Risk factors, early detection and effective surveillance of outbreaks or epidemics of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers: a review

Typhoid and paratyphoid fevers, one of major infectious diseases with global transmission potentiality and high incidence, still imposes pressing disease burden and major global-health concern in low- and middle-income countries. In endemic areas, the disease is characterized by high incidence, limited effect of prevention and control, and more cases caused by water contamination, food contamination and close contact. In addition, the remarkable characteristics of the disease in developed countries and regions are the low incidence rate and the relatively large proportion of tourism-related cases, and there are still difficulties in the sustainable reduction of the incidence rate. Detection and surveillance on typhoid and paratyphoid fevers in a timely and accurate manner is an important scientific and technological problem to prevent the outbreak and reduce the hazard. In the study, we summarized researches on risk factors, early detection and effective surveillance of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers, and paid attention to multispace-time node triggering and multi-disciplinary channel monitoring and etiological results in the process of outbreak and epidemic for providing a basis to the construction of an innovative technical system with sensitive specificity, staging measurement of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers.