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2014 Vol. 30, No. 7

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Influential factors of anxiety and behavioral problems among children with learning difficulties
CHEN Yi-jun, CHEN Cui, WEI Bing-si.et al
2014, 30(7): 853-857. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2014-30-07-01
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Objective To explore current status of anxiety and behavioral problems and its main influential factors among children with learning difficulties and to provide reference for the improvement of anxiety in learning difficulty children.Methods Totally 6 000 students from 10 primary schools in Jiangsu coastal area were sampled and screened with Learning Ability Instrument,Child Anxiety Checklist and Child Behavior Measurement Scale.Results The average score of anxiety for the children with learning difficulties was 1.83±0.22;among the four dimensions of the axiety,the social phobia was the highest(2.37±0.44).The average score of behavioral problems was 1.63±0.32,among which learning problem was the highest(1.89±0.57).There were significant differences in the degree of anxiety for the learning difficulty children with various behavioral problems and demographic variables.Parenting style and family atmosphere negatively affected children's behavioral problems(β=-0.12,β=-0.12;P<0.05).The anxiety of learning difficulty children directly affected their behavioral problems(β=0.40,P<0.01).The anxiety of learning difficulty children was mediately affected by father's educational level,parenting styles,family atmosphere,parental expectations,and their behavioral problems.Conclusion Anxiety and behavioral problems among the children with learning difficulties should not be ignored.Influences of parents and family are the important factors when these children receiving intervention.
Psychological behavior problems and influencing factors in rural Muslim left-behind children
YU Xue, DAI Xiu-ying, LI Qiu-li.et al
2014, 30(7): 857-860. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2014-30-07-02
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Objective To examine behavioral problems and related factors in rural Muslim left-behind children(LBC)in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region(Ningxia).Methods Totally 1 905 Muslim children aged 6-16 years were selected with stratified cluster random sampling from southern rural areas in Ningxia.A self-made general questionnaire,Egma Minnen av Bardndosnauppforstran(EMBN),Eysenck Personality Questionnaire(EPQ Children Revision),Piers-Harri Children's Self-Concept Scale(PHCSS)and Achenbach's Child Behavior Checklist(CBCL parent version)were used in the study.Results The overall detection rate of behavior problems in the children was 22.3%;and the detection rate in the left-behind children and non-left-behind children were 25.1%and 20.5%,respectively,with a significant difference between the two groups(χ2=2.82,P=0.093).The detection rate of behavior problems in male left behind and non-left-behind children were 24.2%and 15.6%,with a significant difference between the two group(χ2=5.36,P=0.021).The detection rates of schizoid(3.66±3.18),physical complaints(5.16±5.30),poor communication(6.44±6.04),obsession(3.16±3.17),hostile(4.62±4.81),discipline(3.08±3.78),aggressiveness(7.04±6.47)and hyperactivity(3.96±3.49)in male Muslim left-behind children aged 12 to 16 years were significantly higher than those in male non-left-behind children(P<0.05).The female Muslim left-behind children aged 12 to 16 years had significantly different detection rate of aggressiveness(6.71±6.13)and cruel factor(2.19±3.49)compared with those in non-left-behind children(P<0.05).Multivariate analysis showed that introversive personality(odds ratio[OR]=2.568),with overprotection of parents(OR=1.851 and 5.210 for medium and high level)and poor self-consciousness(OR=6.684 and 8.578 for medium and high level)were risk factors for behavioral problems in the Muslim left-behind children,whereas emotional stability(OR=0.186),fewer refusing and denying of mother(OR=0.517 and 0.264 for medium and high level)were protective factors.Conclusion Rural Muslim children in Ningxia have a higher incidence of behavioral problems and measures should be taken in the society,family,and personality development for the prevention of behavior problems in the Muslim left-behind children.
