Abstract: In recent years, precision public health has rapidly emerged in international medical community. Precision public health is centered on the population, through the cross-application of tools including genomics, bioinformatics, big data and artificial intelligence, to define the risk of disease occurrence in population, determine feasible interventions to accurately predict and prevent the occurrence and development of disease, and promote population health. Precision public health is widely used in dealing with infectious diseases, chronic diseases, rare diseases and public health emergencies. However, there are still some current challenges in breaking the "data barriers", protecting data privacy, and the lack of standardized diagnostic specifications. This article summarizes the definition, influencing factors, application and challenges of precision public health.