < 0.001 for all). In psychological resilience assessment, the left-behind school children identified with aggressive behavior showed significantly lower total score and domain scores for family support, help-seeking, and emotional control, but a higher domain score for goal planning than those without aggressive behaviors (P < 0.001 for all). Multivariate linear regression analysis demonstrated that psychological resilience, being cared primarily by father or mother, and low family income were protective factors for aggressive behavior, whereas with the main caregiver'sdoting, rudeness or inconstant parenting were risk factors among the rural left-behind school children.   Conclusion   Aggressivebehavior is more prevalent among left-behind school children than among non-left-behind school children in rural China. Psychological resilience is a protective factor against aggressive behavior in the rural left-behind school children.
Association of maternal body weight with feeding practice and preschoolers′ eating behavior: a comparison study
Xue-yang ZHOU, Le HUA, Meng ZHANG,
2018, 34(7): 987-989. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1116490
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Abstract:
  Objective  To compare differences in feeding practice and the preschool children's eating behavior between the mothers with normal body weight and overweight/obesity and to provide evidences for conducting efficient health education on healthy eating behavior among preschool children.  Methods  With stratified random sampling, we conducted a cross-sectional survey among 1 157 mothers of children aged 3 – 6 years in Hangzhou city of Zhejiang province in October 2016. Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire and Eating Behavior Questionnaire for Small Children were adopted to assess the mothers' feeding pattern and their children's eating behaviors and to analyze the differences in the two variables by different maternal body weight.  Results  Compared to the mothers with healthy weight, the mothers with overweight/obesity were graded with an obviously higher score for control on eating of their children (2.69 ± 0.53 vs. 2.21 ± 0.42), but lower scores for establishing good dietary environment at home (3.81 ± 0.72), promoting balanced and diversified diet (4.01 ± 0.45), and making a good model of healthy eating for their children (2.91 ± 0.65). Based on the reporting of their mothers, the preschool children with overweight or obesity were assessed with higher scores of preference for beverages (3.44 ± 0.58) and preference for some food (3.91 ± 0.64) but with a lower score for response to satiety (1.97 ± 0.63) compared to the children with healthly weight.  Conclusion  The mothers with overweight/obesity tend to adopt less healthy feeding behavior than the mothers with healthy weight and the preschool children with maternal overweight/obesity are more likely to have unhealthy eating behavior such as preferences for beverages or some food.
Traffic safety related attitudes and behaviors among bicycle and electric bicycle riders: a comparison study
Yao CHEN, Shu-mei WANG, Ye SUN,
2018, 34(7): 990-993. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1116198
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Abstract:
  Objective  To compare attitudes and behaviors about non-motorized vehicle traffic safety between bicycle and electric bicycle riders.  Methods  We conducted a household survey among 1 244 adult non-motorized vehicle riders in October 2016. The participants of the survey were recruited with probability proportional to size sampling from 11 towns in 7 non-central regions of Shanghai city selected with stratified random sampling. We complied a questionnaire to collect the participants′ information on demography, status and risk behaviors of non-motorized vehicle driving in traffic and transportation. In addition, we assessed the severity of 6 risk behaviors in non-motorized vehicle driving among the participants.  Results  Of all the participants, 878 (71.8%) were electric bicycle/power assisted bicycle riders (reporting electric bicycle/power assisted bicycle driving in traffic or transportation) and 345 (28.2%) were bicycle riders. Of the electric bicycle/power assisted bicycle riders and bicycle riders, 94.4% and 93.2% considered " running the red light” as a high risk behavior in traffic, while only 56.1% and 64.9% considered " not wearing reflective tapes while riding at night” as a high risk behavior. Compared to the bicycle riders, the riders of power assisted bicycle showed a significantly lower cognition on traffic safety related risk behaviors, especially on not wearing reflective tapes while riding at night, not wearing helmet while riding, and installing umbrella on power assisted bicycle (all P < 0.05). The most frequently self-reported traffic safety related risk behaviors during previous one month was not wearing helmet while driving non-motorized vehicle (reported by 74.4% of the bicycle riders and 43.6% of the electric bicycle/power assisted bicycle riders). The power assisted bicycle riders reported significantly higher ratios of traffic safety related risk behaviors (38.2% for riding on motorways and 23.9% for running the red light, both P < 0.05).  Conclusion  Non-motorized vehicle riders had a very limited cognition on non-motorized vehicle traffic safety related risk behaviors and were with a considerable ratio of self-reported risk behaviors. There are differences in attitudes and behaviors about non-motorized vehicle traffic safety between electric bicycle/power assisted bicycle riders and bicycle riders. The results suggest that targeted interventions on non-motorized vehicle traffic safety should be conducted among the people.
