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2020 Vol. 36, No. 5

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Mental health status among residents in Hubei province during novel coronavirus disease epidemic: an online survey
Chen ZHENG, Shu-qin WU, Cen WANG,
2020, 36(5): 657-660. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1128840
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Abstract:
  Objective  To examine mental health status among the residents in Hubei province during the novel coronavirus disease 2019 epidemic (COVID-19) and to provide evidences for conducing psychological intervention in the population.  Methods  Using snowball sampling, we conducted an online anonymous survey among 1 444 residents of Hubei province recruited during 10 – 12 February 2020. A self-designed questionnaire and Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-Item (GAD-7) were administered among the respondents via WeChat platform.  Results  Of the 1 157 respondents with valid information, 16.51% reported anxiety symptoms and the anxiety symptoms differed significantly by age, education, marital status, and occupation (all P < 0.05); 51.51% and 13.74% reported extremely severe and severe panic symptoms and the panic symptoms were significantly different among the respondents of different gender and age (both P < 0.05); 73.38% and 20.22% expressed strong and moderate confidence in eliminating the epidemic and the expressed confidence varied by gender, age and education (all P < 0.05); and 35.87% and 25.24% reported moderate and great concern on being subject to the discrimination possibly caused by the epidemic outbreak and the expressed concern differed significantly by gender, age, education, marital status, occupation, and residence (all P < 0.05).  Conclusion  The novel coronavirus disease epidemic had various adverse impacts on mental health status of residents in Hubei province and the impacts varied by residents′ gender, age, marital status, education, residence, and occupation; the results suggest that early specific mental health intervention should be promoted in the population.
Knowledge, attitude and practice about novel coronavirus disease 2019 among residents in Zhejiang province during epidemic period: an online survey
Lei WANG, Shui-yang XU, Yu HUANG,
2020, 36(5): 661-664. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1128820
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  Objective  To examine the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) about novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among residents in Zhejiang province during epidemic period and to provide evidences for developing effective strategies on prevention and control of COVID-19 epidemic.  Methods  We conducted an online voluntary survey among 1 081 residents in Zhejiang province from January 30 to February 2, 2020, one month after the outbreak of COVID-19. A self-designed questionnaire on KAP about COVID-19 prevention and control was disseminated via Wechat platform.  Results  Among the respondents, the reported rate of awareness on the incubation period of COVID-19 was 97.50% and the rate varied significantly with education (P < 0.05); the reported rate of awareness on the transmission routes of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) was 67.81% and the rate differed significantly by gender, education, and occupation (P < 0.05 for all). Of the respondents, 29.32% (317) and 67.79% (668) reported general and severe epidemic related nervousness but only 8.88% (96) did not reported the nervousness; there were significant disparities in the proportions among the respondents of different gender, age, education, and occupation (P < 0.05 for all). The ratio of respondents reporting correct ways of wearing mask, hand washing, and cough etiquette was 58.28%, 55.78%, and 33.58%, respectively. The reported ratio of correct hand washing was significantly associated with age and occupation (P < 0.05); the reported ratios of correct mask wearing and cough etiquette were correlated to occupation (both P < 0.05). The main routes of acquiring COVID-19 epidemic-related knowledge included WeChat public account (reported by 81.31% of the respondents), news and information app lication (71.60%), WeChat circle of friends (70.86%), and television and radio broadcasting (70.12%). Among the respondents, the most required information were government′s measures for COVID-19 epidemic control and prevention (listed by 96.76% of the respondents), followed by the methods and skills to protect themselves and their family members (90.29%) and progress in researches on COVID-19 prevention and treatment (88.16%).  Conclusion  Among the residents in Zhejiang province, the rate of awareness on the transmission route of 2019 novel coronavirus is low but the prevalence of COVID-19 epidemic-related nervousness is high; and health education on correct mask wearing, hand washing and s and cough etiquette should be improved.
Association of acquisition path of epidemic information with psychological problems during period of novel coronavirus disease 2019 epidemic among community residents in Anhui province
Yue-long JIN, Min-min JIANG, Yan CHEN,
2020, 36(5): 665-667. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1128505
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Abstract:
  Objective  To examine routes of acquiring relevant information on novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic and their correlation with psychological problems during epidemic period among community residents in Anhui province for providing evidences to mental crisis intervention in the residents.  Methods  We conducted an online anonymous survey among 4 016 community residents recruited with convenient sampling in Anhui province from January 30 to February 2, 2020. A self-designed questionnaire was distributed via WeChat and QQ platform to collect residents′ status of information acquisition and psychological problems.  Results  Valid information were collected from all the respondents. Almost all (3 929, 97.8%) of the respondents reported obtaining COVID-19 epidemic information through online social networks and 2 294 (57.1%) reported getting the information from governmental and professional institutions. Among the respondents, the number (ratio) reporting following mental or behavioral problems during previous one week were 1 454 (36.2%) for panic, 1 303 (32.4%) for sleep disorders, 1 065 (26.5%) for unreasonable disinfection, 633 (15.8%) for anxiety, 303 (7.5%) for fatigue, 232 (5.8%) for irritability, and 199 (5.0%) for pessimism or disappointment, respectively. More respondents reported getting information through more than one route, with the proportion (number) of acquiring information through 1, 2, 3, and ≥ 4 routes of 16.2% (650), 18.8% (754), 23.9% (960) and 41.1% (1 652). The proportion of the respondents reporting unreasonable disinfection and sleep disorders differed significantly by the number of ways for acquiring COVID-19 epidemic information, with the proportions of 33.7%, 26.9%, 23.4%, and 25.3% for unreasonable disinfection (χ2 = 23.160, P < 0.01) and the proportions of 38.0%, 33.0%, 30.1%, and 31.4% for sleep disorders (χ2 = 12.560, both P < 0.01) for the respondents adopting 1, 2, 3, and ≥ 4 routes to search relevant information. The reported occurrence of unreasonable disinfection and sleep disorders decreased significantly with the reported number of routes for acquiring relevant information (χ2trend = 13.997 and χ2trend = 8.215, both P < 0.01).  Conclusion  Disseminating relevant information through multiple media among the public during infectious disease epidemic may alleviate psychological and behavioral problems such as unreasonable disinfection and sleep disorders among community residents.
Influencing factors of psychological stress among residents in Qingdao city during novel coronavirus disease epidemic
Qian WANG, Cui-cui HUANG, Xin ZHANG,
2020, 36(5): 668-672. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1128458
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  Objective  To explore influencing factors of psychological stress response among residents in Qingdao city during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic.  Methods  An online survey was conducted among 2 402 residents in Qingdao city between January 23 and February 23, 2020 – a period of COVID-19 epidemic. The 21-Item Depression and Anxiety-Stress Scale (DASS-21), Adaptation, Partnership, Growth, Affection and Resolve (APGAR) Family Care Questionnaire, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and a self-designed questionnaire were completed by the residents on an internet platform.  Results  Valid information were collected form 2 337 (97.29%) of the respondents. The results of multivariate linear regression analysis demonstrated that main influencing factors of depression and anxiety-stress included: education (β ′ = – 0.400), occupation (β ′ = – 0.562), economic burden (β ′ = 0.124), cohabitation members (β ′ = – 0.269), religion (β ′ = 0.056), the daily time of mobile phone use (β ′ = 0.094), whether having a quarantine at home (β ′ = – 0.145), sleep status (β ′ = 0.096), and family function (β ′ = 0.039).  Conclusion  Among the residents in Qingdao city, those with low education, being engaged in work involving frequently close contact with people, with heavy economic burden, living alone, having no religious belief, consuming more than 6 hours of mobile phone use for leisure per day, having an isolation period at home, with sleep disorders, and with severe poor family function are at a higher risk of poor psychological state during the period of novel coronavirus disease epidemic.
Anxiety symptom and its associates among primary school students in Hubei province during novel coronavirus diseases 2019 epidemic
Kai-heng ZHU, Yu ZHOU, Xin-yan XIE,
2020, 36(5): 673-676. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1129050
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  Objective  To investigate the status and influencing factors of anxiety symptoms among primary school students in Hubei province during the epidemic of coronavirus diseases 2019 (COVID-19), and to provide evidences for developing interventions on mental health of the students.  Methods  Using random cluster sampling, we recruited 1 270 grade 2 – 6 pupils and their parents at two primary schools in Wuhan and Huangshi city, Hubei province and conducted an online survey from February 28th to March 5th, 2020. A self-designed questionnaire, the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) for the pupils, and the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) for the pupils′ parents were adopted in the study.  Results  Among 1 264 pupils with valid information, 234 (18.5%) were identified with anxiety symptoms. Unconditional multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that being girl student, parental anxiety and parents′ dissatisfaction to children′s school record were risk factors for anxiety symptoms of the students; while close parent-child relationship, students′ correct protective behaviors and not worrying about suffering from the disease were the protective factors against anxiety symptoms.  Conclusion  Anxiety symptom is prevalent among primary school students in Hubei province during the COVID-19 epidemic and the anxiety symptom is mainly influenced by gender, parental anxiety, status of parental satisfaction to children′s school record, parent-child relationship, whether conducting correct protection, and whether being worried about suffering from the disease.
