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2005 Vol. 21, No. 4

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Comparative study on smoking-related knowledge, attitude, and practice among medical and non-medical undergraduate students
HAN Minyan, CHEN Weiqing, LU Ciyong,
2005, 21(4): 385-387. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-01
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  Objective   To explore the influence of medicaleducation on smoking-related knowledge, attitude, and practice among undergraduate students.   Methods   8 760 undergraduate students with grade 1 to 3 were sampled with cluster sampling method, and they were surveyed with aself-administered questionnaire to inquire their demographic characteristics and smoking-related knowledge, attitude, and practice.   Results   The mean score of smoking-related knowledge for female medical students was observed in grade 2 and 3 male undergraduate students.Except the mean score of smoking-related attitude for the grade 2 medical students was higher than the score for grade 2 non-medical students, the mean score of soking-related attitude was significant difference amongthe remained medical and non-medical undergraduate students.Among smokingtriers before enteringthe university, there were more un-regular smokers reported in non-medical students than medical students after they entered the university.But, there was no difference for them becomingregular smoker between medical students and non-medical students.Amongthose being free smoking before enteringthe university, medical students less tried to smokingthan non-medical students did, and no significance for un-regularand regular smokers was obtained between medical and nonmedical students.   Conclusion   Medicaleducation might improve the smoking-related knowledge and reduced the prevalence rate of smokingtriers amongthose being free smoking before enteringthe university, and reduced the prevalence rate of unregular smokers amongthose being smokingtriers before enteringthe university.
2005, 21(4): 387-388. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-02
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Relationship between smoking drinking behaviorand personality and mental health in university students
LI Huimin
2005, 21(4): 389-390. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-03
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  Objective   To investigate smoking drinking behaviorof university students in Henan and to explore the relationship between the behaviorand personality and mental health of them.   Methods   1 100 university students in Henan were investigated with Symptom Check-List 90(SCL-90), Eysenck Personality Questionnaire(EPQ)and smoking drinking ques tionnaire.The comparative analyses on personality and mental health were made between smoking drinking students and non smoking drinking students.   Results   The university students'smokingrate was 24.5% and drinkingrate was 50.6%.The smoking drinking students' P scores of EPQ and the frequent smoking male students' P andEscord of EPQ were significantly high.Besides, a few factors' scores of SCL-90 were also significantly high.   Conclusion   There was closed relationship between the university students' smoking drinking behaviorand their personality and mental health state.
2005, 21(4): 390-391. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-04
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Survey on psychological and social factors of depression in medical college students
ZHAI Dechun, PAN Xiudan, LI Huiying,
2005, 21(4): 392-393. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-05
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  Objective   Tomake asurvey and to analyze the depression of medical college students and related psychological and social factors.   Methods   To stratificate and take out 509 students in some medical college in groups, then make asurvey and analyze the popular features and related factors.   Results   The rate of students with depressed mood was 22.4%.There was significant difference in SDS depression scores of students in different grades; depression mood were closely related with following matters: personality, reacting ways tomater ial, comprehension of social support, daily life affairs, satisfaction degree to their majors, estimation about theiremployment perspective.   Conclusion   It is important to take effective measures in healtheducation; to apply the positive reacting ways; to improve the ability to adjust themselves to the new environment; to perfect psychological quality to prevent or reduce the happening of depression.
Investigation on mental health state of college students in western part of Gansu
ZHONG Weimin, WANG Zhiyong, LUO Wenjun,
2005, 21(4): 394-395. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-06
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  Objective   To study and to analyze the mental health of the collgeg students in the western area.   Methods   To check and to compare analyze 3000 students in the school from rank orderand classification by sy mptom oneself checking(SCL 90).   Results   The level on mental health state of the students was significant different from that of the nation.The re sults of different grades, different sex were different.   Conclusion   Economy and culture in the western part is in a backward state.The condition of university in western part of China is worse than that in the east.It is important to pay much more at tention to the mental health state of college students in western university.The students mental quallity and abilities of fit tingthe surroundings sholuld be improved.
2005, 21(4): 395-395. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-07
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2005, 21(4): 396-396. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-08
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2005, 21(4): 397-397. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-09
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2005, 21(4): 398-398. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-10
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Surveillance on stroke incidence and mortality in some areas of Jiangsu
PAN Hongxing, LI Ying, CHEN Jianfeng,
2005, 21(4): 399-400. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-11
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  Objective   To investig ate the incidence and mortality of stroke events in female population aged 20-64 years in some areas of Jiangsu Province and to explore the association between the incidence of stroke events and the intensity of risk factors.   Methods   The cases of stroke occurred in the defined female po pulation were continuously collected through an established monitoring system, an extensional study of the MONICA project.Monitoring data for disease rate(incidence or mor tality)of stroke and risk factors of hemorrhagic stroke were used to detect the difference among distinct areas.   Results   The age standar dized incidence of stroke in assigned sur veillant areas was higher than that in Jiangsu Province, and the age standardized incidence of stroke in Southern surveillant areas was similar to that of in high stroke incidence areas of China.Rate of preoral contraceptive user, mean of systolic pressure, mean of diastolic pressure, averge age of stroke cases in Southern surveillant area were significantly higher than those in Northern surveillant area.There was asignificant concordance between trends of combined oral contraceptive usingrate and stroke incidence duringthe past 7 years in tworepresentative regions.   Conclusion   In female population, prevention and treatment of stroke is a growing important matter.To control the different risk factors of stroke in distinct areas is a reasonable method in the stroke prevention.