Influence of Dictyophora rubrovolvata on IL-12, IL-4 and IFN-γ expression in mice
Jian-fang YE, Yong-ting LIU, Chong ZHENG
2018, 34(7): 994-996. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1115277
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Abstract:
  Objective   To explore the effects of Dictyophora rubrovolvata on immune function in mice.   Methods   Forty female Kunming mice were randomly assigned into a control and a cyclophosphamide (Cy) group gavaged with distilled water and low-, moderate-, and high-dose groups gavaged with water extraction of Dictyophora rubrovolvata at dosages of 5, 10, 15 g/kg continuously for 30 days. At the 20th day of the gavage, all the mice were administered with Cy by intraperitoneal injection at the dosage of 50 mg/kg·body weight once a day continuously for 3 days, except for the mice of control group. At the end of treatment, all the mice were weighted and their blood samples were collected and their spleens and thymuses were separated after a 24-hour fasting. Serum interleukin 12 (IL-12), interleukin 4 (IL-4), and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) of the mice were detected.   Results   No significant difference in body weight, spleen index, and thymus index were observed between the mice of control and Cy group; while the body weight, spleen and thymus index of mice of high Dictyophora rubrovolvata group increased significantly compared to those of the Cy group (P < 0.05 for all). Serum IL-12 (18.12 ± 3.55 ng/ml), IL-4 (18.12 ± 3.55 ng/ml), and IFN-γ (12.73 ± 2.79 ng/ml) of the Cy group decreased significantly compared to those of the control group (P < 0.05 for all). In comparison with those of the Cy group, significantly increased serum IL-12 (32.58 ± 3.95 and 31.73 ± 4.30 ng/ml), IL-4 (17.81 ± 4.23 and 23.50 ± 1.66 ng/ml), and IFN-γ (22.58 ± 3.76 and 25.27 ± 3.86 ng/ml) were detected in the moderate- and high-dose Dictyophora rubrovolvata groups (all P < 0.05).   Conclusion   Dictyophora rubrovolvata can promote expressions of IL-12, IL-4, and IFN-γ and antagonize adverse impact of cyclophosphamide on immune function in mice.
PM2.5-induced down-regulation of Dnmt1 activates expression of Foxp3 in BEAS2B cells
Xiao-xuan LING, Xiao-qing ZHANG, Xiao-bing YE,
2018, 34(7): 997-1000. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1113684
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Abstract:
  Objective  To explore the molecular mechanism of the expression of forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) activated by particulate matter ≤ 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5) in human bronchial epithelial (BEAS2B) cells.  Methods  The BEAS2B cells were treated with 300 μg/ml PM2.5 dissolved in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) for 48 hours and the BEAS2B cells treated only with PBS were taken as the control. After being treated with PM2.5 for 24 hours, the cells were also treated with 5.0 μM 5-azacytidine (5-AzaC) – a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor or 0.2 μM trichostatin A (TSA) – a histone deacetylase inhibitor, and the BEAS2B cells treated only with PM2.5 were taken as the control. The expression of Foxp3, homeobox A1 (HOXA1) and homeobox A2 (HOXA2) were detected with reverse transcription real-time PCR (RT-PCR) assay. The expression of DNA methyltransferases (Dnmts)-related protein was determined with Western blot and the DNA methylation level was measured with methylation-specific PCR (MSP-PCR).  Results  Compared to those in the control group, the expression of Foxp3 and DNA methyltransferase 3a (Dnmt3a) in BEAS2B cells treated with PM2.5 were increased by 1.15 and 1.51 folds (both P < 0.05); while the expression of DNA methyltransferase 1 (Dnmt1) and DNA methyltransferase 3b (Dnmt3b) were decreased by 0.51 and 0.38 fold (both P < 0.05), respectively. Moreover, after the cells being treated with 5-AzaC or TSA, the expression of Foxp3 was increased by 1.61 or 1.20 folds (both P < 0.05), with the significantly down-regulated expressions of hypomethylation of Foxp3 promoter and the Dnmt1 protein (both P < 0.05).  Conclusion  The expression of Foxp3 may be activated by PM2.5 through inhibiting the expression of Dnmt1.