Adverse emotional response and its influencing factors among frontline health workers during coronavirus disease 2019 epidemic
Zhi-ping LIN, Li-ping WANG, Bin YU,
2020, 36(5): 677-681. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1128285
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  Objective  To explore adverse emotional response and its influencing factors among frontline health workers during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic and to provide evidences for promoting the workers' mental health.  Methods  Using random sampling, we conducted a self-administered anonymous questionnaire survey among 258 frontline health workers during COVID-19 epidemic (February 4 – 7, 2020) at 5 cities in Fujian province. A self-designed questionnaire on general information, the Psychological Questionnaire for Public Health Emergent Event (PQPHEE) and the Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire (SCSQ) were adopted in the survey. Multivariate linear stepwise regression model and non-recursive path analysis were used to analyze the influencing factors for the participants′ emotional response.  Results  Valid information were collected from all the participants. The domain scores of PQPHEE were 0.63 ± 0.49 for phobia, 0.24 ± 0.39 for depression, 0.22 ± 0.34 for hypochondria, 0.18 ± 0.32 for neurasthenia, and 0.10 ± 0.23 for obsessive anxiety; the domain scores of SCSQ were 1.20 ± 0.72 for positive problem-focused coping, 1.45 ± 0.82 for positive emotion-focused coping, 0.62 ± 0.57 for negative problem-focused coping, 0.75 ± 0.65 for negative emotion-focused coping, and 1.41 ± 1.01 for psychological counseling, respectively. The results of multivariate linear stepwise regression analysis revealed that the participants with poor self-protection and high negative problem-focused coping were more likely to have depression; the participants with poor self-protection, ever having close contact with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 cases, high negative emotion-focused coping and low positive problem-focused coping were more likely to have neurasthenia; the participants being female and with poor self-protection were more likely to have phobia; the participants with poor self-protection, high negative emotion-focused coping, and low positive emotion-focused coping were more likely to have obsessive anxiety; the participants being female, with poor self-protection, and ever having close contact with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 cases were more likely to have hypochondria. The non-recursive path analysis demonstrated that poor self-protection exerted impact on phobia (standardized total[direct plus indirect] effect indicator = 0.336), neurasthenia (0.354), depression (0.274), hypochondria (0.286), and obsessive anxiety (0.294). Negative emotion- and problem-focused coping were complete mediating factors for phobia and obsessive anxiety.  Conclusion  Coping style moderates relationships between impact factors and emotional responses among frontline health workers engaged in the containment of coronavirus disease 2019 epidemic. Promoting self-protection and changing negative coping style could alleviate negative emotion of the frontline health workers.
Mental health status among medical staff from Xinjiang during COVID-19 epidemic control in Hubei province: a cross-sectional survey
Xia CHENG, Xing WU, Xu-xu HOU,
2020, 36(5): 682-685. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1128850
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  Objective  To examine mental health status among medical staff from Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Xinjiang) during the containment of coronovirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic in Huber province.  Methods  From January 28 to February 29, 2020, we conducted a survey with Zung′s Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) via online platform among 386 medical staff dispatched by Xinjiang health administrative and engaged in front line work of COVID-19 in Hubei province. The SAS scores of the medical staff were analyzed and compared to those of national norms. Descriptive statistics, univariate analysis and regression analysis were adopted in data analysis.  Results  Among 361 valid respondents (93.5% of all participants), the overall SAS score was higher than that of national norm and 285 (78.95%) were detected with anxiety symptom, of them 187 (51.80%), 87 (24.10%), and 11 (3.05%) were assessed with mild, moderate, and severe anxiety, respectively. Significant impact factors of mental symptoms of the medical staff were fear score, cumulated duration for working in isolation region, nationality, whether working in isolation region, and the type of ward a staff working in (P < 0.05 for all).  Conclusion  The mental symptoms are generally mild among the medical staff from Xinjiang during COVID-19 epidemic control in Huber province and mainly influence by whether working in an isolation region; the staff with the cumulated 5 – 8 days of working in an isolation region had more serious psychological stress reaction.
Utilization and efficiency of smartphone application in vaccination service management in Shenzhen city: a cross-sectional survey
Lin-xiang CHEN, Xi-le LIN, Jie YANG,
2020, 36(5): 686-692. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1122523
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  Objective  To examine the utilization and efficiency of smartphone application (APP) in vaccination service management and compare disparities in accessibility, convenience and attendees′ satisfaction between APP-supported and routine vaccination service.  Methods  We conducted a questionnaire survey among 1 434 guardians of children aged 6 years and below selected with simple random sampling at 43 vaccination clinics in Luohu district of Shenzhen city, Guangdong province during March to May 2018. The guardians with APP-supported vaccination service were assigned into an observation group and those with routine service into a control group for a comparison analysis.  Results  Compared to those in the control group (n = 471, 32.8% of all the guardians) , the guardians in the observation group (n = 963, 67.2%) reported better accessibility and being more convenient for the vaccination services they received and a significantly higher rate of satisfaction to vaccination services (u = – 3.088, P = 0.002). Logistic regression analysis indicated that the guardians with children born in Shenzhen city (P = 0.004), being maternal caregiver (P < 0.001), at elder age (P < 0.001), with higher education (P = 0.022), having higher household annual income (P = 0.025), and with children at younger ages (P < 0.001) are more likely to utilize APP-supported vaccination service. While, children′s gender, whether the children having planned immunization in Shenzhen city all the time, guardians′ time residing in Shenzhen city and guardian′s occupation had no significant impact on the utilization of APP-supported vaccination service.  Conclusion  APP-supported vaccination management could provide more accessible, convenient and satisfactory vaccination services and the guardians of living in urban regions, female gender, at elder age, with higher education, having high income, and taking care of small children are more likely to utilize APP-supported vaccination services.
Effect of of Internet plus medical assistance on quality of life among residents in rural poverty-stricken regions in Hainan province
Wei-ling XU, Wen-tong WANG, Xiao-dan WANG,
2020, 36(5): 693-696. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1126169
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  Objective  To evaluate variations in quality of life (QoL) after the implementation of Internet plus medical assistance among residents in rural poverty-stricken regions in Hainan province and to provide references for promoting QoL and poverty alleviation in the population.  Methods  Using typical sampling at two poverty-stricken counties of Hainan province, we surveyed 281 permanent adult residents (16 – 85 years) in a village with one-year implementation of internet-based telemedicine involving doctors in a provincial-level hospital and medical workers in a village clinic and another 156 residents in a village without the telemedicine service as the controls during January 2019. Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) was used to evaluate QoL of the participants.  Results  The participants in the village with the telemedicine service had significantly higher SF-36 domain scores for physiological function, emotional function and mental health compared to the participants in the control village (all P < 0.05) but no significant differences were observed in other SF-36 domain scores between the two participants groups (P > 0.05 for all). The results of multivariate linear regression analysis revealed that telemedicine service (β = 7.36), age (β = – 6.81) and alcohol consumption (β = – 6.04) were significant influencing factors for the participants′ QoL.   Conclusion  The quality of life of rural adult residents in poverty-stricken regions of Hainan province is affected mainly by age, alcohol drinking and healthcare service and the implementation of Internet plus medical assistance can effectively improve the quality of life of the residents.
Utilization of mobile medical application and its associates among residents in Shandong province
Fu-ming LI, Wen-qiang YIN, Li-li ZHU,
2020, 36(5): 697-701. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1126009
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  Objective  To examine the utilization of mobile medical application (MAPP) and its influencing factors among residents in Shandong province and to provide evidences for promoting the utilization of MAPP in the residents.  Methods  We conducted a self-administered questionnaire survey among 1 080 residents recruited with stratified multistage random sampling in three cities of Shandong province from January to April 2018. Descriptive analysis, chi-square test, rank sum test and binary logistic regression analysis were used in data analyses.  Results  Of the 980 residents with valid responses, 35.2% reported the utilization of MAPP. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed following significant influencing factors of MAPP utilization among the responders: whether having children (yes vs. no: odds ratio [OR] = 2.873, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.785 – 4.625), whether suffering from chronic diseases (yes vs. no: OR = 1.820, 95% CI: 1.099 – 3.015), annual frequency of visiting a doctor (high vs. low: OR = 0.559, 95% CI: 0.418 – 0.748), the knowledge about MAPP (good vs. poor: OR = 2.607, 95% CI: 2.111 – 3.219), the overall evaluation on MAPP (high vs. low: OR = 1.660, 95% CI: 1.216 – 2.266), the trust in MAPP (high vs. low: OR = 1.456, 95% CI: 1.098 – 1.930), and whether searching for medical information during previous 6 months (yes vs. no: OR = 2.874, 95% CI: 1.637 – 5.045).  Conclusion  The utilization rate of mobile medical application is low among residents in Shandong province and specific strategies need to be developed to promote the utilization of the mobile medical service among the residents.