Effect of experimental reducing fat on leptin resistance and insulin resistance in adolecent girl students with simple obesity
FU Lanying, WANG Xiaoyin, LI Ming,
2005, 21(4): 401-402. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-12
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  Objective   To investigate the effect of exper imental reducing fat on leptin resistance and insulin resistance in adolecent g irl students with simple obesity.   Methods   Simple obesity students accepted the reducing weight therapy composed of the aerobicex ercise, reasonable diet, behavior modification forten month.Then the changes of blood leptin and insulin were examined pre-and post-treatment.   Results   The leptin and insulin level were significantly higher in obese subjects than that in normal subjects, and the leptin and insulin level were decreased obviously afterexper imental reducing fat.   Conclusion   There are leptin resistance and insulin resistance in adolecent girl students with simple obesity.The experimental reducing fat can decrease the leptin and insulin level, so it plays an important role in adjusting metabolism disorder.
2005, 21(4): 402-402. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-13
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Distribution and characteristic of areas with high iodine concentration in drinking water in Shandong province
GUO Xiaowei, QIN Qiliang, BIAN Jianchao,
2005, 21(4): 403-405. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-14
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  Objective   To understand the present condition, characteristics and the map of iodine excess areas in Shandong province, which will provide the evidence foradjustment in iodized salt supply in these areas in order to implement the scientific intervention guided by the Regulation.   Methods   Across section in one time was adopted for the epidemiological survey based on the east, west, south, north and central in all of townships from 40 counties.2 samples of drinking water from each village were tested for their water iodine content.The data regardingto their recourses and the depth of wells were measured.5 samples ofedible salt were collected from 5 households in each village for quantitative analysis.   Results   2 780 villages in 556 townships of 40 counties were investigated in this study.13 million population were estimated at risk foriodine excess and living in 281 townships of 35 counties where iodine concentration was over 150μg/L in drinding water.The recourses of drinking water were mainly from shallow wells with 3.14±187μg indine/L in mean value or 256μg iodine/L(100-2 304μg/L)in medium.All the iodine excess areas were located in alluvial plain and connected with same iodine excess areas in Hebei, Henan, Jiangsu and Anhui provinces.The etiology of high iodine in shallow well water may be supposed to be iodine aggregation formed by Yellow River in terms of thousands of flood in thousands of years.   Conclusion   Iodized salt intervention should be stopped in all townships with the problems of iodine excess accordingto the regulation and startingthe healtheducation project at the same time.Monitoring programme is also important in these areas after stopping iodized salt.It is essential to grasp the great opportunity duringthe National Project entitled" South Water North Transport" so as to change the water recourses.
2005, 21(4): 405-405. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-15
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Relationship between class 1 integron and resistance in EHEC
LI Yongmei, LI Fan, ZHAO Chunyan
2005, 21(4): 406-408. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-16
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  Objective   To study the distr ibution of class 1 integron in 48 isolates(domestic 28 strains, U.S.A 20 strains) of Entero hemorrhagic E.coli(EHEC), and to explore the sort and relationship of resistance gene cassettes in integrons.Meth ods Routine method was used to isolate EHEC, serotyping; identified virulent strains by PCR; 18 kinds of antibiotics susceptibility were tested using agardilution protocol; class 1 integron was detected also by PCR assay; PCR products were sequenced and analyzed.   Results   Of 48 EHEC strains 23 were O157:H7.The resistance status was no difference between China and U.S.A isolates except the difference in Ampicillin and Erythromycin, the former that domestic isolates(60.7%)were higherthan those of U.S.A(30%); the latter that U.S.A isolates(95%)were higher than those of China(60.7%).There were 18 isolates(U.S.A 3, China 15)resisted to at least 3 kinds of antibiotics.All EHEC strains resisted to Sulfamethoxazole timetho prim.11(U.S.A 2, China 9)of 48(22.9%)isolates carried class 1integrons; and aadA 1 gene cassette existed in 9 isolates, aa dA 2 gene cassette existed in 2 isolates.And the resistance of aminoglycoside were confered.   Conclusion   Class 1 integron exists in the EHEC, and determines the resistance of some antibiotics.
Effects of branched-chain amino acids spplementation on expression of TPH mRNA in rats
OUYANG Ruying, JI Honguang, CAI Yiling,
2005, 21(4): 409-410. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-17
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  Objective   To explore the effects of branched chain amino acids(BCAA)supplementation on the expression of TPH mRNA in the brain stem of rats subjected to sleep deprivaton(SD).   Methods   Sleep deprivation was induced in male Sprague Dawlay rats by employing flower pottechnique.Fifty six rats were divided into seven groups randomly: C(control group), 24h SD(being sleep depr ived for 24 hours), 24 h SDB(being sleep depr ived for 24 hours and fed fodderenriched with BCAA), 48h SDB, 48h SDB, 72 h SD, 72 h SDB.   Results   Expressions of TPH mRNA in the brain stem in 24 h and 48 h sleep deprived groups were not significantly different from that in the control group(P > 0.05), but increased sig nificantly after 72 h sleep deprivation(P < 0.01).Expressions of TPH mRNA in the groups supplemented with BCAA were no significantly changed compared with the groups without BCAA supplementaton.   Conclusion   72 hour sleep deprivation enhanced the expressons of TPH mRNA in rat brain stem; oral supplementation of BACC could not alter the change of the expressions of TPH mRNA in the brain stem of rats sbjected to sleep deprivation.