Effect of triptolide on expression of BRCA1 in triple-negative breast cancer cells
Qing-fu HU, Shuang-ta XU, Jian-hua XU,
2018, 34(7): 1001-1003. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1117335
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Abstract:
  Objective  To investigate the effect and mechanism of triptolide (TPL) on the expression of breast cancer susceptibility gene1 (BRCA1) in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells.  Methods  TNBC cell line MDA-MB-468 carrying wild type BRCA1 gene was treated with different concentrations of TPL (12.5, 25, 50, and 100 nmol/L). The cell proliferation was detected with 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay; the expression of BRCA1, ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and ATM and Rad3-related (ATR) mRNA were measured with real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR); and the expression of BRCA1 and its phosphorylation, ATM, and ATR protein were measured with Western blot.  Results  The growth of MDA-MB-468 cells was significantly inhibited after treated with TPL and the inhibition rate was concentration-dependent, with the inhibition rate of 13.3%, 32.3%, 42.9%, and 60.7% for the cells treated with 12.5, 25.0, 50.0, and 100 nmol/L TPL. Compared to those of the control group, the expressions of BRCA1, ATM, and ATR mRNA and the expressions of BRCA1, ATM, and ATR protein were significantly reduced after treated with TPL and the reductions were also concentration-dependent. In addition, TPL inhibited specifically the phosphorylation of BRCA1Ser-152 in a dose-response manner.  Conclusion  TPL could induct the apoptosis of triple-negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-468, and the possible mechanism is the inhibition of BRCA1gene expression and the phosphorylation of the gene.
Impact of leptin gene G2548A polymorphism and related factors on susceptibility to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a case-control study
Jie HE, Xiao-rong GUO, Jing CHEN,
2018, 34(7): 998-1003. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1116018
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Abstract:
  Objective  To explore the association of G > A variation in promoter region-2548 of leptin gene (LEP G2548A) and generelevant factor interaction with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in Chinese population.  Methods  A total of 200 cases of NAFLD were recruited from health examinees at a general hospital in Xiamen city between March 2015 and February 2016 and 400 gender- and age-matched (1:2) controls were enrolled simultaneously. Genotyping for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of LEP G2548A was conducted with LightCycler480 PCR platform using high resolution melting (HRM) approaches and the detection results were then validated through direct sequencing. Chi-square test was used to evaluate the correlation between SNPs of LEP G2548A and NAFLD; univariate and multivariate logistic regression were applied to explore relevant factors of NAFLD; and crossover analysis was adopted to assess interactive effects of LEP G2548A mutation and relevant risk factors.  Results  The results of multivariate conditional logistic regression revealed that high serum total cholesterol (TC), leptin, and fasting blood glucose (FBG) and smoking were the risk factors of NAFLD, with the odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval [95% CI]) of 1.609 (1.104 – 2.347), 1.510 (1.025 – 2.224), and 2.381 (1.182 – 4.797) and 1.717 (1.074 – 2.748), respectively. However, keeping frequent physical exercise was a protection factor against NAFLD (OR = 0.666, 95% CI: 0.461 – 0.961). Crossover analysis indicated that the participants with AA type of LEP G2548A were at a higher risk of NAFLD when having a high level of serum LEP (OR = 2.247, 95% CI:1.349 – 3.743) or FBG (OR = 4.202, 95% CI:1.810 – 9.755), suggesting significantly positive interactions between G > A mutation of LEP G2548A and serum LEP and FBG (both P < 0.01).  Conclusion  High serum leptin level, AA genotype and A allele of LEP G2548A are risk factors of NAFLD, and the interaction between SNPs of LEP G2548A and serum leptin and FBG level increases the risk of NAFLD.
Health care staffing in preschool institutions in China: a cross-sectional survey
Yi-qun XU, Hui-shan WANG, Hong-ru HE,
2018, 34(7): 1004-1007. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1117043
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Abstract:
  Objective  To acknowledge the status and influencing factors of health care personnel in kindergartens and nurseries in China.  Methods  Data were collected from the 2013 National Preschool Health Care Survey. Totally 5 405 preschool institutions were selected in all provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions across China with stratified probability proportion to size sampling for a questionnaire survey to collect information on health care staffing.  Results  The average staffing rate of health care workers was 75.0% for the preschool institutions and the staffing rate of full-time and part-time health care worker were 44.2% and 30.8%, respectively. Of the medical personnel employed by the institutions, 34.1% were graduates of medical universities; 23.3% were doctors or nurses with professional certification; and only 15.3% were licensed for medical practice. There were significant differences in the staffing rate of health care workers and the proportion of the staff with professional certification among the preschool institutions in different regions, locations referring to urban function, and institution scale. Multivariate logistic regression analyses demonstrated that administrative region, location referring to urban function, and institution scale were influencing factors for health care staffing of the institutions. Geographical location and preschool institution scale are factors that influence the health care worker allocation. Staffing rate of health care workers of the preschool institutions in eastern regions of China was four time higher than that of the institutions in western regions.  Conclusion  The health care staffing of preschool institutions increased obviously compared to that 10 years ago in China; but deficit in allocation and low qualification of the medical workers still exist in the preschool institutions.