Cognition on wearable monitoring devices for health care and its influencing factors among the elderly in Lanzhou city
Rui-fen LI, Jun-yun TUO, Yin WANG,
2020, 36(5): 702-705. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1124678
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  Objective  To examine the status and influencing factors of cognition on wearable monitoring devices for health care among elderly residents in Lanzhou city, Gansu province, and to provide references for promoting the application of Internet plus medical care for healthy aging.  Methods  We conducted a face-to-face questionnaire survey among 1 250 residents aged 60 years and older recruited with convenience sampling in 5 urban districts of Lanzhou city from June to September 2018.  Results  Of the 1 235 respondents, 40.16% (496) were aware of wearable monitoring devices for health care; 37.89% (468) reported the willingness to use the devices; and 36.92% (456) considered that the application of the devices would help monitor health status. The top three functions of the wearable monitoring devices listed by the respondents were fall alarming (by 60.00% of the respondents), positioning (54.25%) and metabolic monitoring (53.52%). Unconditional multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the participants having regular physical examination (odds ratio [OR] = 1.531, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.158 – 2.024) and with experience of using wearable monitoring devices for health care (OR = 4.750, 95% CI: 2.966 – 7.607) were more likely to accept the application of the wearable monitoring devices.  Conclusion  The awareness on and the acceptance for wearable monitoring devices for health care are at a low level and the acceptance for the devices′ application is positively correlated with having regular physical examination and utilization experience of the devices among elderly residents in Lanzhou city.
Acceptance of Internet Plus community health management and its influencing factors among hypertension patients in Guangzhou city
Zhuo-fan XU, Shao-xin ZHENG, Xiao-qian FENG
2020, 36(5): 706-709. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1123970
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  Objective  To investigate the status and influencing factors of participating in Internet Plus community health management among hypertension patients in Guangzhou city and to provide references for improving the performance of the management in the city.  Methods  Using stratified cluster sampling, we recruited 1 500 hypertension patients registered in 10 community health service institutions in 5 districts of Guangzhou city, Guangdong province for a questionnaire survey from October to December 2018.  Results  Of the 1 360 respondents with valid information, 71.76% (976) reported the acceptance of Internet Plus community health management. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the respondents with the education of senior high school and above, having family history of hypertension, being nonsmoker, with good sleeping, being aware of diagnostic criteria of hypertension, having self-measurement of blood pressure, and with a good medication compliance were more likely to accept Internet Plus community health management.  Conclusion  The acceptance rate of Internet Plus community health management is high and the acceptance is mainly influenced by education, sleeping condition, family history of hypertension, smoking, awareness of diagnostic criteria of hypertension, self-measurement of blood pressure, and medication compliance among hypertension patients in Guangzhou city.
Intention of participating in “Internet +” health management and its influencing factors among community diabetes patients in Shenzhen city
Zhong-hua LIU, Li YANG, Jian-xin SHI
2020, 36(5): 710-712. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1123901
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  Objective  To examine the intention of participating in "Internet +" health management and its influencing factors among community diabetes patients and to provide evidences for the implementation of "Internet +" diabetes management.  Methods  Using cluster sampling and self-designed questionnaires during August 2018, we conducted a face-to-face survey on intention of participating in "Internet +" health management among 18 – 70 years old diabetes patients (n = 968) recruited at 76 community health centers in Futian district of Shenzhen city, Guangdong province.  Results  For the 908 patients with valid data, the mean overall score of intension of participating in "Internet +" health management was 24.29 ± 2.61; the scores indicating the participation intention-related cognitions or attitudes were 3.47 ± 0.34 for benefit expectation, 3.42 ± 0.32 for endeavor expectation, 3.33 ± 0.28 for social impact, 3.54 ± 0.37 for perceived threat, 3.61 ± 0.41 for perceived risk, 3.38 ± 0.31 for health concept, and 3.54 ± 0.58 for utilization attitude, respectively. Multivariate linear regression analysis revealed that the patients aged > 45 years (β = 0.631), with higher education (β = 1.743), with public medical insurance (β = 2.468) and using mobile applications frequently (β = 1.869) were more likely to have a strong intention to participate in “Internet +” health management.  Conclusion  Age, education, type of medical insurance and frequency of mobile application use are main influencing factors of intention of participation in “Internet +” health management among community diabetes patients.
Satisfaction to nursing worker service and its influencing factors among inpatients in public tertiary hospitals in China
Zi-tang HE, Jing SUN, Yuan-li LIU
2020, 36(5): 713-719. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1127140
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  Objective  To examine the satisfaction to nursing worker service and its influencing factors among inpatients in public tertiary hospitals in China and to provide evidences for improving the management on informal nursing care in hospitals.  Methods  With random sampling, we conducted questionnaire surveys among 23 767 inpatients about to be discharged at 144 public tertiary hospitals in 31 province-level regions across China during March 18 – 31, 2019 and the information collected from 6 211 inpatients receiving nursing worker service during their hospitalizations were analyzed. Using stratified random sampling, we selected 2 or 3 hospitals in the eastern, western and the central regions to recruit inpatients (n = 50) having nursing worker service in the sampled hospitals and perform face-to-face semi-structured interviews with the selected inpatients; ‘grounded theory’ based analysis was adopted in analyses on relevant information from the interviewees.  Results  Of the 6 211 respondents, 5 968 (96.09%) reported satisfaction to the service provided by nursing workers during hospitalization. The results of ‘grounded theory’ analysis revealed that main influencing factors for inpatients′ satisfaction to nursing workers′ service included nursing workers′ general quality, service attitude, usefulness of the service, sponsor or introducer of nursing worker, management manner of nursing service, environment of nursing service market, and social recognition on nursing service. Nursing workers are human resource for nursing service-related hospitals, corporations, and markets; hospitals and corporations provide direct support and the society provides indirect support to nursing workers′ service; the three aspects mentioned above are interacted each other and have integrated influence on nursing workers′ service quality and inpatients′ satisfaction to the service provided by the nursing workers.  Conclusion  The satisfaction to nursing worker service among inpatients in public tertiary hospitals in China needs to be improved. Nursing workers, hospitals/corporations and social environment exert an interactive impact on inpatients′ satisfaction to services provided by nursing workers.
Trajectory of gestational weight gain in Zhuang ethnic pregnant women: an latent class growth model analysis
Yan-ye SONG, Shun LIU, Dong-ping HUANG,
2020, 36(5): 720-725. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1124833
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  Objective  To explore whether there are different patterns in gestational weight gain (GWG) among pregnant women, and to investigate the effect of pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) on the changes in pregnant women′s weight.  Methods  From the participants of the prospective birth cohort of pregnant women in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (Guangxi), we selected 2 409 women having maternal care services at county hospitals in four counties of Guangxi for the study from February 2015 through April 2018. Demographic information and the prenatal examination records were collected for all the women. Latent class growth mode (LCGM), Wald test, and χ2 test were used in data analyses.  Results  For all the women, four different GWG trajectories during pregnancy were identified, which covered 23.50%, 43.46%, 25.90%, and 7.14% of the women with different pre-pregnancy weight from low to high; each of the trajectories presented a turning point of weight gain rate at 10 gestational weeks. The women at elder age were more likely to have a greater pre-pregnancy weight (P < 0.05); higher proportion of high pre-pregnancy weight was observed among the women living in urban areas (P < 0.001), having higher pregnancy BMI (P < 0.001), and doing physical exercise regularly (P = 0.088). Various GWG trajectories were established for the three groups of the women with low, normal, and high pre-pregnancy BMI using LCGM analysis and the intercepts and the slopes of the trajectories were significantly different from each other (P < 0.001 for all); while, the slope was positively correlated with the intercept for all the trajectories established.  Conclusion  Among Zhuang pregnant women, gestational weight gain would be accelerated at 10 gestational weeks and the women with higher pre-pregnancy weight could have a faster weight gain during early pregnancy. The study results suggest a closer monitoring on body weight among the pregnant women at elder age and those with pre-pregnancy weight.
Distribution of obesity-associated gene polymorphisms among Chinese population born in early 1960s
Hui LI, Chao SONG, Yan-ning MA,
2020, 36(5): 726-729. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1124649
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  Objective  To describe the distribution of obesity-associated gene polymorphisms among Chinese population born in the year of 1960 – 1961 and 1963, and to provide evidences for obesity prevention.  Methods  A total of 1 982 people (770 males and 1 212 females) born in the year of 1960 – 1961 and 1963 were selected from the participants of China National Nutrition and Health Surveillance conducted in 2010 – 2012. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of 10 obesity-associated genes were detected with time-of-flight mass spectrometry.  Results  No significant gender differences were observed in the SNP of the 10 genes (P > 0.05 for all). Significantly higher frequency of risk allele of rs11030104 and rs6265 were detected among minority ethnic participants than among Han participants (χ2 = 16.185, χ2 = 12.962; both P < 0.001). Compared to those in published international studies, significant racial differences were observed in the distributions of SNP of the risk alleles among the participants for following loci: rs11030104, rs1558902, rs6265, and rs9939609 compared to a population in Tokyo of Japan (all P < 0.05); rs11030104, rs16892496, rs2568958, rs6265, rs7561317, and rs7832552 in contrast to the descendants of Western Europeans and Nordics in Utah of the United States (all P < 0.01); rs11030104, rs16892496, rs2568958, rs574367, rs6265, rs7561317, rs7832552, and rs9939609 in comparison to the descendants of Africans in southwest region of the United States (all P < 0.05); and rs11030104、rs1558902, rs2568958, rs574367, rs6265, and rs9939609 compared to a population in Los Angeles of the United States (all P < 0.01).  Conclusion  There is no significant gender differences in the SNP of the 10 obesity-associated genes among Chinese populations born in early 1960′s but there is a ethnic difference in the two loci of risk alleles between the minority and Han population. There are racial differences in the risk allele frequency and the frequencies for the majority of the 10 obesity-associated genes are higher among the Chinese population than those among other racial groups in foreign countries.