Effects of N-acetyl cysteine and sodium selenite on rats with acute exposure to cadmium
WANG Yu, XU Zhaofa, YU Daojun,
2005, 21(4): 411-412. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-18
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  Objective   To study the effects of Nacetyl cysteine and sodium selenite on liverand kidney of rats with acute exposure to cadmium.   Methods   32 Wistar rats were randamly divided intofour groups.Control group was injected sc with 0.9% NaCl; Cadmium chloride group was injected sc with 35 mol/kg CdCl2; Others were pretreated by administering ip injection of 1 mmol/kg NAC(N acetyl cysteine)and 10 mol/kg Na2SeO3 respectively 2 hour before the injection of CdCl2.L iver, kidney cortexand blood samples were collected 24 hours after CdCl2 administration.LDH(lact ic dehydrogenase), GPT(glutamic pyruvic transaminase)activities in serum were determined Cd(lacdmium), MDA(malondial dehyde)and GSH(glutathion)contents in liverand renal cortexas well as GSHPx(glutathion peroxidase)activities were mensurated.   Results   Compared with control group, LDH and GPTactivities in serum and Cd contents in both liverand renal cortex with Cd alone were obviously increased.GSH, MDA contents in liver were increased significantly and GSHPxactivities were obviously decreased with Cd alone.Contrast with the group of given Cd alone, LDH and GPTact ivities in serum and GSH, MDA contents in liver with the administration of NAC were decreased significantly.Cd contentsn both liverand renal cortexalso decreased significantly; The pretreatment of Na2SeO3 had significantly reduced LDH, GPTactivities in serum; GSH and Cd contents in both liverand renal cortex were alsoreduced significantly.It also obviously increased GSHPxactivities in liverand MDA con tents in renal cortexas compared with those given Cd alone.   Conclusions   NAC and Na2SeO3 may have protect ive effects on Cd induced acute hepatictoxicity, which may relate to the content of GSH and the activities of GSH-Px.
Heritability analysis on body size indices of adult twins in Qingdao
WU Weifeng, PANG Zengchang, MA Aiguo
2005, 21(4): 413-414. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-19
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  Objective   To discuss the extent that inheritance impacts on body size indices, w hich include body mass index(BMI)and waistohip ratio(WHR).   Methods   Based on zygosity identification, the heritability of body size indices was studied for 496 pairs of twins, aged on less than 24 years old, who were voluntary to participate in this study.Mx software package was used as the statistical method to build structural equation models.   Results   The heritability estimated for BMI was 76%, which was 33% and 74% for male and female respectively.For WHR, the heritability was 62%, 0.12% and 74% respectively for male and female.   Conclusion   Amongthe factors of body size, BMI and WHR are both influenced mostly by inheritance.For females, inher itance influnces mostly on BMI and WHR.For males, the inher itable influence is larger than en vironmental factors on BMI and is little on WHR.
Analysis on genotoxicity of different water
YAN Peng, YU Mei, ZHENG Jian,
2005, 21(4): 415-416. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-20
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  Objective   To study the mutagenicity of the water in Ncity.   Methods   XAD 2 resin was used to extract the organic atter in water.Ames test, the micronucleus assay and the sperm morphologic test were used to analyze the utagenicity of the nonvolatile org anic copounds(NOCs)in water, for the main waterwor ks sour ce water, the clarified filtration waterand the chlouinated tap water in Ncity.   Results   The chlouinated tap water micronucleus rate and seed defor mity rate were sig nificantly higher than those in normal group(P < 0.5).When the chlouinated tap water dosage was 5 L/plate, TA98 S9 MR=4.92, TA98+S9 MR=2.69.   Conclusion   Mutagenicity was determined by the chlorinated tap water in some degree, but mutagenicity was not found in the source waterand the clar ifying fillration water.
Combination toxicology of formaldehyde, trichloroethylene and alchlor with Chinese Hamster Lung Cells
WANG Bo, TANG Meng, CHENG Yan,
2005, 21(4): 417-419. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-21
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  Objective   To study the combined action of formaldehyde, trichloroethylene and alchlor.   Methods   50% inhibition concentration(IC50)and 95% confidence limits of formaldehyde, trichloroethylene, alchlorand mixture(formaldehyde, trichloriethylene and alchlor)were assessed using Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium(MTT)with Chinese Hamster Lung Cells.Combined action of above mixture was evaluated accordingto Finney model and Log istic Regression Method.   Results   IC50 of formaldehyde, trichloroethylene, alchlorand the mixture were 0.0226 mg/ml, 0.368 mg/ml, 0.589 mg/ml and 0.124 mg/ml respectively.The Qvalue was 11.08 and Parameter B4 from Logistic Regression Method showed no significant.   Conclusion   Combination tox icolog y of above mixture(formaldehyde: trichloroethylene: alchlor=6:11:33)belonged to additive effect.
2005, 21(4): 419-419. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-22
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Analysis on genotype an epidemic characteristics of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome virus
SONG Shaoxia, WANG Zhiyu, WANG Zhiqiang,
2005, 21(4): 420-422. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-23
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  Objective   To understand the genetic type of Hantaviruses(HV)and the differences betw een the Msegments isolated from rodents in Shandong Province.   Methods   The lung samples positive with HV antigens by immunofluorescent as say were amplified by RTPCR with Hantavirus specific primers and the products sequenced.The results were compared with the previous strains of Shandong Province in homolog y and phylogenetics.   Results   Eighteen of the PCR amplifications were positive.Nucleotide sequence homology analysis showed that they were all seoul(SEO)-type HV.The nucleotide sequence homology of these samples was more than 95.7% and they belonged to the same subtype.The nucleotide sequence homology of the Hantaan(HTN)type HV in Shandong Province was more than 77.9%, but they belonged to different subtypes.   Conclusion   The HV strains isolated in Shandong Province mainly were SEO type.The SEO type HV was highly conserved while the HTN type HV was highly variable.
Effects of chlorophyllin on malignant transformation cell cycle and proliferation in vitro in human bronchial epitheial cells
FU Juan, JIANG Yiguo, BIN Xiaonong,
2005, 21(4): 423-424. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-24
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  Objective   To study the effects of chlorophyllin on proliferation and cell cycle in vit ro in human bronchial epithelial cell line(16 HBE)transformed by trans-benzo(a)pyrene-trans-7, 8-dihydrodiol-9, 10-epoxide(trans-BPDE).   Methods   MTTmethod and flow cytometry were used to investigate alteration of the growth curve and cell cycle among untreated control cells, malignant transformed cells induced by trans-BPDE and the anti-transformed cells treated with chlorophyllin and to analyse effects of chloropyllin on the cells.   Results   Compared with that of control 16 HBE, the vitality of malignant transformed cells was higherand it was inhibited significantly in the anti-transformed cells treated with 100μmol/L chloropyllin.However it was uninhibited in the cells treated with only chloropyllin of the same concentration.The proportion of G0/G1 cells decreased significantly after beingtansformed by trans-BPDE while the proportion increased after being anti-transformed by chlorophyllin.Meanwhile, no change was observed in G0/G1 phase of cells treated with the same concentration of chlorophyllin.   Conclusion   Acertain concentration of chlorophyllin may have significant anti-profileration activity in human bronchial epithelial cell line 16 HBE.It interfere cell cycle course by enhancingthe G0/G1 phase proportion in malignant transformed cell and result in change of cell profileration and differentiation.