Resources and utilizations of medical service in poverty-stricken areas in China
Fu-xiang XIE, Zhao-fang ZHU
2018, 34(7): 1013-1016. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1116404
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Abstract:
  Objective  To investigate the status of resources and utilization of medical service in poverty-stricken areas in China and to provide references for the improvement of medical service in the areas.  Methods  Data on medical service in 798 poverty-stricken counties across China during 2015 were extracted from Network Direct Reporting System for Basic Information of Health and Family Planning. Key indicators for medical service were determined using expert consultation method and analyzed with descriptive methodology.  Results  Among all the hospitalized patients covered by New Rural Cooperative Medical System (NCMS), 35.37% were admitted into the hospitals located in the administrative regions other than the poverty-stricken counties. For all county hospitals in the poverty-stricken areas, 92.05% got counterpart support provided by tertiary hospitals. For all the poverty-stricken areas in 2015, the coverage rate of contracted medical service was only 77.68% among the poverty-stricken populations; the average number of medical institutions was 263; the average total number of medical staff was 1 302; the average number of beds per 1 000 population was 3.68; the average hospital stay days for hospitalized patients was 7.45; the average beds utilization rate was 78.94%; the average annual number of outpatient visit per capita was 2.9; and the annual hospitalization rate was 5%.  Conclusion  Poor capability and low efficiency of medical service and deficient medical resources allocation are major problems for medical service in poverty-stricken areas in China. Counterpart support to grassroots medical institutions, contracted medical service for residents, and reasonable allocation of medical resources need to be strengthened to upgrade medical service and its utilization in the areas.
Overweight and obesity among children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities in Beijing
Yang LIU, Yan LU, Qiang LIU,
2018, 34(7): 1017-1020. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1115939
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Abstract:
  Objective  To investigate the prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents with intellectual disability (ID) in Beijing, and to provide a basis for the prevention and control of overweight and obesity in the population.  Methods  We recruited 343 students aged 6 – 18 years with random cluster sampling in 15 special education schools in Beijing between September 2014 and January 2015. Weight and height were measured and body mass index (BMI) was calculated for the students. Working Group on Obesity in China (WGOC) criteria were used to define overweight and obesity.  Results  For all the students, the overweight rate was 21.57% (24.14% and 13.41% for the boys and the girls), with a significant gender difference (P < 0.05); the obesity rate were 22.74% (24.52% and 17.07% for the boys and the girls), without significant gender difference. The overweight rate was the highest (26.83%) for the students aged 10 – 12 years and the obesity rate was the highest (36.54%) for the students aged 6 – 9 years, with significant between age-group differences in both overweight rate and obesity rate (both P < 0.05). The detection rate of overweight and obesity presented a downward trend with the age increment in the students. No significant difference in overweight rate was observed among the students with various severity of ID, although the overweight rate was higher (20.93%) among the students with moderate ID; but the obesity rate differed significantly by the severity of ID among the students, with the highest rate (33.33%) among those with mild ID (P < 0.05).  Conclusion  The detection rates of overweight and obesity in ID children and adolescents in Beijing were high, especially among young age groups. Intervention programs need to be conducted by relevant agencies to control overweight and obesity in the population.
Prevalence characteristics and space-time clustering of leishmaniasis in Shaanxi province
Lin MA, Lei CAO, Lin QIU,
2018, 34(7): 1021-1025. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1115469
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Abstract:
  Objective   To analyze prevalence characteristics, time-space clustering and long-term dynamic trend of leishmaniasis in Shaanxi province, and to provide evidences for implementing surveillance and prevention of the disease.  Methods   We collected incidence data of leishmaniasis reported in Shaanxi province between July 1953 and December 2016 and conducted time-space clustering spatial autocorrelation analysis on the data with SaTScan 9.04 and ArcGIS 10.2 software.  Results   During the period in the province, a total of 41 990 leishmaniasis incidences were reported, with an average annual incidence rate of 2.25/100 000, and totally 210 deaths due to the disease were registered, with a mean annual mortality of 0.01/100 000 and an overall case fatality rate of 0.50%. The incidence rate, mortality rate, and case fatality rate of the leishmaniasis were high during 1950's and then declined greatly from 1960's, but rose again slightly in 2004 with small scale outbreaks in some regions. More leishmaniasis cases (36.98% of all incidents) were reported between July and September of a year and the male to female ratio of the cases was 1.93:1. The majority of the cases were farmers and scattered-living children, accounting for 48.10% and 34.18% of all the cases, respectively. The leishmaniasis cases were reported in all administration regions (92 counties or districts) of the province. Five regions with space-time clustering of leishmaniasis cases were identified. The results of spatial autocorrelation analysis revealed the high-high cluster areas in central Shaanxi plain region during 1950's, northern Shaanxi from 1960's to 1990's, Hanzhong municipality during 2000's, and Yichuan county and Hancheng municipality during 2010's; all the high-high cluster areas were located in the border region of trans Loess Plateau and central Shaanxi plain.   Conclusion   The morbidity of leishmaniasis epidemic generally showed a downward trend in Shaanxi province between 1953 and 2006 but increased in some areas recently; the results suggest surveillance on the disease should be strengthened to control the spreading the disease.