Establishment of health records in migrant population and its determinants in Eastern China, 2016 – 2017
Qian-wen HUANG, Zhen LI, Miao-miao YE,
2020, 36(5): 730-733. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1125562
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Abstract:
  Objective  To explore the status and influencing factors of health record establishment in migrant populations in 10 provincial-level regions in Eastern China and to provide evidences for promoting basic public health services in the regions.  Methods  The information about health record establishment among 69 000 migrant people in 10 provinces/municipalities in eastern part of China were extracted from National Dynamic Surveillance on Migrant Population conducted from May 2016 to May 2017. Statistical analysis on collected data was carried out using Stata 12.0 software.  Results  Of all the migrant people surveyed, 28.3% (19 527) had their health records established and the proportions of health record establishment for the migrants in various provincial-level regions in descending order were 50.75% (Shandong), 44.81% (Fujian), 43.85% (Guangdong), 28.50% (Tianjin), 25.61% (Jiangsu), 23.80% (Hainan), 18.53% (Beijing), 17.50% (Shanghai), 13.92% (Hebei), and 13.16% (Zhejiang), respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the migrants with following characteristics were more likely to have their health records established: aged 20 – 34, being female, with the education of junior high school and above, married, having a family average monthly income of 5 001 – 10 000 yuan (RMB), living in a community under administration of neighborhood committee, willing to live permanently in the region of immigration, and participating in a medical insurance; while, the migrants aged 50 years and above and having a family average monthly income of more than 10 000 yuan were less likely to have their health records established.  Conclusion  The establishment of health records for migrant people is at a relatively low level in ten provincial level regions of Eastern China and the health record establishment is correlated with the migrants' gender, age, education, marital status, average family monthly income, type of residential community, the willingness to live permanently in a region of immigration, and the participation in a medical insurance.
Effect of life style on missing teeth among the elderly in China
Xiao-shu ZHU, Xing-yu SU, Jia-min GAO,
2020, 36(5): 734-738. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1127950
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Abstract:
  Objective  To analyze the prevalence of and the effect of life style on missing teeth among the elderly in China.  Methods  Data on 19 981 residents aged 60 years and above were derived from Nation Chronic Disease Surveillance conducted in 2010 across in China. Chi-square test and unconditional multivariate logistic regression were used to explore the association of life style with missing teeth in the elderly.  Results  The prevalence rate of missing teeth was 68.94% in the elderly surveyed. Regression analysis revealed following significant risk factors for missing teeth in the elderly: with a television screen time of 1.5 hours or more per day (odds ratio (OR) = 1.228, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.039 – 1.324), consuming vegetables less than 2 times per day (OR = 1.173, 95% CI: 1.061 – 1.296), and alcohol drinking during past 12 months (OR = 1.096, 95% CI: 1.006 – 1.206); in addition, the elderly never visiting a dentist was at a greatly increased risk of missing teeth (OR = 8.003, 95% CI: 7.338 – 8.734) in contrast to those with a history of visiting a dentist.  Conclusion  The prevalence of missing teeth was relatively high and associated with life style, especially with the history of visiting a dentist, among the elderly in China.
Protective effect of Paecilomyces hepialid compound capsule on acute liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride and alcohol in mice
Di CHEN, Yan-bin TANG, Wei PIAO,
2020, 36(5): 739-744. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1123512
Abstract(2081) HTML (1013) PDF 733KB(44)
Abstract:
  Objective  To study protective effect of Paecilomyces hepialid compound capsule (PHCC, mainly composed of Paecilomyces hepialid, Lucid ganoderma, Pueraria lobata, and taurine) on acute liver injury (ALI) induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCL4) and alcohol in mice.  Methods  Totally 100 specific pathogen free Kunming mice were divided into two subgroups for establishment of intragastric administration CCL4 (0.6%, 5 mL/kg body weight [BW]) or alcohol (50%, 13 mL/kg BW) induced ALI model. The 50 mice in each subgroup were assigned into 5 groups (10 for each group) : a blank control and a model control with intragastric administration of distilled water, and low-, moderate-, and high-PHCC groups with intragastric administration of PHCC at doses of 337.5, 675, and 2025 mg/kg BW once a day continuously for 36 days, respectively. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) of the mice with CCL4-induced ALI were determined. Contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) , triglyceride (TG) , and reduced glutathione (GSH) in liver tissue of mice with alcohol-induced ALI were measured. Histopathological changes in liver tissue were observed in all the rats.  Results  The serum ALT and AST of the CCL4-induced ALI mice with moderate- and high-PHCC were significantly lower than those of the model control mice (all P < 0.05). Among the alcohol-induced ALI mice, significantly lower MDA in the mice with moderate- and high-PHCC treatment and TG and in all PHCC treated mice but higher GSH in the mice with moderate- and high-PHCC treatment were detected in comparison with those in the model control mice (P < 0.05 for all). Liver tissue morphology observations of CCL4-induced ALI mice revealed significantly decreased scale for cell necrosis in the mice with moderate- and high-PHCC treatment (P < 0.05), reduced scale for ballooning change in all PHCC treated mice, and declined scale for watery degeneration in high-PHCC treated mice (both P < 0.01) compared to those in the model control mice. Liver cell steatosis was significantly alleviated in the alcohol-induced ALI mice with PHCC treatment compared to that in the model control mice (P < 0.05).  Conclusion  Paecilomyces hepialid compound capsule has an auxiliary protective effect against acute liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride and alcohol in mice.
Assessment on eye irritation of cosmetics raw materials and products with short time exposure in vitro test
Ying SHI, Hong-jie RUAN, Hong-wei ZHANG, , Rui-xia SONG
2020, 36(5): 745-748. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1123082
Abstract(1596) HTML (771) PDF 484KB(31)
Abstract:
  Objective  To explore the feasibility and application of the rabbit corneal epithelial cell line (SIRC) cell short-term exposure test (STE test) for the replacement of eye-stimulation test (Draize test) for cosmetic raw materials and products.  Methods  We selected 18 representative chemical substances with various degree of eye irritation (ranging from not observed to severe irritation) from the database of Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and sampled 20 commercially available cosmetic products. SIRC STE test and Draize test were carried out on those substances and samples and consistencies between the results of the two tests were analyzed.  Results  For the samples of cosmetic raw materials, the Kappa coefficient was 0.826, indicating that the classification results of the two methods are almost perfect (0.81 – 1.00). For the samples of cosmetic products, the Kappa coefficient is 0.370, indicating that the results of the two methods are fair (0.21 – 0.4). For samples of cleaning products, the Kappa coefficient is – 0.333, indicating that the consistency of the two methods is slight (< 0.20). For samples of skin care products, the Kappa coefficient is 0.796 (0.61 – 0.8), indicating that the consistency of the two methods is substantial.  Conclusion  SIRC STE test is suitable for the classification of eye irritation for cosmetic raw materials; for cosmetic products, SIRC STE test has good predictive results for skin care products such as masks, eye creams and conditioners. However SIRC STE test is not suitable for cleaning products and hair dyes due to a high false positive rate.
Effect of long-chain non-coding RNA DANCR on proliferation and apoptosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells through targeted regulation of GRP78
Jun YONG, Lin-ge LI, Hua ZHANG,
2020, 36(5): 749-752. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1118991
Abstract(1346) HTML (553) PDF 622KB(8)
Abstract:
  Objective  To investigate the effect of long chain non-coding differentiation antagonizing nonprotein coding RNA (DANCR) on proliferation and apoptosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells through targeted regulation of glucose-regulated protein 78 kDa (GRP78) and its mechanism.  Methods  The expression of DANCR in nasopharyngeal carcinoma tissues and different nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell lines were detected with quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Double luciferase reporter was used to detect the interaction between DANCR and GRP78. The association of DANCR with clinical and pathological manifestations of nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients was analyzed. Clone formation assay was used to detect the effect of DANCR on the proliferation of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. The effect of DANCR on the apoptosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells was detected with flow cytometry. The effect of DANCR on xenograft differentiation of nasopharyngeal carcinoma was evaluated with nude mouse tumorigenicity assay.  Results  Compared with that in other nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell lines, the DANCR expression in nasopharygneal carcinoma cells (CNE-1) was significantly higher (2.38 ± 0.35) (P < 0.05). Double-luciferase experiments confirmed that DANCR can directly regulate the expression of GRP78 and fluorescence activity. The inhibition of DANCR expression can significantly attenuate the proliferation (number of cells/per plate: 188.2 ± 7.6 vs. 376.3 ± 19.3) and promote the apoptosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells (59.3 ± 12.1% vs. 17.3 ± 4.2%) (both P < 0.05). The xenograft differentiation of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells with the down-regulated expression of DANCR was inhibited at some extent, with the decreased transplanted tumor volume (0.71 ± 0.18 cm3 vs. 2.48 ± 0.34 cm3) and weight (0.73 ± 0.15 g vs. 2.28 ± 0.41g) (both P < 0.05).  Conclusion  DANCR can inhibit the proliferation and promote the apoptosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells through targeted regulation of GRP78 expression.