Effects of efflux pump proteins in inner membrane of gonococci on ciprofloxacin resistance level
SHAO Shengwen
2005, 21(4): 425-426. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-25
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  Objective   Tofind the relationship betw een effluxpump proteins in the inner membrane and gonoco cci resis tance to ciprofloxacin.   Methods   NaN3 was used as an inhibitor to effluxpump proteins, and the quantity of ciprofloxacin up take and accumulation in gonococci were determined under twokinds of situation, with NaN3 and without NaN3, respectively.   Results   The quantity of ciprofloxacin uptake in gonococci was limited, and the limitation of ciprofloxacin-susceptible and ciprofloxacin-resistant gonococci were 70-110ng and 20-55ng, respectively.Without NaN3, the quantity of ciprofloxacin accumulation in ciprofloxacin-suscept ible gonococci was 94.2ng, which was sig nificiently more than 39.4ng in ciprofloxacin-resistant g onococci(P < 0.01);After NaN3 was added, the former was 95ng, nodifferent from that without NaN3(P > 0.05), but the latter increased to 78ng, obviously more than that without NaN3(P < 0.05), and it was no different from that in ciprofloxacin-susceptible gonococci without NaN3(P > 0.05).There were no effluxpump proteins in the inner membrane among 6 strains ciprofloxacin-susceptible gonococci and among 2 strains lo wlevel ciprofloxacin-resistant gonococci.Effluxpump proteins exsited in the inner membrane among 4 strains high level ciprofloxacin-resistant gonococci.   Conclusion   The effluxpump could actively tranfer ciprofloxacin out of gonococci cytoplasm, the quantity of ciprofloxacin accumulation in cytoplasm reduced, which was an impor tant factorof gonococci high level resistance to ciprofloxacin.NaN3 could inhibit those function of effluxpump.
Analysis on classification of hepatitis patients and superinfection condition
ZHANG Tao, GAO Meiyang, ZHAO Qi,
2005, 21(4): 427-428. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-26
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  Objective   To investigate the classification of hepatitis patients and the condition of super infection.   Methods   The sera came from sera bank of School of Public Health, Fudan University, and all of the hospitalize hepatitis patients in shanghai in 1990 s were determined by ELASA foranti HAVI gM, anti HCVIgG, anti HEVI gMand IgG.   Results   In the 1 143 patients, the positive rate of HAVI gM, HBV, HCVIgG, HEVIgMand HEVIgG were 52.1%, 53.6%, 1.3%, 17.8% and 70.4% respectively.And the superinfection patients came up to 746, about 65.4%.The superinfection rates of hepatitis A, B, C, E respecifically equal to 61.4%, 69.3%, 0.9 and 17.4%.   Conclusion   The superinfection is very common amongthe hepatitis patients.The interaction of HAV and HBV may restrain the replication of HBV and people health is threatened.
Effect of Staphylococcus xylosus and Lactobacillus casei on content of biogenic amines in dry fermented sausages
TAN Lihong, XIA Wenshui, ZHANG Chunhui
2005, 21(4): 429-431. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-27
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  Purpose   To study the effect of Staphylococcusxy losus and Lactobacillus casei as starter cultures on reducingthe biogenic amines content during sausage fer mentation and ripening.   Methods   Dry fermented sausages made by traditional ways were cultured by Staphy lococcusxy losus and Lactobacillus casei.Histamine, tyramine and tryptamine were determined as OPA derivates by HPLC.Changes in water content, microbial counts, pH, AAN and VBN were also examined during fermentation and r ipeningto see if there were relations between them and biogenic amines.   Results   Both Stap hylococcus xylosus and Lactobacillus casei were efficient in reducingthe concentration of histamine each by 41.0% and 68.1% but not able toreduce the concentration of try ptamine compared with the control batch.Lactobacillus casei was able toreduce tyramine production by 11.6%.   Conclusion   Lactobacillus casei is better than Staphylococcus xylosus from aspects of ability in reducing biogenic amine content and controlling of other microorganism.The production of biogenic amines depend not only on decomposing of protein and forming of free amino acid but also on the growth of microorganism and enzyme activity of decarboxylation.
2005, 21(4): 431-431. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-28
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Effect of phthalic acid ester on drosophila's life span and its mutagenesis
YANG Kefeng, LI Shuguang, CAI Zhiming
2005, 21(4): 432-433. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-29
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  Objective   To study the influence of phthalic acid esteron drosophilas life span and mutagenesis to drosophi las germ cell.   Methods   In drosophilas life span test and SLRL flies were fed with din butylphthalate(DBP)and dinoctyl phthalate(DOP)of identical concentration.   Results   Above concentration of 0.02% group flies life span became obviously shor ter compared with the control group; mutation rate of flies in 600, 1.800 mg/L group remar kably differed from that of the control group.   Conclusion   DBP and DOP inter fered flies natural development and metabolism, shortened flies life span obviously; DBP and DOP also had mutagenic effect on Droso philas ge m cell.