Influence of parental migration to hepatitis B vaccination among left-behind children in Hebei province
LIU Cai, WANG Jian
2014, 30(7): 861-863. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2014-30-07-03
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Objective To explore the differences in hepatitis B vaccination between left-behind children and non-left-behind children in rural areas in Hebei province and to analyze the influence of parental migration and migration pattern on hepatitis B vaccination of their children.Methods A total of 1 106 children aged 15 years old and younger were selected from 12 villages in 4 counties in Baoding and Shijiazhuang city with probability proportionate to size sampling and investigated with a questionnaire survey.Results The status of timely first dose and all doses injection of hepatitis B vaccine in non-left-behind children was better than in the left-behind children.In the birth cohort analysis,injection rate in non-left-behind children was higher than in left-behind children,however,the differences reduced from 28.7%in 1998 to 17.5%in 2012 for 1998 birth cohort.Unconditional logistic regression showed that migration of father and/or mother was a adverse factor for hepatitis B vaccination in rural children in Hebei province,whereas,born in hospital and in the family with better economic condition were protective factors.Conclusion The status of hepatitis B vaccination in non-left-behind children is better than in left-behind children in rural area of Hebei province,but the gap is decreasing.Parental migration and migration pattern affect hepatitis B vaccination of their children.
Relationship between personal-social development self-efficacy and health risk behaviors among high school students
ZHOU Jia, MA Ying-hua, ZHAO Hai.et al
2014, 30(7): 864-867. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2014-30-07-04
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Objective To explore the relationship between personal-social development self-efficacy and health risk behaviors(smoking,injury behavior and internet addiction)among high school students and to provide a theoretical basis for the prevention of internet addiction,injury and smoking.Methods Using multi-stage cluster random sampling,we selected 1 072 high schools students in six high schools in Beijing and conducted a questionnaire survey among the students with Personal-Social Development Self-Efficacy Inventory(High-School Version)and Chinese Adolescent Health-Related Behavior Questionnaire.Results Totally 974 eligible questionnaires were collected,with an effective rate of 90.9%.Among the students,27.21%(262/963)had an attempt of smoking,15.4%(15/974)had history of suffering from serious injury,and 9.45%(92/974)had internet addiction.There was a statistically significant correlation between personal-social development self-efficacy and health risk behaviors(P<0.05).The students with lower score of personality and social development self-efficacy score were more likely to have injuriy,internet addiction,smoking,and other health risk behaviors.Conclusion There is a significant correlation between multiple dimensions of personal-social development self-efficacy and health risk behaviors and the score of personal-social development self-efficacy may be a predictor for health risk behaviors among high school students.
Willingness to purchase basic medical insurance for pupils among urban and rural residents
YANG Fang, SHI Jiao, SHI Jing-zheng.et al
2014, 30(7): 868-871. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2014-30-07-05
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Objective To explore urban and rural Changsha residents' willingness to pay for basic medical insurance for their primary school children and the determinants of the willingness,and to provide references for making basic medical insurance policy for pupils.Methods Using stratified cluster sampling method,we studied familial decision makers'willingness to pay for basic medical insurance for their primary school childen among families of 1 507 urban and rural pupils from 23 primary schools in Changsha city.Descriptive analysis,univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to analyze the determinants of the decision makers' willingness.Results Among the familial decision makers,84.5%(771/912)expressed their willingness to purchase residents' insurance for their children and among the decision makers expressing the willingness,32.2%(248/771)were willing to pay 40-59 RMB yuan for purchasing the insurance,19.8%(153/771)willing to pay 100-190 RMB yuan,13.4%(103/771)willing to pay 80-99 RMB yuan.Totally 50.3%(459/912)of the familial decision makers expected to pay less than 300 RMB yuan for minimum deduction of the insurance,16.2%(148/912)expected to pay a amount of money between 300 and 499 RMB yuan,11.4%(104/912)expected to pay between 500 and 699 yuan.There were 61.9%(565/912)of the decision makers expecting that the inpatient reimbursement should be up to 80 percent of the total expenditure.The results of multivariate logistic regression indicated that the decision makers' education level(odds ratio[OR]=1.83-3.05),occupation(OR=0.16)and the number of family members(OR=3.88-5.35)affected the decision makers' willingness.Conclusion The familial decision makers did not consider the specific situation of the their primary school children when they made their willingness to pay,and the decision makers expected to obtain maximum medical security with less investment.