Feasibility path for implementing health impact assessment system in China: a grounded theory-based analysis
Li-li ZHU, Wen-qiang YIN, Zi-xuan ZHAO,
2020, 36(5): 753-756. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1125511
Abstract(1423) HTML (456) PDF 644KB(29)
Abstract:
  Objective  To explore the feasibility path of implementing health impact assessment system in China and to provide references for promoting the implementation of Healthy China strategy.  Methods  With purposive sampling, we selected 15 experts and scholars engaged in traffic impact assessment, environmental impact assessment and other studies in governmental departments and research institutions and conducted interviews among the experts during November 2017. The collected information on feasible path of implementing the health impact assessment system in China were analyzed based on grounded theory.  Results  We sorted out 255 initial concepts and 73 categories summarized into 5 main categories and 19 sub-categories and then established a story line. The story line indicates that there are good social atmosphere and strong administrative support for the implementation of health impact assessment system and that lack of resources and long time cycle for establishing such a system are major barriers for the implementation.  Conclusion  The implementation of health impact assessment system is an inevitable requirement for social development. The participation of the whole society is an effective way to implement health impact assessment and procedural legalization is the ultimate way to guarantee the implementation.
Association of body mass index and waist circumference with H-type hypertension among community adult residents in Hunan province
Ying ZHANG, Jia WANG, Dan ZENG,
2020, 36(5): 757-760. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1121972
Abstract(1646) HTML (597) PDF 586KB(14)
Abstract:
  Objective  To examine associations of body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) with H-type hypertension (hypertension with elevated plasma homocysteine) in adult residents in Hunan province and to provide evidences for early intervention and community prevention of the disease.  Methods  We carried out a questionnaire interview, physical examination and laboratory test among 4 012 residents aged 30 years and above selected with multi-stage random cluster sampling in 6 municipal regions in Hunan province from June 2013 to May 2014.  Results  Among the participants, the number (ratio) of underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obesity were 218 (5.4%), 2 210 (55.1%), 1 241 (30.9%), and 343 (8.5%), respectively. The prevalence rate of H-type hypertension in the underweight, normal weight, overweight and obesity participants was 12.39%, 15.57%, 23.93%, and 35.57% and the rate were 12.82% and 23.85% among the participants with non-central and central obesity, respectively. The prevalence rate of H-type hypertension differed significantly by BMI and WC among the participants (both P < 0.05). After adjusting for confounding factors such as gender, age, education, marital status, smoking, and alcohol drinking, multivariate unconditional logistic regression analysis revealed following risk factors for H-type hypertension: overweight (odds ratio [OR] = 1.783, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.486 – 2.140), obesity ( OR = 3.256, 95% CI: 2.505 – 4.233), and central obesity (OR = 2.198, 95% CI: 1.829 – 2.641); while, underweight was a protective factor against H-type hypertension (OR = 0.547, 95% CI: 0.352 – 0.851).  Conclusion  BMI and WC are related to H-type hypertension among community adult residents in Hunan province.
Association of dietary pattern with metabolic syndrome among male adults in Tianjin city
Li-hui ZHOU, Guo-wei HUANG, Xuan WANG,
2020, 36(5): 761-764. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1121129
Abstract(1849) HTML (743) PDF 566KB(21)
Abstract:
  Objective  To analyze the relationship between metabolic syndrome (MS) and dietary patterns among male adults in Tianjin city and to provide evidences for the prevention of MS.  Methods  Using cluster sampling, we conducted a questionnaire interview, physical examination and laboratory test among 1 399 males aged 20 – 59 years having routine health check-up at a district health guidance center in Tianjin city from January to December of 2015. Factor analysis was used to identify dietary patterns and univairate and multivariate logistic regression were adopted to assess the relationship between dietary pattern and the prevalence of MS.  Results  Among the participants, the MS prevalence rate was 17.51% and four dietary patterns were identified, namely “vegetable and seafood”, “beverage/alcohol and fast food”, “grain and cereal” and “rice, meat and egg” pattern, which altogether explaining 45.840% of the variance in dietary food consumption. Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the participants with the highest quartile score for “beverage/alcohol and fast food” dietary pattern had a 1.666 times higher risk (odds ratio = 1.666, 95% confidence interval: 1.063 – 2.611) of MS compared to those with the lowest quartile score for the dietary pattern after adjusting for potential confounding factors such as age, gender, body mass index, energy intake, smoking, and alcohol drinking.  Conclusion  Higher intake of alcohol, beverage, and fast food may increase the risk of MS among male adult residents in Tianjin city.
Immunogenicity and safety of a meningococcal serogroups A and C tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine in 3-month – 5-year old children: a phase III, single-center, randomized controlled trial
Jia-lei HU, Yue-mei HU, Qi LIANG,
2020, 36(5): 765-770. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1124496
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Abstract:
  Objective  To evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of a meningococcal serogroups A and C tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine (MenAC-TT).  Methods  From May 2016 to September 2017, in a phase III clinical trial, 1 799 participants aged 3-month to 5-year received test and control MenAC-TT vaccination at the ratio of 1 : 1; the participants aged 6 – 11 months and 3 – 5 months received a boost vaccination at month 18. Safety observation was conducted during 28 days after each vaccination. Blood samples were collected at the day 28 post vaccination and month 18 and the day 28 post boost in 6 – 11 months and 3 – 5 months participants.  Results  The overall incidence of solicited adverse effects after vaccination in the 2 – 5 years, 12 – 23 months, 6 – 11 months and 3 – 5 months children of test groups were 33.11%, 58.28%, 75.33%, and 85.62%, respectively. The majority of the adverse effects were all gradeⅠ (mild) and no significant difference in the adverse effects was observed between the test and control group. After the primary vaccination, seroconversion rates were 98.60%, 100%, 100%, and 96.56% for MenA and 81.21%, 98.52%, 96.35%, 97.70% for MenC in the children of 4 test groups. The seroconversion rate was not significantly different between test and control groups of various ages, except for the children aged 6 – 11 months (χ2 = 11.554 6, P = 0.000 7), indicating a non-inferiority of the MenAC-TT vaccination compared to the control. After boost, the seroconversion rates for MenA and MenC were approximately 100% in both 3 – 5 months and 6 – 11 months children of test groups.  Conclusion  The meningococcal serogroups A and C tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine is of good safety and high immunogenicity for 3-month to 5-year old susceptible children.
Cost-effectiveness evaluation on hepatitis B vaccine immunization program in control of hepatitis B-related liver cancer in Beijing: 1992 – 2013
Lie-yu HUANG, Bao-lin HONG, Jiang WU,
2020, 36(5): 771-774. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1121924
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Abstract:
  Objective  To analyze total cost and cost structure of hepatitis B (HB) vaccine immunization program in Beijing from 1992 to 2013 and to evaluate the cost-effectiveness relationship between the program implementation and the reported incidence of HB-related liver cancer.  Methods  We collected data on HB vaccine immunization program and reported incidence rate of liver cancer for the population of Beijing city from 1992 to 2013 published by public health institutions and governmental agencies. Total and components of the cost for the HB vaccine immunization program were estimated with expert consultation method. Analyses on total cost, incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, and marginal effectiveness of HB vaccine immunization program in relation to liver cancer incidence were performed.  Results  The total cost of HB vaccine immunization increased as a whole during the period, with an obvious increase in amount and ratio of manpower cost and an apparent reduction in amount and ratio of the vaccine cost. The reported liver cancer incidence rate rose first and then declined during the period with the increase of HB vaccine immunization total cost. The cost-effectiveness ratio of HB vaccine immunization in relation to HB-related liver cancer incidence rate showed an increasing trend generally within the period, with a better incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for the duration from 1999 to 2005.  Conclusion  The total cost of the hepatitis B vaccine immunization program in Beijing was increasing reasonably, with a greater increment ratio of manpower cost, from 1992 to 2013. The cost-effectiveness of HB vaccine immunization in relation to HB-related liver cancer incidence rate is generally satisfactory in Beijing city from 1992 to 2013 and the result highlights continuous implementation and improvement of the program.
Equity of regional public health emergency capacity and resource allocation in Zhejiang province: an analysis on 2018 data
Ren-jie ZHANG, Na LI, Xiao-hua QI,
2020, 36(5): 775-779. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1128301
Abstract(1406) HTML (438) PDF 699KB(35)
Abstract:
  Objective  To analyze public health emergency response capacity and resource allocation in Zhejiang province in 2018 and to provide evidences for optimal allocation of regional public health emergency response resources.  Methods  The data of the study were retrieved from a survey on public health emergency response capacity in Zhejiang province, National Information System for Disease Control and Prevention and statistical yearbook of Zhejiang province. Lorenz curve, Gini coefficient, and geographic information system (GIS) spatial analysis were adopted to assess the equity of public health emergency response capacity and resources allocation among the 87 county-level administrative regions in Zhejiang province.  Results  The Gini coefficient for all domains of public health emergency response capacity were less than 0.3, indicating a fair equity, except for the coefficient for scientific research ability. The Gini coefficients for population-based allocation of various public health emergency response resources ranged from 0.1 to 0.4; while the coefficients for geographical area-based allocation of the resources were between 0.4 and 0.6. There was a significant aggregation pattern for the spatial distribution of hospitals and doctors in the province (Moran I > 0, P < 0.05). Hot-spot analysis revealed that there were obvious high (Z > 1.96) and low (Z < – 1.96) regions for the resources allocation.  Conclusion  The equity of public health emergency response capacity is relatively good in Zhejiang province and the population-based equity for health resources allocation is better than the geographical area-based equity. But some aspects of the health resources allocation still needs to be improved in the province.