Evaluation of seroepidemiological survey quality on toxoplasmosis paragonimiasis and trichinelliasis in China
CHEN Yingdan, WANG Jvjun, YUAN Zhongying,
2005, 21(4): 434-435. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-30
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  Objective   To evaluate the quality of the seroepidemiological survey which was used in tox oplasmosis paragonimiasis and trichinelliasis in china.   Methods   Tore exam the samples which were positive and part of samples which were negative by means of random sampling, accordingto the method which used the same kits and fellowed the same procedures in this sur vey.   Results   Two examinations showed that the positive agreement rate were 79.17%, 78.08% and 69.25%;the negative agreement rate were 98.00%, 96.91% and 91.47%;total agreement rate were 98.14%, 97.21% and 92.84%; Kappe value were 0.8738, 0.8611 and 0.7744.   Conclusion   The reproducibility of to xoplasmosis, paragonimiasis and trichinelliasis was excellent by two examination of the samples.The lonsistency(identity)of results of Kappe testhad signifi cant difference.
2005, 21(4): 435-435. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-31
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Cloning and expression of Vitreoscilla Hemoglobin in Esherichia coli
SUN Yan, ZHENG Yuyan, WANG HongJun,
2005, 21(4): 436-437. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-32
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  Objective   To construct one expression plasmid containing Vitreoscilla hemoglobin gene(vgb)-pBlurscript SK and to express vgb in E.cloi DH-5 A.   Methods   Vitreoscilla came from our laboratory that selected from environment.Plasmid-pBlurscript SK was used vector.VHb gene was cloned by PCR technique.Recombinant expression plasmidpBlueV was constructed and was introduced into Escherichia.coli.The expression production of VHb in the host was ver ified by means of the CO-binding difference spectra and the SDS-PAGE and Western blot.   Results   VHb gene molecular weight was 0.5 kb.DNA sequencing confirmed that the fragments in pBlue V was vgb gene.The homology was 100% compared with the published vgb gene fragments.   Conclusion   Recombinant expression plasmid containing Vitreoscilla hemoglobin gene(vgb)was successfully constructed and expressioned in E.cloi.
Study on macroelements in fetal organic tissues and mother serum
ZHANG Huimin, LIU Xiaoli, XIE Jianbin,
2005, 21(4): 438-439. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-33
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  Objective   To study the contents, distr ibutions and cor relations of some macroelements in the or ganic tissues of healthy fetus and the maternal blood.   Methods   The samples from fetal cerebrum, cerebellum, heart, liver, kidney, gas trocnemius, placenta and mother serum were digested with nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide solution in microw ave digestion system.Then the contents of so dium, potassium, calcium, mag nesium and phosphorus in those sample solutions were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spect rometry.   Results   Amongthe five elements, sodium, potassium and phosphorus were abundant in all the above fetal tissues, calcium existed mainly in the fetal g astrocnemius and placenta, and magnesium existed mainly in the fetal heart, liverand kidney.Correlations between the contents of various elements in the same organ as well as the same element in different organs were observed in the study.   Conclusion   The contents and distributions of macroelements in the healthy fetal organisms presented remar kable characteristics and correlations.
Changes of activities of apoptosis-related enzymes in hippocampal slice in acute lead-poisoned mice
GAO Mingqi, ZHANG Tianbiao, SUN Liguang,
2005, 21(4): 440-441. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-34
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  Objective   To explore changes of hippocampal calpain and calcineurin activities in Pb2+ damaged mouse and effect of(D-(-)-2-A mino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid)AP-5 on it.   Methods   By means of hippocampal slice to observe changes of calpain and calcneurin act ivities in mouse.   Results   Pb2+ resulted in increases of calpain and calcineur in activities in mouse hippo campal slices, and AP-5 could antagonize preceding changes.   Conclusion   AP-5 can antagonize the increase of calpain and calcineurin activities of mouse induced by Pb 2+.
Changes of glucose transporter 2 in rat livers with different thyroid state
XU Jian, LIN Hanhua, SUN Xiufa
2005, 21(4): 442-443. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-35
Abstract(986) HTML (254) PDF 1227KB(37)
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  Objective   To study the effect of g lucose transpor ter 2(GLUT2)on impaired g lucose tolerance in hyperthy ro id rat.   Methods   For ty male Wistar rats were divided intofour groups: hy pothyroidism, lighthyperthyroidism, serious hy per thyroidism and normal groups.Every group included ten rats.Induction of hypo or hyperthyroidism: Every hypothy roidism rat received 10 mg methimazole every day.Every lighthyperthyroidism rat received 100 μg L-thyrox ine while every serious hyperthy roidism rat received 20μg L-thyrox ine everyday.The control group received saline everv day.After 28 days, the concentrations of blood glucose, insulin, T3 and T4 were examined and GLUT2 were detected by Western blot.   Results   The concentrations of blood glucose, insulin and GLUT2 increased significantly in light and serious hy perthyroidism rats while IAI decreased significantly.Compared with lishthyperthyroidism, GLUT2 and blood tnsulin increaseed while IATdecreased sig nificantly in serious hyperthyro idism.The concentrations of blood glucose, insulin and IAI in hypothyroidism did not change significantly.The concentrations of GLUT2 in the hypothyroidism rats decreased significantly.Blood glucose, insulin andIAI had positive sig nificant correlation with GLUT2.   Conclusion   The changes of GLUT2 concentrations in the liver cell membrane probably contr ibuted to abnormal g lucose metabolism in hyperthyroidism.
Observation of rabbit nitric oxide and its synthase in different phases of atherosclerosis
HAO Wenjun, BAI Xiaojuan
2005, 21(4): 444-446. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-36
Abstract(1201) HTML (244) PDF 1832KB(46)
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  Objective   To observe the changes of nitric ox ide(NO)and its synthase in the pathogenesis of atherosclero sis.   Methods   36 male New Zealand white rabbits were divided into control group and model group(fed with 1% cholesterol and 2% pig oil)at random.At the time of 8, 16, 24 weeks, serum lipid concentrations Nitric ox ide synthase(NOS)activity, NO production and blood superox ide dismutase(SOD)activity were detected, and pathologic changes were observed.   Results   Compared with control group, serum TC, LDLC concentrations, aortic NOS activity and NO production in model group in creased(P < 0.01), but SOD activity decreased markedly(P < 0.01).In model groups, TC, LDLC concentrations increased, SOD activity decreased gradually with the progress of experiment(P < 0.05), NOS activity and NO production reached the peak at 16 weeks.   Conclusion   With the progress of atherosclerosis, NOS activity and NO production were enhanced, and they reached the peak at the phase of fiberous plaque.
