Abstract: Objective To understand the influencing factors of the emergence of HIV drug resistance in antiretroviral-treated patients infected with HIV/AIDS in Henan,China.Methods Cohort study was per formed in the HIV infected patients receiving antiretroviral treatment.Investigation and blood collection for drug resistance detection were conducted to study the emergence and influencing factors of HIV drug resistance.The cumulative rate of drug resistance was calculated by life table and influencing factors by Cox regression.Results The cumulative rates of drug resistance in half a year,one year,one and a half years and two years were 19.0%,35.8%,41.7%,48.2%.Higher averageincome of every person of the family,high frequency of the doctors asking the states of the patients after treatment and being married were the protecting factors.The risk factors were occured symptoms before ther apy and poor adherence based on 3-day recall.Conclusion Enhanced the salvation and care to the HIV infected patients and strengthening the supervision on the patients undergoing therapy was necessary to enhance the adherence to therapy and reduce the emergence speed of the resistant strains.