Associations of overweight and obesity with carotid intima-media thickness among primary school children
Yun-fei ZHANG, Qian ZHANG, Wang SHUI,
2020, 36(5): 780-784. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1122941
Abstract(2073) HTML (1091) PDF 511KB(42)
Abstract:
  Objective  To examine associations of overweight and obesity with vascular structure damage in children and to provide evidences for the prevention and control of risk factors of cardiovascular disease during childhood.  Methods  From November 2017 to January 2018, a total of 1 319 children aged 6 to 11 years were selected from one public primary school in Huantai county of Shandong province using convenient cluster sampling. The children were assigned into normal weight, overweight and obese groups based on body mass index (BMI). Covariance analyses were used to compare differences in carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) across different BMI groups. Multivariable logistic regression model was used to explore associations of overweight and obesity with vascular structure damage.  Results  After adjusting for confounding factors including gender, age, daily sleep time, daily screen time, frequency of daily vegetable and fruit intake, frequency of weekly carbonated beverage intake, daily physical activity time, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, the cIMT of the children in overweight group and obese group were 0.469 ± 0.083 mm and 0.502 ± 0.093 mm, respectively, which were much higher than that in the children of normal weight group (0.453 ± 0.068 mm) (P < 0.05). The cIMT of boys in overweight group and obese group were 0.485 ± 0.082 mm and 0.521 ± 0.092 mm, which were much higher than that in the boys of normal weight group (0.467 ± 0.070 mm) (P < 0.05). The cIMT of girls in overweight group and obese group were 0.449 ± 0.077 mm and 0.480 ± 0.088 mm, which were much higher than that in the girls of normal weight group (0.437 ± 0.064 mm) (P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the risks of high cIMT among the children with overweight or obesity were 3.38 times (odds ratio [OR] = 3.38, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 1.67 – 6.86) and 17.39 times (OR = 17.39, 95% CI = 9.97 – 30.35) higher than those with normal weight for all the children; for the boys, the risk of high cIMT among those with overweight or obesity were 6.41 times (OR = 6.41, 95% CI = 1.61 – 25.56) and 41.73 times (OR = 41.73, 95% CI = 12.58 – 138.41) higher than those with normal weight; whereas, for the girls, the risk of high cIMT among those with overweight or obesity were 3.02 times (OR = 3.02, 95% CI = 1.24 – 7.36) and 12.38 times (OR = 12.38, 95% CI = 6.16 – 24.86) higher than those with normal weight.  Conclusion  Overweight and obesity may increase the risk of vascular structure damage in children. Prevention and control of childhood overweight and obesity may reduce vascular structural damage during childhood.
Marital status and spousal HIV detection among first detected HIV positive men who have sex with men in Nanjing city, 2014 – 2018
Li LIU, Zheng-ping ZHU, Su-shu WU
2020, 36(5): 785-788. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1126753
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Abstract:
  Objective  To examine marital status and its associates among first detected human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive men who have sex with men (MSM) and HIV detection in the MSM' spouses in Nanjing city during 2014 – 2018.  Methods  From National Integrated AIDS Prevention and Control Information System, we extracted the data on ≥ 22 years old HIV positive MSM first registered in Nanjig city during 2014 – 2018. We conducted statistical analyses on the data with SPSS 20.0 software.  Results  Among 2 197 MSM included in the study, 795 (36.2%) were married and 1 402 (63.8%) were unmarried. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that compared to those aged 20 – 29 years, the MSM at elder age were more likely being married (for the aged 30 – 39: adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 10.411, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 7.700 – 14.077; for the aged 40 – 49: aOR = 41.079, 95% CI: 27.995 – 60.277; and for the aged ≥ 50: aOR = 72.873, 95% CI: 45.405 – 116.958); in comparison with those having the education of college and above, the MSM with lower education were more likely being married, with the aOR of 1.945 (95% CI: 1.426 – 2.653) and 2.756 (95% CI: 1.957 – 3.881) for the MSM having the education of high school or technical secondary school and junior high school and below; in contrast to those with other occupations, the MSM being worker/farmer/fisherman were more likely being married (aOR = 1.585, 95% CI: 1.039 – 2.417); the MSM living in nonlocal regions were more likely being married than those living in local regions (aOR = 1.448, 95% CI: 1.099 – 1.907) and the MSM being followed-up were more likely being married than those being lost to follow-up (aOR = 1.441, 95% CI: 1.094 – 1.899). The HIV positive rate was 12.8% (37/290) for the spouses of the married MSM.  Conclusion  The proportion of being married increases with the increment of age among the HIV positive MSM in Nanjing city; early HIV detection and HIV positive notification can reduce HIV transmission among spouses of the HIV positive MSM.
Causal relationship between fasting plasma glucose and blood pressure in rural normotensive population
Rong-rong GUO, Yan-xia XIE, Jia ZHENG,
2020, 36(5): 789-792. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1122304
Abstract(1871) HTML (1152) PDF 834KB(16)
Abstract:
  Objective  To explore causal relationship between fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and blood pressure (BP) in rural normotensive population and to provide evidences for early prevention and control of hypertension and diabetes risk factors.  Methods  We established a cardiovascular disease study cohort consisting of 4 145 normotensive residents aged ≥ 35 years selected with stratified multistage random cluster sampling in three counties of Liaoning province from January to August 2013 and conducted a follow-up survey among the residents from August 2015 to January 2016. The causal relationship between BP and FPG was assessed with cross-lagged panel analysis and further verified with multivariate linear regression model.  Results  For all the participants, the mean follow-up time was 28.79 ± 3.49 months; the FPG at the baseline and follow-up survey were 5.51 ± 0.83 and 5.48 ± 1.07 mmol/L; the systolic blood pressure (SBP) were 124.05 ± 9.62 and 125.12 ± 14.63 mm Hg and the diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were 75.17 ± 7.24 and 75.88 ± 9.33 mm Hg at the baseline and follow-up survey, respectively. The cross-lagged panel analysis revealed that baseline FPG preceded the follow-up SBP (ρ2 = 0.063, P < 0.001) and DBP (ρ2 = 0.029, P = 0.031). The results of multivariate linear regression model further validated the findings resulted from the cross-lagged panel analysis that the baseline FPG affected follow-up SBP (β = 1.535, P < 0.001) and DBP (β = 0.393, P = 0.015). The mean values in the changes of SBP and DBP corresponding to the first to the fourth quartile of change values of FPG were – 0.79 and – 0.25 mm Hg, 0.74 and 0.49 mm Hg, 1.17 and 0.91 mm Hg, and 3.11 and 1.68 mm Hg, respectively; and the changes in the FPG value were positively correlated with the change of SBP and DBP (both P < 0.001).  Conclusion  The relationship between FPG and blood pressure is unidirectional causation in rural normotensive population and the increase in blood glucose level precedes the increase in blood pressure.
Effect of non-governmental organization involvement under “three-pronged approach” in HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment among MSM in three cities of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region
Yu-fei WU, Guang-hua LAN, Qi-ming FENG
2020, 36(5): 793-796. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1125725
Abstract(1159) HTML (405) PDF 513KB(12)
Abstract:
  Objective  To analyze the effect of non-governmental organization (NGO) involvement in prevention and treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infection/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) among men who have sex with men (MSM) under the “three-pronged approach” strategy (management on HIV/AIDS cases identification and treatment comprehensively implemented by disease prevention and control centers, medical institutions, and NGO) and to provide evidences for developing HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment strategies.  Methods  The data of study were derived from United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Global AIDS Program – China Cooperation (GAP) Program – the intervention was implemented with involvements of NGO between April 2017 and March 2019 in three municipalities of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (Guangxi) and the aim of the intervention was to meet the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS (UNAIDS) 90 – 90 – 90 target (to diagnose 90% of all HIV positive people, provide antiretroviral therapy [ART] for 90% of those diagnosed and achieve viral suppression for 90% of those treated, by 2020). The collected data included monthly number of HIV screening test, HIV positive cases, HIV confirmation test (Western blot, WB), HIV positive cases confirmed by WB, HIV/AIDS cases enrolled for ART, viral load detections among cases with ART, and cases with viral suppression after ART.  Results  During the three-year period in the three municipalities, totally 8 712 MSM received HIV screening tests and the HIV detection rate was 46.99% among the 18 541 MSM covered by the intervention program. Among the examinees of HIV screening test, 570 were HIV positive, of them, 457 (80.18%) received WB tests and 443 had positive confirmation result. For the 443 WB-confirmed HIV positive, 383 (86.46%) were success-fully referred for ART and viral suppression was achieved among nearly all (97.13%) of the cases receiving ART.  Conclusion  The involvement of NGO in comprehensive HIV intervention program among MSM can effectively promote the diagnosis of HIV infections and management of cases living with HIV/AIDS to achieve the 90 – 90 – 90 targets.