2005, 21(4): 446-446. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-37
Abstract(1035) HTML (228) PDF 448KB(27)
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Effect of conjugated linoleic acids on leptin level of adipose tissue in obese rats
ZHANG Wenbin, JI Ailing, CAO Rui,
2005, 21(4): 447-448. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-38
Abstract(1177) HTML (314) PDF 353KB(53)
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  Objective   To observe the effect of conjugated linoleic acids(CLA)on body weight, Serum lipids level, leptin expression level in obesity rats, and to discuss the mechanism of CLA effect on fat metabolize.   Methods   50 female Wistar rats were divided intofive groups(normal control group, fourobesity model groups).The four group rats were fed with high fat and glucose diets fora month, and body weight > 230g 28 rats were divided intofour groups(obesity control group, three conjugated linoleic acids groups), and rats were given different conjugated linoleic acids for four weeks later.Body weight, serum lipids level, lpetin expression level were measured.   Results   Obesity control group, body weight, serum lipids decreased significantly and leptin expression level in adipose tissue were dicreased.   Conclusion   Conjugated linoleic acids can reduce Body weight, serum lipids level, and the mechanism maybe through intermediation leptin expression level in adipose tissue.
2005, 21(4): 448-448. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-39
Abstract(924) HTML (290) PDF 489KB(13)
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Study on SOD gene expression and SOD activity in aging model mice induced by D-galactose
LIU Keming, WANG Chunhua, ZHANG Mingyue,
2005, 21(4): 449-450. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-40
Abstract(1001) HTML (254) PDF 136KB(28)
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  Objective   To investigate the changes of activity and expression of superoxide dismutase(SOD)in aging model mice induced by D-galactose.   Methods   Kunming mice were randomly divided into three groups including aging model mice induced by D-galactose group, control group and three level of panax(low, middle and high)groups.Biochemical assay and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)were adopted tomeasure changes of SOD activity and gene expression in different groups.   Results   Activity and gene expression of SOD decreased significantly in aging model mice induced by Dgalactose than those of control mice(P < 0.01).Compared with aging model mice group, activity and gene expression of SOD increased in all groups of panax.And the increase was significant in middle level group(P < 0.01).   Conclusion   The activity and gene expression of SOD decreased in aging model mice induced by D-galactose.Oral-intake liquid of ginsengroyal jully could lower the decreased of SOD's activity and gene expression.
Study on typing methods of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia Coli O157:H7
Wang Xiaomeng
2005, 21(4): 451-452. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-41
Abstract(976) HTML (356) PDF 207KB(34)
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  Objective   To explore and to establish fast and sensitive subtyping methods of Enterohemor rhagic Escher ichia Coli(EHEC)O157:H7 forinfectious resource tracing and control.   Methods   Four typing methods, such as reverse passive latexagglomeration(RPLA), phage typing, vero toxin gene detection by polymerase chain reaction(VT-PCR)and pulse-field gel electrophoresis(PFGE)were used for typingthe EHECO157:H7 strains isolated from Jinggang, Japan in 1999.   Results   Foroutbreak cases, these four methods were suitable for typing; PFGE was undoubtingthe best typing method forindividual cases; On the other hand, RPLA and VT-PCR could be used forinitially screeningthe pathogenesis ability of EHECO157:H7 for their convenient operation.   Conclusion   More accurate results would be obtained with all these four typing methods compared with the usage of any single one.
Effects of soybean isoflavone on bnone calcium content and bone strength in ovariectomized rats
CHENG Maowei, ZHANG Xiping, ZHU Qinghua,
2005, 21(4): 453-455. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-42
Abstract(908) HTML (203) PDF 2180KB(41)
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  Objective   Ovariectomized rat models were applied to study effects of soyisoflavones in serum estrogen, bone calcium content, and bone strength, to estimate the relationship between dosages and effects.   Methods   Accordingto the quant ities of soy isoflavone g iven in the groups, the ov ar iectomized rats were divided into three groups LSI: (OVX+soy isoflavones 12.65 mg/kgbw), MSI(OVX+soy isoflavones 25.30 mg/kg bw), HSI(OVX+soy isoflavones 37.95 mg bw), The group of control(Ovx)and sham surgery(Sham)were established and the vehicle were given.The drugs were all oral administered using astomach tube.After 12 weeks, all rats were killed, their ser um were separated, at the same time, their right thighbone and right tibia were peeld off for measuringrelative index es.   Results   Bone formation index serum alkakine phosphatis(AKP)activities were higher in Ovx group than those in Sham and HSI groups(P < 0.05), and hone absorptionindex tar trate-resistant acid phosphatase(StrACP)activities were significant lower in Sham, MSI and HSI groups(P < 0.05).There was a tendency of serum estradiolevels to be higher in the Sham group and all rats receiving soy isoflavones than that in Ovx group, serum estradio was significantly higher in MSI group(P < 0.01).In Sham, LSI, MSI groups, the femoral calcium content were sig nificanthigher than that in Ovx group, in addition, the indexes of bone strength, including max load, eladtic, energ y, were significanthigher than that inOvx group.   Conclusion   Soy isoflavones mightexert estrogenlike effect in o varicetomized rats.In parallel with bone parameters, the effects of soy islflavones were increased in dose dependent manner between LSI and HSI groups, 25.30 mg/(kg·bw)soy isoflavones was effective in preventing osteoporosis induced by ovariectomy.But many indexes indicated that isflavone did not reverse established osteoporosis in adult ovariectomized rats.
