Objective  To investigate influencing factors of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and effects of different interventions on the infection among women in Chengde municipality of Hebei province.

  Methods  From January 2013 to January 2016, we conducted a hospital-based questionnaire interviews and laboratory detections on HPV infection among 18 – 69 years old voluntary women (n = 4 250) from 8 counties and three districts of Chengde municipality. Cervical fluid-based thin-layer cytology and HPV DNA detection were performed for all the examinees. Colposcopy, site-specific biopsy and pathological examination were conducted among the examinees positive for HPV 16/18 and those with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) or higher lesions in cytology. The prevalence and influencing factors of HPV infection among the participants were analyzed; different clinical treatments were conducted and effects of the interventions were compared among the high-risk HPV infected participants.

  Results  Among all the participants, 770 were identified as HPV infection, including 710 high-risk and 60 low-risk HPV type infections, with an overall detection rate of 18.12% and the detection rates of 16.71% and 1.41%, respectively. The detected main high-risk HPV types were HPV 16/51/53/56/58 and the low-risk HPV types were HPV 6/11/12. Both univariate and unconditional multivariate logistic analysis revealed following significant influencing factors of HPV infection among the participants: living residence, age at first sexual intercourse, number of sexual partners, number of parities, abortion history, phimosis or redundant prepuce of sexual partners, mode of previous delivery, and family history of cervical cancer. Surgical treatment showed significantly better effect compared to other medications for the participants with high-risk HPV infections (P < 0.05 for all).

  Conclusion  The prevalence rate of HPV infection is high and influence by multiple factors among women in Chengde city, suggesting that effective interventions need to be carried out to reduce HPV infection in the population.