Abstract: Objective To explore variations in physique and their related factors among Uyghur students aged 7 to 18 years in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Xinjiang) between 2000-2010 and to provide references for health evaluation of Uyghur students.Methods Body shape indexes for Uyghur students aged 7-18 years in Xinjiang were extracted from databases of two waves of survey on physique and health conditions of Chinese students conducted in 2000 and 2010 and analyzed with SPSS 17.0.Results All physique indexes increased with age increment among 2 402 and 5 748 students surveyed in 2000 and 2010.Compared to those in 2000,the average height,weight,and chest circumference declined among the students in 2010 and the decreases were 2.71,3.43,2.08,and 2.95 centimeters for height,2.18,2.87,1.80,and 1.42 kilogramms for weight and 2.25,1.58,1.52,and 0.64 centimeters for chest circumference among the urban male,urban female,rural male,and rural female students,respectively.All average physique indexes of rural students were significantly lower than those of urban students,except for average height.Conclusion There are downward trends between 2000-2010 and urban-rural differences in physique indexes among primary and high school Uyghur students and the indexes of rural students are generally higher than those of urban students in Xinjiang.