Abstract: Objective To examine the relationship between chronic prostatitis and psychological and behavioral factors and to provide a basis for implementing specific intervention measures.Methods A hospital-based case-control questionnaire survey was conducted among 576 chronic prostatitis patients seeking medical service and 1152 healthy controls taking routine physical examination in Yiling Hospital of Yichang Municipality, Hubei province between January 2012 through December 2013.Results There were significant differences between the cases and the controls in the proportion of current smoking(50.0% vs.44.7%), no current smoking but ever-smoking(17.2% vs.16.1%), current alcohol drinking(62.2% vs.57.6%), no current alcohol drinking but ever-drinking(13.5% vs.12.0%), with daily sedentary time of ≤5 hours(92.9% vs.88.7%), with minor life stress(44.3% vs.41.2%), and with moderate life stress(27.8% vs.22.0%)(P<0.05 for all).The results of logistic regression analysis showed that smoking, current alcohol drinking and ever alcohol drinking were risk factors for chronic prostatitis;whereas, preference for sweet food was a protective factor for the disease.Conclusion Smoking and alcohol drinking are risk factors and preference for sweet food is a protective factor for chronic prostatitis.