Abstract: Objective To examine physique development of urban and rural Uygur primary school students,and to provide basis for health promotion of the students.Methods Using stratified random cluster sampling,7 200 Uygur primary school students were recruited in Hetian Prefecture of Xinjiang and height,weight,chest circumference,and waist eircumference of the students were measured and analyzed in 2010 and 2012.Results The physique indexes of the students increased with the increment of age.Compared with the indexes in 2010,both the height and weight of the students increased,with the average height increment of 0.53 cm,1.42 cm,0.50 cm,and 1.19 cm and weight increment of 1.51 kg,1.87 kg,1.68 kg,and 2.00 kg for urban boys,urban girls,rural boys,and rural girls,respectively.The average increment of chest circumference were 0.54 cm,0.66 cm,and 1.07 cm for urban boys,urban girls,and rural boys and-0.07 cm for rural girls.The average waist circumference of the students declined in 2012 compared to that in 2010,with the average decrease of 0.27 cm,0.58 cm,0.10 cm,and 0.8 cm for urban boys,urban girls,rural boys,and rural girls,respectively.There were significant differences in physique indexes between urban students and rural students (P<0.05 for all),with overall higher indexes for urban students.Conclusion The physique indexes increase with the increment of age among Uygur primary school students.There are urban-rural differences in the indexes and the physique indexes of urban students are higher.