Abstract: Objective To analyze the micronucleus rate and chromosomal aberration rate of peripheral blood lymphocyte in workers with uranium radiation exposure for effective of radiation protection.Methods The subjects included two groups:269 uranium radiation exposed workers and 219 un-exposed healthy adults.The micronucleus rate and chromosomal aberration rate were detected by conventional culture method.Results The rates of chromosomal overall aberration,chromosomal pattern aberration,micronucleus,and micronucleated cell in the radiation exposed group showed significant difference compared with those of the unexposed group(P < 0.05).Chromo soma loverall aberration rates of the exposed worker with the exposure 5 years or 30 years were significan thigher than exposed workers with 5.30 years exposure(P < 0.05).Conclusion Occupationa lionising radiation exposure may increase the rates of micro nucleus and chromo soma laberration and radiation protection should be streng thened among the workers with urainium radiation.