Abstract: The establishment of the National Administration of Disease Prevention and Control has initiated the reform of China′s disease prevention and control system. Clarifying and optimizing the responsibilities of disease prevention and control institutions is the core of implementing the reform of the disease prevention and control system and serves as a compass for institutional capacity building and work implementation. Through literature review and policy document analysis, this article discusses the historical development, current challenges, and development directions of the responsibilities of disease prevention and control institutions.