选煤厂粉尘的职业危害与控制技术
Occupational harmfulness of powder dust and control technology in coal preparation plant
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摘要:目的 通过对煤矿选煤厂粉尘职业危害的调研, 找出关键控制点, 并提出相应的控制技术。方法 运作危害分析与关键控制点(HACCP)的原理, 对选煤厂的生产工艺, 作业环境进行现场调研, 识别各种职业危害因素, 从粉尘浓度、分散度及健康损失等方面了解职业危害的严重程度, 并据此找出关键控制点, 提出预防控制措施。结果 选煤厂装卸、破碎、筛选工种粉尘危害相对较大。选煤厂粉尘的危害主要为煤尘, 煤尘游离SiO2平均含量为4.9%。各地粉尘浓度差异较大, 江西煤尘的平均浓度为250.8 mg/m3。选煤厂各工种均未检出尘肺病例, 选煤厂尘肺病的危害少于煤矿其他工种。结论 选煤厂部分工种粉尘浓度超标, 对工人的潜在危害仍然存在, 除加强管理外, 要从8个方面改进降尘措施。Abstract:Objective To find out the key control points and to put forward suitable control techology by investigating occupational harmfulness of powder dust in coal preparation plant.Methods The Rule of hazard analysis and critical control point(HACCP)was used in the research program. Field researches of technological process and working environment in coal-cleaning plants were surveyed. And the factors of occupational harmfulness of all working posts were identified. Based on the serious degree of occupational harmfulness from the concentration & dispersal degree of powder dust and the health damage of workers, key control points were found out and prevention methods were advanced.Results More harmfulness happened on the positons of crashing, filtering, loading and unloading workshop. Powder dust harmfulness in coal preparation plant mainly came from coal dust. The mean concentration of free SiO2 coal dust was 4.9%. The concentrations of coal powder dust were various in different coal plants. It was 250.8 mg/m3 averagely in Jiangxi patients of dust lung in coal separation plants of Jiangxi had not been found out, which suggested that the harmfulness in coal- cleaning plant was less than that in other positions of coal.Conclusion The powder dust concentration of some working positions in coal preparation plants were beyond the relative national standard, which would by potentially harmful to workers. Besides the management of coal preparation plants should be reinforced, powder dust-removing methods should be improved form eight aspects.
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