Analysis on physique indicators of Uygur middle school students aged 13-18 years
Adilijiang·Selimu, MA Ye-kang, Alimujiang·Yimiti·Taerken
2014, 30(7): 872-874. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2014-30-07-06
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Objective To examine the physical development of Uygur middle school students and to provide objective basis for promoting the health level of the students.Methods With stratified random cluster sampling,7 200 Uygur middle school students were selected in Hetian Prefecture of Xinjiang and the height,weight,chest and waist circumference in 2010 and 2012 were measured and analyzed.Results The physical development iudices increased with the increment of age among the students during the period of 2010-2012.Compared with 2010,the height and weight of urban students and chest circumference of urban girls showed an increase trend.The average annual increments of height and weight were 0.44 cm and 1.54 kg for urban male students,0.99 cm and 1.29 kg for urban female students,0.43 cm and 1.53 kg for rural male students,and 0.76 cm and 1.7 kg for rural female students,respectively.The average chest circumference inereased by 1.29 cm among urban girls but decreased by 0.32 cm for urban male students,0.68 cm for rural male students,and 1.55 cm for rural female students.The decline in average waist circumference were 0.68 cm,0.49 cm,0.83 cm,and 1.19 cm for urban boys,urban girls,rural boys,and rural girls,respectively.There was a difference between urban and rural students in physical development,with higher indicies among urban students than rural students(P < 0.05).Conclusion Among Uygur middle school students at age of 13-18 years,the indicies of physical development increase with age,and there are rural-urban differences in the indicies,with higher indicies for urban students than rural students.
Prevalence and influencing factors of overweight and obesity among primary and middle school students
MA Li-ang, FENG Jin-ge, HE Yan
2014, 30(7): 875-877. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2014-30-07-07
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Objective To investigate the prevalence and risk factors of overweight and obesity among primary and middle school students in Beijing from 2010 to 2011.Methods A total of 2 261 primary and middle school students aged 11-18 years were selected using population-based stratified cluster sampling from Xicheng district of Beijing and surveyed with a standardized questionnaire and physical examination.Logistic regression was used to analyze major risk factors.Results The overall prevalence rate of obesity among the students was 7.6%(8.2%in females and 6.9%in males).There were 74.9%of the obese students having physical exercise less than 60 minutes per day and the ratio was significantly higher than that of normal weight students(38.7%)(P<0.001).The prevalence rate of obesity was 53.8%among the students with familial history of obesity.Logistic regression analyses showed that female,spending much more time on computer use,irregular physical exercise,and family history of obesity were independently related to overweight and obesity.Conclusion The prevalence overweight and obesity is associated with a variety of factors,including genitic history and unhealthy life styles among primary and middle school students in Xicheng district of Beijing.
Effects of integrated behavior intervention on internet addictive disorder among children
DENG Shu-fang, LI Li, LIU Jian-ping
2014, 30(7): 878-881. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2014-30-07-08
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Objective To explore the effects of integrated behavior intervention on internet addiction disorder among children.Methods Totally 56 children aged 8-14 years and with internet addiction disorder(IAD)diagnosed with Young standard were selected from Chenzhou city of Hunan province and divided into a research group(n=28) and a control group(n=28) randomly.The control group got conventional interference,and the research group got a combined school,family,society behavior intervention for 3 months.The mental health condition and clinical outcome was assessed with the IAD-diagnosis questionnaire(IAD-DQ)and the tweaked version of Symptom Checklist-90(SCL-90).Results Compared with those of the control group,the score of IAD-DQ(3.74±1.56 vs. 6.68±1.14),online time(10.86±4.73 vs. 20.36±5.31 hours/week),and online frequency(5.88±3.25 vs. 10.30±5.24 times/week)decreased significantly after the 3-months intervention for the combined intervention group(P<0.01 for all).The total SCL-90 score of the combined intervention group(127.76±38.35)was significantly reduced than the control group(152.08±35.75)and the scores of all SCL-90 domains of the combined intervention group were significantly reduced than those of the control group(P<0.01 for all)except for somatization and psychoticism.Conclusion Integrated behavior intervention can effectively prevent internet addiction disorder and promote psychological health in children.