Oxidative injury induced by sodium arsenite in HaCaT cells
GAO Ying
2005, 21(4): 455-456. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-43
Abstract(962) HTML (277) PDF 350KB(24)
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  Objective   Tolearn the oxidative injury induced by sodium arsenite in HaCa Tcells.   Methods   AlamarBlue assay was used to evaluate the proliferation of HaCa T.Reactive oxygen species(ROS)was detected by staining cells with DCFH-DA.DNA damage was evaluated by comet assay.Intracellular catalase(CAT)activity was detected with ultraviolet velocity direct method.   Results   The reduction of AlamarBlue increased significantly when the sodium arsenite were less than 10μmol/L(P < 0.05), while the reduction reduced significantly when the concentration was above 100μmol/L(P < 0.05); Fluorescent density of dichlorofluorescein(DCF)increased and CATactivity decreased significantly in all groups treated with sodium arsenite while comet tail was longer when sodium arsenite were higher than 5μmol/L(P < 0.05).   Conclusion   Low levels of sodium arsenite can stimulate the proliferation of HaCa Twhile high levels inhibit it.Arsenic can induce enhancive ROS, and also DNA damage and inhibition of CATactivity.
Effect of nucleic acid on activity of antioxidative enzyme in rats
PAN Hongzhi, CHEN Wenhua, LI Rong,
2005, 21(4): 457-458. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-44
Abstract(1066) HTML (273) PDF 1424KB(45)
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  Objective   To observe the effect of dietary nucleic acid on antiox idation.   Methods   Thirty two Wistar rats were divided randomly into three groups(one control group and two experiment groups).The rats were given dietary nucleic acid.After 5 weeks the activity of superox ide dismutase(SOD), malondialdehyde(MDA)and GSHPx, reduced glutathione(GSH)in serum, liver, kidney were measured respectively.   Results   Compared with control, the activities of SOD, and GSHPx in dietary nucleic acid group were increased and the concentrations of MDA were decreased significantly(P < 0.05).   Conclusion   Dieatry nucleic acid can increase antiox idative effect and reduce lipid perox idation.
2005, 21(4): 458-459. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-45
Abstract(1016) HTML (304) PDF 625KB(50)
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2005, 21(4): 460-461. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-46
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2005, 21(4): 461-461. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-47
Abstract(816) HTML (248) PDF 306KB(24)
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2005, 21(4): 462-463. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-48
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2005, 21(4): 463-463. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-49
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2005, 21(4): 464-465. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-50
Abstract(900) HTML (232) PDF 707KB(30)
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2005, 21(4): 465-465. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-51
Abstract(910) HTML (276) PDF 353KB(24)
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2005, 21(4): 466-466. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-52
Abstract(690) HTML (175) PDF 343KB(26)
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2005, 21(4): 467-467. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-53
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2005, 21(4): 468-469. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-54
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2005, 21(4): 469-469. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-55
Abstract(871) HTML (226) PDF 467KB(23)
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Investigation on knowledge and prevalence of osteoporosis in mid-aged and elderly population in a community of Shanghai
GUO Liyan, ZHOU Lifeng, YANG Jie,
2005, 21(4): 470-472. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-56
Abstract(1149) HTML (267) PDF 1293KB(65)
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  Objective   To investigate the baseline of the know ledge and the prevalence of osteoporosis(OP)in mid-aged and elderly population(50-70 y ears old)for future interventions in the community.   Methods   Acmmunity-based sampling survey and face toface interview were ado pted.   Results   The prevalence rate of OP among subjects was 10%, which increased with age.The rate of OP among women was higher than that of the men.The fracture rate amongthe OP patients was 35%.The average score of OP is(68.89±19.30).20% men and 34% women were aware that they were susceptible to OP.Logistic regression analysis suggested that the related factors of the score of OP know ledge included sex, age, suffering status of OP, reading, watching TV or movies and physical work.59% of the subjects intended to get the prevention and control knowledge of OP.The higher the score of OP knowledge was, the more positive the attitude and behavior were.   Conclusion   The prevalence rate of OP is high among mid-aged and elderly population who don't fully understood the hazard of OP.Its very essential and important to promote the health intervention to prevent and control the OP in the community.
2005, 21(4): 472-472. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-57
Abstract(975) HTML (238) PDF 216KB(22)
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Development of Chinese rating scale of pupil's mathematic abilities and study on its reliability and validity
WU Hanrong, LI Li
2005, 21(4): 473-475. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-58
Abstract(1385) HTML (359) PDF 264KB(119)
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  Objective   To develop an acceptable rating scale of basic mathematical abilities for Chinese primary students and test its reliability and validity.   Methods   The basic mathematical competencies of the primary students were assessed with ChineseRating Scale of Basic Mathematical Competencies in the Elementary School Level.7377 and 7316 students were selected randomly in urban and rural schools respectively by the multi-phas-estrat ified-cluster sampling method accordingto the fifth national population census in 2000.   Results   The reliability indexes such as Chronbach'sAcoefficient(A > 0.7), spli-thalf reliability coefficient(r=0.83)and the reliability coefficient of total revision(R=0.90), tes-tretest reliability coefficients of the subtests were above 0.7 except the subtests such as number transcription and diamonds count, and the satisfactory validity indexes were obtained including construct validity, content validity, criteriavalidity and discriminant validity.   Conclusion   The rating scale could be used to assess basic mathematical competencies in the elementary school level in China because basic mathematical competencies were assessed from various aspects, and its reliability and validity index es met the demand of measure, which adapted to Chineseeducational state.