Revision, reliability and validity evaluation of Perceived Rehabilitation Needs Questionnaire for Schizophrenia Patients
Chong-mei HUANG, Jian-jian WANG, Si-yuan TANG,
2018, 34(7): 1026-1029. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1112693
Abstract(1546) HTML (498) PDF 516KB(37)
Abstract:
  Objective  To revise the of Perceived Rehabilitation Needs Questionnaire for Schizophrenia Patients (PRNQ-S) and to examine the reliability and validity of the revised questionnaire of Chinese version (PRNQ-S-V).  Methods  We adopted Perceived Rehabilitation Needs Questionnaire for Schizophrenia Patients-Hong Kong Version (PRNQ-S-HK) and conducted cultural modifications for the PRNQ-S-HK with Delphi method. Then we carried out a survey among 236 stable schizophrenia patients randomly selected in a psychiatry outpatient department of a hospital in Changsha city of Hunan province between January and May, 2016 to evaluate the reliability and validity of PRNQ-S-V.  Results  For the revised PRNQ-S-V, totally 75 items were retained and 17 factors were extracted via factor analyses, which could explain 78.96% of the total variance. Inter-scale correlation studies showed that the correlation coefficients between items and the total score of the questionnaire ranged from 0.377 to 0.768; the correlation coefficients among the 17 factors ranged from 0.348 to 0.620; and the correlation coefficients between each factor and the total score of the questionnaire ranged from 0.498 to 0.833. All of the correlation coefficients were statistically significant (P < 0.01 for all). The Cronbach's α of the PRNQ-S-V was 0.975; the Cronbach's α for each factor of the revised questionnaire ranged from 0.752 to 0.920. The overall Guttman split-half coefficient of the PRNQ-S-V was 0.912 and the Guttman split-half coefficients for each of the factors were between 0.706 and 0.909.  Conclusion  The revised PRNQ-S-V is of good reliability and validity.
Associations of serum iron, manganese and molybdenum with hand foot mouth disease in children
Jin ZHANG, Hui-min ZHANG, Xu XIE,
2018, 34(7): 1030-1033. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1116629
Abstract(1750) HTML (566) PDF 508KB(53)
Abstract:
  Objective  To explore associations of serum iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and molybdenum (Mo) with hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD) among children in Shenzhen city.  Methods  We recruited 202 and 220 children diagnosed with severe and mild HFMD as cases and 208 healthy children having physical examinations as controls in in Shenzhen Municipal Children's Hospital between May 2013 and May 2015. We collected throat/anal swab specimens and blood samples of the children for pathogen detection with real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and determinations of serum Fe, Mn, and Mo with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).  Results  The serum levels of Mn and Mo were significantly lower in mild cases (2.14 and 1.56 ug/kg) and severe cases (1.37 and 1.13 ug/kg) than those in the controls (3.52 and 1.72 ug/kg) (P < 0.05 for all); while there was no significant difference in serum Fe level among the three groups (P > 0.05). The serum Mn level was lower in the cases with Coxsackie virus 16 (CA16) and other viruses infection than that in the cases with enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection (P < 0.017) , but serum Mo and Fe levels did not differ significantly among the cases with different enterovirus infections (P > 0.05). No significant differences were observed in serum Mn and Mo levels among the cases of various age groups (P > 0.05). Spearman rank correlation analysis revealed a reverse correlation between serum Mn, serum Mo and HFMD severity (rs = – 0.565, rs = – 0.46; both P < 0.001). The results of logistic regression analysis demonstrated that high serum Mn and Mo levels were the protective factors against HFMD and with the increase of serum Mn and Mo, the risk of HFMD decreased in the children (odds ratio < 1, P < 0.05).  Conclusion  The incidence of HFMD is related to the low levels of serum Mn and Mo among children.
