Abstract: Objective To analyze and evaluate the effect of hepatitis B vaccination on hepatitis B infection among the residents in Gansu province.Methods With multi-stage cluster sampling,2 200 people aged 1 to 59 years were selected from 5 counties for a questionnaire survey and their blood samples were collected.Serum hepatitis B(HB) virus antigen(HBsAg) and antiboly(anti-HBs,anti-HBc) were detected with enzymen-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).Results Hepatitis B vaccination coverage increased from 19.37% in the people born before 1992 to 89.37% in the people born between 2002 and 2006,while HB virus(HBV) infection rate decreased from 43.06% to 6.56% and HBsAg positive rate decreased from 4.77% to 1.13%.HBV infection rate and anti-HBs positive rate in the people with hepatitis B vaccination history were significantly lower than those of the people without hepatitis B vaccination history,while the anti-HBs positive rate was higher.Conclusion The rate of hepatitis B vaccination increased and the infection rate of HB virus and positive rates of HBsAg and anti-HBc decreased progressively among urban and rural residents of Gansu province.