Objective To examine the prevalence and risk factors of prostate diseases among residents in rural regions of southern Guizhou province to provide references for developing intervention mearusres.

Methods Using cluster random sampling, we selected 99 887 residents aged ≥30 years in 400 villages across Qiannan Bouyi and Miao Autonomous Region (Qiannan); then we conducted a questionnaire survey, physical examination, digital rectal examination, laboratory test, transrectal ultrasonography, X-ray examination, and biopsy beween October 2016 and September 2018. We used SAS 9. 1 in data analyses.

Results Totally 49 367 prostate disease cases were diagnosed among all the residents, with a crude and standardized prevalence rate of 49.42% and 49.27%. More than one third (37.25%, n = 18 387) of the prostate diseases were benign prostate hyperplasia, followed by calcification of prostate (22.00%, 10 862), hypertrophy of prostatitis (17.86%, 8 817), prostatolith (11.34%, 5 598), cyst of prostate (6.61%, 3 261), and other types of prostate diseases (4.95%, 2 442). The results of multivariate unconditioned logistic regression revealed following risk factor for prostate diseases: age 50 − 89 years, emaciation (odds ratio OR = 2.018, 95% confidence interval 95% CI: 1.105 − 3.079), overweight (OR = 3.455, 95% CI: 1.207 − 4.261), obesity (OR = 4.026, 95% CI: 1.235 − 5.179), preference for spicy food (OR = 3.091, 95% CI: 1.121 − 4.329), long-term insufficient sleep (OR = 3.137, 95% CI = 1.129 − 4.258), long-term frequent masturbation (OR = 3.732, 95% CI: 1.258 − 4.766), long-term horse riding (OR = 3.187, 95% CI: 1.215 − 3.692), long-term bicycling (OR = 3.225, 95% CI: 1.197 − 3.982), chronic constipation (OR = 3.104, 95% CI: 1.186 − 4.021), frequent holding back urine (OR = 3.114, 95% CI: 1.201 − 4.425), daily water intake of < 1 liter (OR = 3.538, 95% CI: 1.117 − 4.682), long-term sedentary behavior (OR = 3.883, 95% CI: 1.227 − 4.687), hypertension (OR = 2.856, 95% CI: 1.139 − 5.191), hyperlipemia (OR = 3.269, 95% CI: 1.212 – 4.968), diabetes (OR = 3.706, 95% CI: 1.325 – 4.857), and chronic anxiety (OR = 3.316, 95% CI: 1.156 − 4.736); while, the analysis indicated that regular sexual life (OR = 0.456, 95% CI = 0.209 − 0.798), not smoking (OR = 0.765, 95% CI: 0.237 − 0.983), and not drinking alcohol (OR = 0.815, 95% CI: 0.211 − 0.899) were protective factors against prostate diseases among the residents.

Conclusion The prevalence of prostate diseases is lower than that of national level among of rural residents in Qiannan region with minority populations in Guizhou province.