2005, 21(4): 475-475. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-59
Abstract(782) HTML (183) PDF 538KB(23)
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Analysis on influential factors of aggressive behavioramong preschool children in Zhuhai City
GUAN Hongyun, WANG Shengyong, LIU Zhimin,
2005, 21(4): 476-477. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-60
Abstract(1102) HTML (203) PDF 1571KB(31)
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  Objective   To understand ag gressive behavior problem among preschool children in Zhuhai city and to explore their influential factors.   Methods   Parents of 841 preschool children were surveyed by aggressive part ofAchenbachs Child Behavior Checklist and self designed questionnaire about the related factors with systematic and cluster sampling method.The preschool child was regarded having aggressive behaviorif the score was above 98 percent.Statistics analysis were performed by usingttest, x2 test, log istic regression analysis.   Results   The prev alence rate of ag gressive behavior problem among preschool children in Zhuhai city was 11.9%.There was asignificant difference in sex, boys was higher than girls.But prevalence were basically equal betw een diferent age and different class.Unconditional logistic regression analysis showed that the majorinfluential factors associated with ag gressive behavior were health status, the time of ceasing bed wetting, education consistency, the relationship with parents, accompany time in weekend, the time of watching TV, enjoying watching cartoon and playing cap pistol.   Conclusion   Ag gressive behavioris affected by multiple factors, the majorinfluential factors are indi vidual biological factor s and familyeducation environment, so effective interventions should be implemented.
Investigation on type 2 diabetes and obesity in community adults
SUN Hong, YUAN Chongsheng, LIU Yan,
2005, 21(4): 478-479. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-61
Abstract(1582) HTML (297) PDF 1011KB(64)
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  Objective   To investigate the prevalence and distribution of type 2 diabetes in community adults in order to analyze the relationship with obesity.   Methods   An epidemiolo gical survey of type 2 diabetes was carried out in community.   Results   The prevalence of diabetes was 6.32%.Of the total study 2.79% subjects suffered Impaired Fasting Glucose(IFG), and distr ibution of obesity was 66.05% in the group.   Conclusion   There is no sig nificant relationship between diabetes and gender.With the age increase, the prevalence of diabetes rises.The abdominal type of obesity is the risk factor of diabetes.
2005, 21(4): 479-479. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-62
Abstract(711) HTML (199) PDF 432KB(20)
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Investigation on etiology of students in special education schools
ZHANG Xin, JI Chengye, ZHAO Decai,
2005, 21(4): 480-481. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-63
Abstract(1047) HTML (309) PDF 1074KB(33)
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  Objective   To investig ate the etiological factors of students with mental retardation in Tianjin, and tofind out preventive measures.   Methods   All of the 4.9 students parents in the especialeducation schools of Tianjin were investigated.Parents completed the questionnaire about the reasons and influencing factors of mental retar dation.   Results   The first five rank diseases were relation tomental retardation.They were cerebrum diseases, apnoea neonatorum, Downs syndrome, autism, congenital deformity, 39% of students were unkown etiology.The influencing factors had the first time of finding mental retardation, the age of the preg nant motherand birth injury.   Conclusion   The fundamental way to decrease the occurrence of MR was the high level of diagnosis, medical treatment and effectual prevention.
Investigation on formaldehyde pollution in indoorair of new decorated house
XIE Jinyao, LIN Hai
2005, 21(4): 482-483. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-64
Abstract(1373) HTML (329) PDF 317KB(88)
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  Objective   To investigate the status of formaldehyde pollution in in doorairof the decorated houses, and to explore its effect factors.   Methods   66 apartments decorated from one month to almost one yearand 28 roughcast apartments were selected and the concentration of formaldehyde were determined by portable readability Digital formaldehyde analyzing machine.   Results   In the same period after decorating, there was significant difference of formaldehyde concentration between bigh temperature period and lowtemperature period(P < 0.05).Formaldehyde concentration of high temperature period was 5 times as much as that of the lowtemperature conditions.Furniture was also the source of formaldehyde pollution.   Conclusion   The main factors influencing formaldehyde content in indoorair included the quality and the amount of decorating material, time after decoration and indoor temperature.Good airiness was in favorof formaldehyde releasing.
2005, 21(4): 483-483. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-65
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2005, 21(4): 484-484. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-66
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2005, 21(4): 485-486. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-67
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2005, 21(4): 486-486. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-68
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2005, 21(4): 487-488. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-69
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2005, 21(4): 488-488. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-70
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2005, 21(4): 489-489. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-71
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2005, 21(4): 490-490. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-72
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2005, 21(4): 491-491. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-73
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2005, 21(4): 492-492. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-74
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2005, 21(4): 493-494. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-75
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2005, 21(4): 494-494. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-76
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2005, 21(4): 495-495. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-77
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2005, 21(4): 496-496. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-78
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2005, 21(4): 497-499. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-79
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2005, 21(4): 499-499. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-80
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2005, 21(4): 500-501. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-81
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2005, 21(4): 502-503. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-82
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2005, 21(4): 504-504. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-83
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2005, 21(4): 505-506. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-84
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Effects of lovastatin on proliferation function of BRCA1-transfected breast cancer cells
WANG Fang, Mi Mantian, WEI Na,
2005, 21(4): 506-508. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-85
Abstract(1000) HTML (302) PDF 1562KB(27)
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  Objective   To study the effect of cholesterol inhibitor lovastatin on the proliferation function of BRCA1 transfected MCF 7 breast cancer cells.   Methods   BRCA 1 gene overexpressing MCF 7 human breast cancer cell(MCF-7BRCA1)were generated by gene transfectingtechnique.After beingtreated with 8 mol/L lovastatin for 1-3 d, the prolifera tion of nontransfected(MCF-7)cells and BRCA 1 transfected(MCF-7BRCA1)cell were analyzed by growth curve, MTTand transmission electron microscope.   Results   Lovastatin could inhibit the proliferation of MCF-7 cells and MCF-7BRCA1 cells, but the changes was more obviously in MCF-7BRCA1 cells than MCF-7 cells.Mean while, lovastatin could significantly induce the differentiation of MCF-7BRCA1 cells.   Conclusion   The overexpression of BRCA1 gene in MCF-7 cells coulden hance the funcion of inhibiting cells proliferation by lovastatin.
2005, 21(4): 509-512. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2005-21-04-86
Abstract(988) HTML (271) PDF 1026KB(32)
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