Prevalence and influencing factors of overweight and obesity among primary and middle school students in an urban district of Chongqing city
Lian-jian YANG, Hua DIAO, Ting LI, Hong WANG,
2020, 36(5): 797-801. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1123962
Abstract(1864) HTML (1095) PDF 533KB(36)
Abstract:
  Objective  To investigate the prevalence and influencing factors of overweight and obesity among primary and middle school students and to provide evidences for developing effective intervention measures.  Methods  A survey on overweight and obesity and their influencing factors was conducted among 5 306 students selected with multistage cluster sampling in 8 primary and middle schools in an urban district of Chongqing city from December 2018 to January 2019. The national standards were adopted to assess overweight and obesity in the study.  Results  The prevalence rate of overweight and obesity were 14.93% and 9.18%, respectively. The rate of overweight and obesity in the boy students were significantly higher than those in the girl students (15.87% vs. 13.92% and 10.88% vs. 7.35%) (both P < 0.05); the overweight rate of junior middle school students was significantly higher than that of primary school students (16.53% vs. 13.10%, P < 0.05); but the obesity rate of senior middle school students was significantly lower than that of primary school students (7.71% vs. 10.85%, P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed following significant impact factors of overweight and obesity among the students: gender, weekend sleeping time, whether being an only child, parental body type, parents′ screening time, whether having a reduced exercise time due to studies assigned by parents, eating speed, whether having breakfast, and frequency of milk (soy milk) consumption.  Conclusion  The prevalence rate of overweight and obesity are higher than those of national average and mainly influenced by familial and parental factors and individual dietary habits among primary and middle school students in urban regions of Chongqing city and targeted intervention measures on overweight and obesity should be implemented in the students.
Level and associates of health literacy among residents of Urumqi municipality, 2018
Jin-hui HAN, Jian-jun MEI, Xiao-lei HU,
2020, 36(5): 802-806. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1123855
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Abstract:
  Objective  To examine the status quo and influencing factors of health literacy among residents in Urumqi municipality of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.  Methods  Using multistage random sampling, we conducted a survey among 4 000 permanent residents aged 15 – 69 years in Urumuqi municipality with the national health literacy questionnaire between September and October 2018. Chi-square test was used to analyze disparities in health literacy level and unconditional logistic regression for categorical variables was adopted to explore influencing factors of health literacy.  Results  Among the 3 719 respondents with valid information, 13.1% were assessed with adequate overall health literacy and the proportions with adequate major health literacy domains were 19.2% for basic knowledge and theory, 16.6% for healthy lifestyles and 25.7% for fundamental skills, with the highest proportion (40.1%) for safety and first aid and the lowest (8.6%) for health information among the 6 health literacy aspects. The proportion of with adequate health literacy was higher among the respondents aged 25 – 34 years (19.6%) and working in public institutions (17.2%) and the health literacy level was positively correlated with education among the respondents (χ2 = 238.96, P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that following respondents were more likely to have a higher health literacy: aged 35 – 44 years (compared to the aged 15 – 24 years: odds ratio [OR] = 1.82, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.18 – 2.80), with the education of undergraduate and above (OR = 8.75 [95% CI: 5.30 – 14.45]), and with the occupation of other than worker/ office clerk (OR = 1.58 [95% CI: 1.21 – 2.07]).  Conclusion  The health literacy needs to be improved among residents in Urumqi city and age, education, and occupation are main factors influencing health literacy in the residents.
Relationship among infertility-related stress, general self-efficacy and anxiety in female infertility patients
Xin ZHANG, Yi-fei LI, Chun-ying CUI,
2020, 36(5): 807-809. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1122618
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Abstract:
  Objective  To investigate the relationship among general self-efficacy, infertility-related stress and anxiety in female infertility patients and to provide a theoretical basis for psychological intervention in infertile patients.  Methods  Totally 548 lately diagnosed female infertility patients were selected with convenience sampling at Shenyang Women's and Children's Hospital in Liaoning province from June 2016 to September 2017. A questionnaire on personal information, the Fertility Problems Inventory (FPI), General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES) , and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) were administered among the patients.  Results  For all the respondents, the scores of infertility-related stress were 29.42 ± 6.76 for social concern, 28.09 ± 8.04 for conjugal relationship, 26.96 ± 7.28 for rejection of childfree lifestyle, 38.26 ± 9.12 for parenthood need, 19.74 ± 7.55 for sexual concern, 25.11 ± 6.21 for general self-efficacy, and 9.02 ± 3.73 for anxiety, respectively. Correlation analysis demonstrated that general self-efficacy was inversely associated with social concern (r = – 0.163), rejection of childfree lifestyle (r = – 0.250), sexual concern (r = – 0.170), and anxiety (r = – 0.222) (all P < 0.01); anxiety was positively associated with social concern (r = 0.366), rejection of childfree lifestyle (r = 0.255), sexual concern (r = 0.402), relationship concern (r = 0.366), and need for parenthood (r = 0.244) (P < 0.05 for all). The results of hierarchical multiple regression analysis indicated that self-efficacy partly mediated the relationship between social concern, sexual concern and anxiety, and totally mediated the relationship between rejection of childfree lifestyle and anxiety.  Conclusion  Infertility-related stress and general self-efficacy are closely correlated with anxiety among female infertility patients.
Effect of trinity involved comprehensive disease management program on self-management ability among community type 2 diabetic mellitus patients: a 2-year intervention study
Ling-ling JIN, Qing YE, Yu-yang MA,
2020, 36(5): 810-813. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1121368
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Abstract:
  Objective  To evaluate the intervention effect of trinity (consisting of a center for disease control and prevention, a general hospital and a community health care center [CHC]) involved comprehensive disease management program on self-management ability among community patients with type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM) and to provide evidences for improving glycemic control in the patients.  Methods  The participants were T2DM patients randomly recruited from six community health centers in an urban district of Nanjing city, Jiangsu province for a 2-year follow up study starting at October 2015. The participants were randomly assigned into an intervention group (Intv, n = 589) receiving a trinity involved comprehensive disease management program (including quarterly follow-up carried out by medical staff of CHC, a green channel for dual referral between a general hospital and a CHC, quarterly medical service provided by experts at a CHC, monthly health education on diabetes management conducted by nurses, 6-montly laboratory test for glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and blood lipid, and annual diagnostic examination for complications) and a control group (Ctrl, n = 563) only receiving disease management covered by basic public health services (including quarterly follow-up carried out by medical staff of CHC, dual referral between a general hospital and a CHC, and quarterly blood glucose test). Face-to-face interviews were carried out before and after the intervention with a general questionnaire and the Scale of Diabetes Self-Care Activities – Chinese version (SDSCA-C) among all the participants to assess the disparity in self-management ability between the two groups.  Results  Before the intervention, there were no significant differences between the Intv and Ctrl group in the total score of SDSCA-C (12.49 ± 5.02 vs. 12.44 ± 4.84) and in the proportion of participants achieving a target total SDSCA-C score of≥17 (19.9% vs. 18.1%). After the intervention, the total SDSCA-C score of the Intv group was significantly higher than that of Ctrl group (16.94 ± 4.09 vs. 14.69 ± 4.36, P < 0.05) and the proportion of participants achieving a target total SDSCA-C score was significantly higher in the Intv group than that in the Ctrl group (57.1% vs. 31.3%, P < 0.05).  Conclusion  The trinity involved comprehensive disease management program is more effective than the management scheme required by basic health care services in the improvement of self-management ability among community patients with type 2 diabetic mellitus.
Effectiveness of Basic Public Health Services Project in China: a Donabedian theory-based evaluation
Peng-yu ZHAO, Li-li YOU, Yuan-li LIU
2020, 36(5): 814-818. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1126158
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Abstract:
  Objective  To evaluate implementation effect of Basic Public Health Services (BPHS) across China and to provide evidences and policy recommendations for sustainable development and implementation of BPHS.  Methods  We retrieved relevant reports and documents published during 2009 − 2019 and conducted qualitative on-site interviews at 21 community healthcare centers in 7 municipalities across China to collect information and data on the implementation of BPHS. Donabedian quality theory was adopted to evaluate the framework, performance and outcome of BPHS implementation.  Results  The BPHS system has been established gradually; the financing and the medication/healthcare of BPHS have been enhanced continually; the performance evaluation mechanism has been improved constantly. During the period among Chinese residents, both health condition and healthcare level were improved; the gaps in health and medication between urban and rural residents were narrowed, while grassroots capability of BPHS was somewhat upgraded. However, the dynamic adjustment mechanism for BPHS has not been established yet; the integration of medication and disease prevention was not achieved generally and the informatization for BPHS needs to be promoted at grassroots level.  Conclusion  The Basic Public Health Service Project has achieved prominent effects on medication and healthcare in Chinese residents but the project needs to be improved in dynamic adjustment of service contents, integration of medical treatment and prevention, and community service informatization.
Relationship between precautionary medical examination and medical disputes
Gang SUN, Wan-lu ZHANG, Yu-yao ZHANG
2020, 36(5): 819-821. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1119770
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Abstract:
  Objective  To examine the cause of precautionary medical examination (PME) in favor of doctors′ willingness and medical disputes and the relationship between them and to provide references for developing strategies to reduce unnecessary PME and to improve doctor-patient relationship.  Methods  We conducted an on-site and internet-based questionnaire survey among 324 patients selected with convenience sampling at internal medicine department, general surgery department and department of gynecology of 7 hospitals in Guangzhou city between January and March 2018. Statistical analysis was conducted with Excel and SPSS 20.0.  Results  There were statistically significant differences in the ratio of experiencing PME among the participants at various ages and with different education background (both P < 0.001); the participants with the master′s degree reported higher proportion (66.7%) of experiencing PME than the participants with university degree (24.9%) and those with college degree or below (22.7%). There were also significant differences in the ratio of experiencing medical dispute among the participants at various ages and with different education background (P < 0.001). The participants′ experience of medical dispute influenced their suspicions about precautionary medical examination (P < 0.05); while the participants experiencing PME were more likely to have medical disputes than those who not experiencing PME.  Conclusion  Precautionary medical examination is closely related to medical dispute. Relevant policies should be formulated by the government to control the prevalence of precautionary medical examination.
