Abstract: Objective To find out risk factors of childhood leukaemia and to providea theoretical basis for the prevention of childhood leukaemia.Methods A case-control study was done in Guangzhou in 2012-2013,with face-to-face or telephone questionnaive survey.Epi Data 3.1 was used to establish database and SPSS 19.0 was use to do the statistics.Results Univariate analysis showed that drinking milk and mother's education were significant protective factors of childhood leukaemia,with the odds ratio OR and 95%confidence interval(95%CI)of 0.46(0.22-0.97)and 0.33(0.18-0.61).However,butter consumption,hair coloring during pregnancy,smoking of father,and family history of cancer were risk factors of childhood leukaemia,with the OR(95%CI)of 3.28(1.22-8.82),7.30(1.58-33.64),4.38(2.12-9.05),and 4.81(1.31-17.69),respectively.Mutivariate analyses showed that mother's education,drinking milk,butter consumption,hair coloring during pregnancy,and father smoking were associated with childhood leukaemia,with the OR(95%CI)of 0.31(0.17-0.58),0.46(0.22-0.97),3.90(1.41-10.81),7.58(1.57-36.59)and 4.33(2.08-9.00),respectively.Conclusion Excessive consumption of butter in daily life will increase the risk of childhood leukemia.Drinking milk and higher education of the mothers may be protective factors for childhood leukemia.Smoking control,no hair coloring in duration of pregnancy and higher maternal education are beneficial for the prevention of childhood leukemia.