Prevalence Guillain-Barre syndrome among children in Henan province
ZHANG Xiao-xiao, MA Ya-ting, LU Ming-xia.et al
2014, 30(7): 881-883. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2014-30-07-09
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Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of Guillain-Barre syndrome(GBS)among the children under 15 years old in Henan province and to explore measures for GBS control and prevention.Methods The individual data of 1 291 GBS cases under 15 years old from surveillance system in Henan province during 2004-2012 was analyzed descriptively.Results The cases of GBS under 15 years old were mainly sporadic in Henan province.The average incidence was 0.75/100 000.The top five regions reported higher incidence were Jiyuan,Luoyang,and Sanmenxia,Puyang,Shangqiu,with the incidence of 1.40,1.09,0.96,0.95,and 0.92 per 100 000 population.The incidence peak was during June-August and the highest incidence was observed among the children at ages of 1 to 4 years.Men had a higher incidence than women,with the gender ratio of 1.85:1.Enenterovirus was isolated from 186 cases and the isolation rate was 14.41%.The incidence rate of residual paralysis was 26.10%.Conclusion The cases of GBS were mainly young-aged and were mainly observed in summer and autumn.Men had a higher incidence than women.The incidence rate of residual paralysis among the children with GBS was higher and effective measures should be taken to improve the treatment of paralysis.
Immune effect of hepatitis B vaccine among children of 1-15 years old in Mianyang city
CHEN Hua, ZHANG Ju-ying, HE Fang.et al
2014, 30(7): 884-886. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2014-30-07-10
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Objective To study immune effect of hepatitis B vaccine among children of 1-15 years old in Mianyang city,Sichuan province,and to provide basis for improvement of hepatitis B vaccination and booster immunization.Methods Using cluster random sampling method,children of 1-15 years old and having three times of hepatitis B vaccine vaccination were selected in Fucheng urban and rural areas.The titer of hepatitis B virsus surface antigen antibody(anti-HBs) was detected.Results Among the 1 503 children studied,the positive rate of anti-HBs was 59.9%(901/1503).The positive rate of anti-HBs was 58.9%(427/725)for the boys,60.9%(474/778)for the girls,61%(433/710)for the children living in urban area,and 59%for the rural children.The antibody positive rate was the highest among the children of one year old(95.3%,81/85),and that was lowest for the children of 6 years old(37.5%,24/64).The anti-HBs positive rate showed a declining trend in the children aged 1-6 years and the antibody positive rate was the lowest in the children of 6 years old.For the children of 1-3 years old,the titer of anti-HBs decreased most quickly.The small fluctuation of anti-HBs was observed in the chidren aged 4-6 years and then the rate began to rise slowly,but still lower than that of the 1-3 years old children.Anti-HBs titer was independent of gender and living areas of the children.Conclusion Vaccincation scheme and duration affect the immune effect of hepatitis B vaccine and serological monitoring should be conducted among the children 3 to 6 years after the 3 consecutive hepatitis vaccination for a timely booster immunization.