Reliability and validity of the Problematic Internet Pornography Use Scale- Chinese Version among college students
Li-jun CHEN, Xin WANG, Shi-min CHEN,
2018, 34(7): 1032-1036. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1115589
Abstract(1693) HTML (476) PDF 481KB(108)
Abstract:
  Objective  To evaluate the reliability and validity of the Problematic Internet Pornography Use Scale-Chinese Version (PPUS-C) and to provide evidences for application of the scale among Chinese college students.  Methods  Eight psychology researchers translated the original PPUS into Chinese first and then one English professional translated the PPUS-C back into English. Several minor linguistic modifications were performed for several words and expressions in original PPUS. We conducted a survey among a total of 1 026 students randomly selected in 7 universities in Fujian, Shandong, Liaoning, Guangdong, and Shaanxi province in November 2016. PPUS-C, the Attitudes Towards Sexuality Scale (ATSS), Self Rated Health Measurement Scale (SRHMS), and Online Sexual Activities (OSA) were used in the survey. Internal consistency coefficient, test-retest reliability, construct validity, and criterion validity were adopted to evaluate the reliability and validity of the PPUS-C.  Results  Item analysis demonstrated that the correlation coefficients between scores of 12 items and their factor scores ranged from 0.83 to 0.93 for the PPUS-C (all P < 0.001), indicating a good item discrimination of the scale. Exploratory factor analysis revealed a cumulative variance contribution rate of 81.85% for the 4 common factors of the PPUS-C. The factor structures for all the items of the PPUS-C were generally consistent with those of the original PPUS, except for the 6th item. Confirmatory factor analyses on the structure of original PPUS produced a Tucker-Lewis index (TLI)of 0.959, comparative fit index (CFI)of 0.967, and a root mean square error of approximate (RMSEA)of 0.046; the exploratory factor analyses on the structure of PPUS-C revealed a TLI of 0.957, CFI of 0.966, and RMSEA of 0.046; the results suggest a better fitting of the structure of original PPUS so the reliability and validity evaluation were performed according to the structure original PPUS. For the PPUS-C, the overall Cronbach′s α coefficient of was 0.95; the test-retest reliability coefficient was 0.89; the factor Cronbach′s α of coefficient and test-retest coefficient were 0.81 and 0.61 for distress and functional problems, 0.88 and 0.70 for excessive use, 0.91 and 0.66 for control difficulty, and 0.88 and 0.62 for use for escaping/avoiding negative emotion, respectively, suggesting a good reliability of the PPUS-C. For all the participants, the average overall score was 9.36 ± 9.48 for PPUS-C, 38.00 ± 5.97 for ATSS, 99.99 ± 15.62 for mental health, 92.08 ± 17.91 for social health, and 22.14 ± 12.54 for OSA; the overall score of PPUS-C was significantly associated with the scores of the ATSS and OSA, with the correlation coefficients of 0.13 and 0.57 (both P < 0.001) and negatively associated with the scores of mental health and social health (r = – 0.15 and r = – 0.11, both P < 0.001); the results indicated a good criterion validity of the PPUS-C. Compared to the female participants, the males possessed significantly higher overall score of PPUS-C (11.13 ± 9.98 vs. 7.17 ± 7.91) and PPUS-C factor scores of distress and functional problems (2.73 ± 2.74 vs. 1.99 ±2.30), excessive use (3.17 ± 2.82 vs. 2.07 ± 2.23), control difficulty (2.66 ± 2.93 vs. 1.62 ± 2.28), and use for escaping/avoiding negative emotion (2.56 ± 2.77 vs. 1.48 ± 2.02) (P < 0.001 for all). Multi-group invariance test demonstrated that the PPUS-C is of equivalent significance and latent structure when applied in both male and female participants.  Conclusion  The compiled Problematic Internet Pornography Use Scale-Chinese Version is of good reliability and validity and applicable among college students with Chinese cultural background.