Optimization of public health security strategic objectives and strategies: a factor analysis
Chen CHENG, Bao-hua LIU, Ya-wei XI,
2020, 36(5): 822-825. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1119125
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Abstract:
  Objective  To identify priority intervention fields and strategies for public health security in China and to provide references for formulating health security strategy and improving the public health safety system in China.  Methods  Literature analysis, expert consultation and subject panel discussion were employed to design an expert consultation questionnaire. Data collection was conducted with field investigation. A database was built with Epi Data 3.1; the collected data were analyzed with SPSS 20.0 and public health safety strategies were screened using factor analysis method.  Results  An expert consultation questionnaire with 8 strategic target dimensions and 64 original strategic factors were designed. Then, 207 experts were surveyed with the questionnaire and valid responses were acquired from 194 (93.72%) of the experts. Factor analysis resulted in a Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) statistic value of 0.953, the variance contribution rate of 8 initial eigenvalues of greater than 1, and the cumulative variance contribution rate of 76.56. After deleting 25 reverse correlation factors confirmed by factor analysis, 39 intervention strategies, 9 priority strategies and 4 priority strategic objectives were selected.  Conclusion  With the urgent needs and the globalization of health security, strengthening global health security, medical and public health interventions, and systematic monitoring and formulating China's public health security strategy are the priority strategic objectives of public health security nowadays in China.
Interactions among knowledge, attitude and practice about malaria prevention and control in Chinese rural residents: a multiple structural equation model analysis
Zhe HE, Lei JI, Shang-feng TANG,
2020, 36(5): 826-830. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1119285
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Abstract:
  Objective  To examine interactions among the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) about malaria prevention and control among community residents in rural China.  Methods  Using four-stage stratified random sampling, we conducted a cross-sectional survey in four malaria endemic regions (Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Chongqing Municipality, and Anhui and Hubei province) between September 2016 and March 2017. We first classified all counties in the four regions into three categories based on malaria prevalence level and selected 3 counties from all counties in each of the three categories. Then, we sequentially selected 3 townships from each of the county and 3 villages from each of the township. Finally we randomly recruited 1 358 adult residents in totally 81 villages of 27 townships in 9 counties for a household interview with a self-designed questionnaire on demographics and KAP about malaria. We performed quantifications on information collected and adopted multiple structural equation model (SEM) in data analysis.  Results  Valid information were collected from a total 1 321 residents (averagely aged 44.78 ±1 7.46 years for 645 males and 676 females) and the response rate was 97.3%. For all the respondents, the scores for malaria-related KAP were 0.47 ± 0.22 for knowledge, 0.61 ± 0.32 for attitude, and 0.63 ± 0.25 for behavior, respectively. The established SEM model revealed that the score for total effect of malaria knowledge on behavior is 0.443 9 and the score of total effect of attitude towards malaria on behavior is 0.19, indicating a much greater influence of knowledge than that of attitude on behavior. The parameters of established SEM model for interaction between malaria-related KAP components varied based on the data collected from different counties (α = 0.05).  Conclusion  Health education on malaria prevention and control needs to be promoted among residents in remote rural areas to improve KAP among the population for control malaria epidemic in China.
Mask use and its associates during novel coronavirus disease epidemic among community residents in Sichuan province: a cross-sectional survey
Man XU, You-fu CHENG, Li XIAO,
2020, 36(5): 831-835. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1128474
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Abstract:
  Objective  To examine mask use and its related factors during novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic among community residents in Sichuan province and to provide evidences for developing relevant interventions by the government.  Methods  Using a self-designed questionnaire on mask use for disease prevention, we conducted an online survey among 1 118 randomly recruited community residents of Sichuan province during the outbreak of COVID-19 epidemic on February 21, 2020.  Results  Among the 1 097 participants with valid response, 99.27% reported mask wearing when going out during the epidemic period. Of the mask users, 53.87% employed disposable surgical masks; 46.76% reported the awareness on wearing a mask correctly; 45.31% reported total use time of less than four hours for one mask; 76.58% reported putting a mask in a clean, dry and ventilated place for later use; 56.20% reported discarding the used masks into waste bins; and 66.73% reported purchasing the masks by themselves. The awareness on wearing a mask correctly and cumulative usage time of a mask differed significantly by gender, age and occupation of the respondents (all P < 0.05). The respondents being male, at younger ages, and being public service personnel reported a higher awareness rate of correct mask wearing and longer cumulative usage time of a mask. Age was a significant factor influencing the way for keeping a mask for later use and for discarding a used mask (both P < 0.05). The respondents being female, aged more than 31 but less than 61 years, and being employees of enterprises or public service institutions were more likely to report keeping a mask in a clean, dry and ventilated place for later use; whereas, the respondents being male and at elder ages were more likely to report discarding used masks into waste bins.  Conclusion  During the period of novel coronavirus disease epidemic, the community residents in Sichuan province paid a great attention to wearing mask and acquiring information about wearing a mask correctly. But some groups of residents are still lack of knowledge related to usage of mask for disease prevention, suggesting that relevant health education needs to be promoted among the public.
Hypertension prevalence and its relationship with obesity-related indicators among college staff in Jinzhou city
Dan LI, Lin ZHANG, Bing-nan LIU,
2020, 36(5): 836-839. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1126670
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Abstract:
  Objective  To examine hypertension prevalence and the association of obesity-related indicators with hypertension prevalence among college staff in Jinzhou city of Liaoning province for providing references to hypertension prevention and control.  Methods  With cluster sampling, we recruited 5 161 staff at 6 universities in Jinzhou city of Liaoning province and then conducted a questionnaire survey among the staff when they had routine physical examination in a general hospital's physical examination center during September - December 2018. The data on the staff's blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference were also collected.  Results  The participants were aged 20 – 59 years, with a mean age of 39.07 ± 6.42 and a male to female ratio of 1.35:1. Among the participants, 1 547 hypertensives were identified and the hypertension prevalence rate was 29.97%. In comparison with those without overweight, obesity, and abdominal obesity, significantly higher hypertension prevalence rate were observed among the participants with overweight (53.31% vs. 22.54%), obesity (44.03% vs. 27.61%), and abdominal obesity (49.29% vs. 21.65%) (P < 0.001 for all). The hypertension prevalence rate was 17.96%, 25.02%, 38.92%, and 47.21% for the participants with the BMI quartile value of ≤ 21.60, 21.61 – 23.84, 23.85 – 25.90, and ≥ 25.91 kg/m2; and the hypertension prevalence rate was 18.13%, 26.79%, 39.47%, and 51.97% for the participants with the waist circumference quartile value of ≤ 74.49, 74.50 – 80.89, 80.90 – 87.39, and ≥ 87.40 centimeters, respectively. The prevalence rate of hypertension increased significantly with the increment of both BMI and waist circumference among the participants (both P < 0.001).  Conclusion  The hypertension prevalence is associated with obesity-related indicators and overweight, obesity, and abdominal obesity could increase hypertension prevalence among the college staff in Jinzhou city.
Comparison of vaccine safety regulatory measures in foreign countries and their enlightenment to China
Chun-yan ZI, Yin-huan HU, Si-yu CHENG,
2020, 36(5): 840-844. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1124558
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Abstract:
For human, vaccine is an important barrier against infectious diseases and an effective tool to reduce mortality. The safety of vaccine is of paramount importance. In recent years, China′s vaccine safety accidents have emerged in an endless stream, and China′s regulatory capacity for vaccine safety needs to be improved. The study summarizes and analyzes the vaccine safety supervision measures in foreign counties and draws inspirations for China′s vaccine safety management, such as setting up a comprehensive management department for coordinating various vaccine regulatory agencies, establishing a regulatory system for the whole process of vaccine production, strengthening after-sale service for vaccine, improving and perfecting the vaccine development and production supervision legislation, and improving the vaccine injury compensation mechanism.
Progress in researches on eating behaviors among preschool children in China
Meng-xue GUAN, Nan ZHOU
2020, 36(5): 845-848. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1121910
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Abstract:
Good dietary behavior is not only very important to the growth and development of young children, but also has a great impact on their lifetime health. The study analyzed eating problems, influencing factors of eating behavior and the strategies to promote good eating behavior in Chinese preschool children. By reviewing recent published researches on preschool children's eating behavior, we identified seven major problems in eating behavior among Chinese children, including preference for snacks, unhealthy food preference, distracted eating, inability to eat independently, long eating time, irregular meals, and skipping breakfast; we also summarized major factors affecting children's eating behavior such as parental feeding behavior, parenting styles, grandparents' attitudes, dining environment at home, family socio-economic status, media publicity, and the popularity of western fast food. Based on the published studies, the strategies to promote good eating behavior in preschool children include changing parents' attitudes and behaviors, creating a good dining environment, and improving the role of kindergartens and teachers. Limitations of the published researches in terms of research design, sampling and confounding factors were also discussed in the review.