Dietary factors and childhood leukemia:a case-control study
ZENG Zhuan-ping, LIAO Ri-fang, YAO Zhen-jiang.et al
2014, 30(7): 886-889. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2014-30-07-11
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Objective To find out risk factors of childhood leukaemia and to providea theoretical basis for the prevention of childhood leukaemia.Methods A case-control study was done in Guangzhou in 2012-2013,with face-to-face or telephone questionnaive survey.Epi Data 3.1 was used to establish database and SPSS 19.0 was use to do the statistics.Results Univariate analysis showed that drinking milk and mother's education were significant protective factors of childhood leukaemia,with the odds ratio [OR] and 95%confidence interval(95%CI)of 0.46(0.22-0.97)and 0.33(0.18-0.61).However,butter consumption,hair coloring during pregnancy,smoking of father,and family history of cancer were risk factors of childhood leukaemia,with the OR(95%CI)of 3.28(1.22-8.82),7.30(1.58-33.64),4.38(2.12-9.05),and 4.81(1.31-17.69),respectively.Mutivariate analyses showed that mother's education,drinking milk,butter consumption,hair coloring during pregnancy,and father smoking were associated with childhood leukaemia,with the OR(95%CI)of 0.31(0.17-0.58),0.46(0.22-0.97),3.90(1.41-10.81),7.58(1.57-36.59)and 4.33(2.08-9.00),respectively.Conclusion Excessive consumption of butter in daily life will increase the risk of childhood leukemia.Drinking milk and higher education of the mothers may be protective factors for childhood leukemia.Smoking control,no hair coloring in duration of pregnancy and higher maternal education are beneficial for the prevention of childhood leukemia.
Impact of dietary factors on bone density in teenagers
TANG Yong-mei, WANG Dao-gang, LIU Hai-yan.et al
2014, 30(7): 890-892. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2014-30-07-12
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Objective To study the effect of dietary factors on bone mineral density in teenagers.Methods Totally 1 583 students of 13-19 years old were selected from 2 middle schools and 2 high schools in Tangshan city.Factors related to bone health and diet intakes were investigated and ultrasonic bone mineral density measurement was conducted among the students.The data were analyzed with SPSS 13.0 software.Results The average bone speed of sound(SOS)was 1 542.7±19.6 m/s for the boys and 1 539.8±20.2 m/s for the girls and increased with age,with a gender difference among the students aged 16-19 years.The SOS level was within the 95%reference range for the teenagers with the intakes of carbonated drinks of<300 ml/d,milk of 200-299 g/d,aquatic products of 50-99 g/d,bean products of 25-49 g/d or 99-200 g/d,vegetables of 150-299 g/d,calcium of 50%-99%adequate intake(AI)and phosphorus of 125%-149%AI.The SOS level was higher than the reference range for the students with the intakes of milk of 300-900 g/d,aquatic products of 100-350 g/d,bean products of 50-99 g/d,vegetables of 100-149 g/d,calcium of 100%-200%AI and phosphorus of 100%-124%AI.Conclusion The appropriate ditery patterns promoting teenagers's bone density are adequate intakes of milk,aquatic products,bean products,calcium,vegetables,and phosphorus and carbonated beverage intake should be minimized.
Principal component analysis on current situation of health knowledge among high school students in Jiangsu province
LI Jie, ZHOU Dan, ZI Hai-rong.et al
2014, 30(7): 893-895. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2014-30-07-13
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Objective To examine the current situation of health knowledge among high school students in 13 cities of Jiangsu province and to provide a basis for effective health education.Methods We got a sample of 5 482 students selected with two-stage cluster sampling method.We investigated the students through a self-administered questionnaire about five domains of health-related knowledge.Results The awareness rate of health-related knowledge about health behavior and lifestyle,disease prevention,mental health,development and adolescent health,and emergency safety and risk-avoiding was 79.4%,80.6%,96.1%,86.6%,and 96.2%,respectively,in the students,with significant differences in health behavior and lifestyle,mental health,development,and emergency safety and risk-avoiding between the boys and the girls(P<0.01 for all).There were significant differences in all domains of health-related knowledge among the students from central,southern,and northern Jiangsu province,except for development and adolescent health(P<0.01 for all).We sorted the scores of health-related knowledge for the students from 13 cities in Jiangsu province with principal component analysis and comprehensive evaluation function and the students from Yangzhou city had the highest score.Conclusion The current situation of health knowledge in high school students in Jiangsu province is good;however there are still many problems such as imbalanced health education,gender and geographic differences.