Prediction for trend and seasonal variation of incidence of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome: time series decomposition analysis
Jing ZHANG, Zhi-dong LIU, Jia-hui LAO,
2018, 34(7): 1037-1040. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1116074
Abstract(1711) HTML (398) PDF 720KB(72)
Abstract:
  Objective  To establish a predictive model for incidence trend and seasonality of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in China and to evaluate the efficacy of the model based on time series decomposition analysis on the data between 2011 – 2016.  Methods  Data on reported monthly HFRS incidences during 2011 – 2016 across China were collected via the website of National Health and Family Planning Commission of People’s Republic of China. We analyzed incidence trend and seasonality of HRFS during the period using time series decomposition. We performed modeling using the data with seasonal variable (S2) having been removed; then the constructed model was multiplied by S2 to establish a final model. The prediction accuracy was evaluated using back-substitution method.  Results  The incidence of HFRS rose first and then declined, with an obvious seasonality, during the 6-year period in China. The HFRS incidence showed a bimodal distribution during a 12-month period, with the first peak from May to June of a year and the second from November of a year to January of the next year. The parameters of the established autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) (2, 1, 1) were as following: Akaike information criterion = 866.4, autoregression at-lag-1 (AR1) = – 0.3543, AR2 = – 0.3543, moving average = – 0.7441 (P < 0.01); the residual of the established model was a white noise sequence (Q(20) = 16.364, P = 0.694). The formula for prediction of monthly number of HFRS was S2 × ARIMA (2, 1, 1). The results of back-substitution revealed a mean absolute error (MAE) of 71.31 and an average absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 7.00% for predicted monthly incidence number of HFRS during the 6-year period across China.  Conclusion  Time series decomposition can be used to predict the trend and seasonal variation HFRS incidence and applicable model for the prediction of monthly HFRS incidence could be established using data with seasonal variable (S2) having been removed.
Reliability and validity of Bullying Behaviour and Experience Scale- Chinese Version for disabled students
Yi-hua CHEN, Lei TAN, Meng-meng LI
2018, 34(7): 1042-1045. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1115913
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Abstract:
  Objective  To evaluate the reliability and validity of the Bullying Behavior and Experience Scale-Chinese Version (BBES-C) developed for disabled students and to provide evidences for its application in Chinese population.  Methods  We conducted a questionnaire survey among 256 disabled students selected using cluster sampling in 31 compulsory education schools with resource rooms for special education in Qionglai municipality of Sichuan province between January and March 2017. Item analysis, internal consistency reliability, split-half reliability, and criterion validity were used to analyze the reliability and validity of the BBES-C.  Results  There are 11 items in the BBES-C revised after 2 items being removed from the original BBES because of their inconsistency with Chinese culture. The item analysis revealed that the correlation coefficients for the total score of 11 items and their affiliated dimensions were between 0.71 to 0.82 (all P < 0.01), suggesting a good discrimination for all items of BBES-C. The Cronbach's α coefficient was 0.87 and the split-half reliability (Spearman-Brown) was 0.74 for the BBES-C as a whole. The Cronbach's α coefficients for the two subscales (victimization and bullying) of the BBES-C were 0.83 and 0.82, indicating a good reliability. Exploratory factor analysis demonstrated that the factor structure of the BBES-C is consistent with that of the original BBES and the cumulated variance of the 2 common factors of the BBES-C could explain 56.93% of total variance of the scale. The confirmatory factor analysis indicated a good fitting of the BBES-C's measurements to the empirical data, with following indicator values: non-normed fit index (NNFI) = 0.97, comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.98, incremental fit index (IFI) = 0.98, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.07, standard residual root mean square (SRMR) = 0.05. For all the students, the domain scores of BBES-C were 3.79 ± 3.76 for victimization, 1.75 ± 2.60 for bullying, and 1.08 ± 1.62 for school environment, respectively, and the school environment score was positively correlated with victimization score (r = 0.67) and bullying score (r = 0.30) significantly (both P < 0.01), indicating a good criterion validity of the revised scale.  Conclusion  The reliability and validity of the BBES-C meet the requirements of psychometrics and the scale could be used as a measuring tool to assess the situation of school bullying among students with disabilities.
Quality of life of patients after extended hepatectomy: a follow-up study
Dan-xin WANG, Wen LI, Qiu-rong FU,
2018, 34(7): 1046-1048. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1114905
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Abstract:
  Objective  To examine quality of life (QoL) in the patients after extended hepatectomy and to provide references for developing nursing strategies for the patients.  Methods  We conducted telephone follow-up surveys among 50 patients after extended hepatectomy in the First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical College between March 2015 and January 2016. We collected information on mental condition, appetite, sleep, pain, fatigue, self-awareness of disease, and survival of the patients and evaluated and compared their QoL before and after the operation using the Health Survey Short Form-36 (SF-36).  Results  For all the patients the preoperative mean overall SF-36 score was 72.43 ± 12.17; while the score was 75.68 ± 8.44 at the day of discharge and 76.56 ± 7.12, 78.75 ± 7.88, 80.81 ± 9.67, 82.81 ± 5.46, 82.00 ± 11.58, and 77.62 ± 9.68 at the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th month after the operation, all of which were significantly different form that before the operation (P < 0.05 for all). The result of independent-samples T test indicated significant difference in mean overall SF-36 score between the patients without the self-awareness of disease statuste (n = 15) and with the self-awareness (n = 35) (P < 0.05).  Conclusion  Extended hepatectomy plays good roles in promoting the quality of life, and so as the psychological support, in liver cancer patients.
