Abstract: Objective To explore the relationship between psychological factors and anorectal diseases among adult residents in China.Methods A questionnaire survey and physical examination were conducted among 68 906 residents of 18 years old or above selected from 31 provinces,municipalities,and autonomous regions with stratified sampling between January 2012 and September 2014.The data on psychological condition (personality,life satisfaction,stress,and significant negative life event)and anorectal disease were collected among the participants and analyzed with SPSS 17.0.Results The residents with irritable temperament had a significantly higher prevalence rate of anorectal diseases (63.95%) than those with mild temperament (48.63%) and normal temperament (47.71%).The residents reporting severe stress had an obviously higher prevalence rate of anorectal diseases (69.25%) than those reporting no perceived stress (46.66%).The residents being satisfied with their life status (including interpersonal relationships and occupation) had a lower anorectal diseases prevalence rate (47.52%) compared to those being dissatisfied (67.68%) and being very dissatisfied (76.62%) to their life status.The residents with the experience of significant negative life event during past one year had a significantly higher prevalence rate of anorectal diseases than those without the experience (70.27% vs.47.91%,χ²=1 216.09;P<0.001).Conclusion Psychological factors could affect the incidence of anorectal diseases in Chinese adult residents.