Isolation, identification and antibiotic resistance test of Enterococcus spp. on shell surface of fresh egg
Li-qiang LIU, Juan DU, Miao CHEN,
2018, 34(7): 1049-1052. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1116374
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Abstract:
  Objective  To detect the presence and drug resistance of Enterococcus spp. on fresh egg surface.  Methods  Fresh eggs were sampled from a hennery in Handan city. Bacteria specimens were collected by wiping egg surfaces around with sterile saline cotton swabs. Bile esculin azide agar (BEAA) was used in bacterial isolation and cultivation of Enterococcus spp. PCR amplification was conducted with universal primers 16S rDNA and amplification products were sequenced for the identification of Enterococcus spp.. Drug resistance of the isolated Enterococcus spp. strains was determined with paper disk method.  Results  A total of 124 strains of 5 kinds of Enterococcus spp. were isolated from 160 specimens, with an isolation rate of 77.5%. The two main kinds of isolated strains were Enterococcus spp. E. faecalis (58.1% of all isolated strains) and E. faecium (13.1%) , followed by E.avium (5.0%), E. gallinarum (1.9%), and E. casseliflavus (1.2%). Various resistances to 14 antibiotics were observed for the isolated Enterococcus spp. strains and all the 124 isolated strains were multidrug resistant, with the resistance at least to 3 antibiotics and as many as to 9 antibiotics.  Conclusion  The detection rate of Enterococcus spp. on fresh egg surface is high and antibiotic resistance is prevalent for the isolated Enterococcus spp. strains. The study results needs to be concerned.
Establishment of a loop mediated isothermal amplification assay for detection of Hantaan virus
Yuan-hong XIE, Jing-yu GAO, Hui-lin GUO,
2018, 34(7): 1052-1054. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1115272
Abstract(1378) HTML (420) PDF 734KB(31)
Abstract:
  Objective  To establish a new method for rapid and efficient detection of Hantaan virus with loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) technique.  Methods  Four specific primers were designed and synthesized according to conserved region of Hantaan virus S fragment and a LAMP detection method was established.  Results  The established method can effectively detect Hantaan virus standard plasmid and the primers have good specificity for the detection of Hantaan virus. The detection sensitivity of LAMP is 10 copies per reaction. And the established LAMP method can detect Hantaan virus in blood samples effectively.  Conclusion  The established LAMP method is highly sensitive and specific, and it is an efficient and rapid method for the detection of Hantaan virus.
Chronic disease-related science and technology for endowment: latest development, assessment, and prospect
Wei-zhi CHEN, Yi QI, Xin-yi WU
2018, 34(7): 1055-1060. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1115278
Abstract(2147) HTML (544) PDF 664KB(37)
Abstract:
Gerontechnology is an interdisciplinary field combining technology innovation and endowment service. Under the context of active aging, gerontechnology is playing an increasingly important role in preventing chronic diseases and maintaining functioning for older patients. From the perspectives of technology and social gerontology, we reviewed the published literatures to describe new and leading development of technology innovations integrating with aging service for older adults. The review concludes that gerontechnology in both developed and developing countries has been promoted rapidly in recent years; some technologies are becoming mature, which provide a technical foundation and intellectual support to aging service. Nevertheless, technology facilitating aging service for chronic disease will confront the challenges of aging-focused technical design, technological environment, medical policy, ethics and safety concerns, and cultural adaptation.
Influence of nutriture on food allergy in infants
Fan LÜ, Cui ZHOU
2018, 34(7): 1061-1064. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1116862
Abstract(1403) HTML (446) PDF 479KB(29)
Abstract:
The incidence of food allergy among infants is increasing year by year recently. Food allergy often leads to other immunological diseases, causing heavy burdens on families and societies. At present, the main method to prevent and control food allergy is food avoidance. But untargeted food avoidance is not only likely to increase the risk of food allergy but also easily to cause malnutrition in infants and children. We summarized effects of three nutrients (protein, lipid and vitamin) on food allergy in infants and young children for helping pregnant women as well as infants to prevent food allergy more scientifically and reasonably, and to adjust diet structure according to the different food. The review also provides some references for the study and improvement to prevent and control food allergy.