Vision care behaviors and their influence factors among primary and middle school students
ZHOU Li, HOU Wan-li, XIE Si-rou.et al
2014, 30(7): 896-898. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2014-30-07-14
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Objective To investigate the vision care behaviors and their influence factors among primary and middle school students and to provide references for myopia prevention and policy making.Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted to collect individual information,lighting environment,and habits of using eyes among the students in Shenzhen city,and a scale was used to measure vision care behaviors.The questionnaires for students of grade 1-3 were finished by the students parents and those for grade 4-6 and for middle school students were finished by the students themselves;all the questionnaires were finished in the classrooms and collected by teachers and research fellows.Results Totally 1 645 key primary and middle school students and 2 072 non-key school students in Shenzhen city were investigated.The rates of myopia in girls(35.3%),students over 15 years of age(53.2%),the only child(39.8%),the students with parental myopia(43.4%),students in the city(40.2%),and key school students(43.5%)were significantly higher than those of the other students.The results of generalized linear model showed that with the increment of age,the adverse scores for time of using eyes(B=0.246)and reading and writing increased(B=0.185).The adverse scores for time(B=0.391)and intensity(B=0.724)of using eyes in the boys were significantly higher than that in the girls(B=0);the reading and writing habits of the students with parental myopia(B=0.683)were worse than those of the students without parental myopia(B=0);the vision care behaviors of rural students(B=0.992)were significantly better than those of urban students(B=0).Conclusion The time and intensity of eyes using,writing habits and vision care behaviors were influenced by many factors which play important roles in the incident of myopia among primary and middle school students.
Prevalence of anemia among infants and young children in rural areas of Hubei province
LIU Shuang, LI Jun, GONG Chen-rui.et al
2014, 30(7): 899-902. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2014-30-07-15
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Objective To analyze the prevalence of anemia among infants and young children aged 6-23 months in rural areas of Hubei province.Methods Cluster random sampling was adopted in the study.Feeding behaviors was surveyed with a questionnaire,and hemoglobin,body weight and height were also measured.Results A total of 813 infants and young children aged 6-23 months were investigated.The prevalence of anemia of the infants and young children was 30.6%(29.2%for boys and 32.2%for girls).Among 6-11 month-old infants,the prevalence of anemia(33.6%)was higher than that of 12-17 month-old infants(31.2%)and 18-23 month-old infants(24.6%)(P<0.05).The prevalence of anemia of the infants with malnutrition(32.7%)or maternal anemia(37.6%)was higher than that of infants without malnutrition(22.2%)or maternal anemia(28.8%)(P<0.05).Compared with the infants who did not receive colostrums feeding or receive breastfeeding postnatal 24 hours,the prevalence of anemia of the infants who ever received colostrums feeding(27.4%)or received breastfeeding postnatal 24 hours(18.4%)was lower significantly(P<0.01).Conclusion Interventions as advocating postnatal breastfeeding as soon as possible and colostrums feeding,improving mother anemia and child malnutrition could decrease the prevalence of anemia among infants and young children in rural areas.
Relationship between self-efficacy and health behaviors and factors in elderly hypertension patients
ZHAO Ya-ning, JING Li-wei, ZHANG Pan.et al
2014, 30(7): 902-905. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2014-30-07-16
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Objective To analyze the relationship between self-efficacy and cardiovascular health behaviors and factors in elderly hypertension patients.Methods We selected totally 2 592 elderly hypertension patients in communities and evaluated their self-efficacy levels with the General Self-Efficacy Scale(GSES).We analyzed the impacts of self-efficacy levels on ideal cardiovascular health behaviors and factors combining with the main event of hypertension during a year.Results The rates of ideal cardiovascular health behaviors(smoking,body mass index[BMI],diet,and exercise)were 60%,60.2%,58.4%,and 59.4%for high self-efficacy patients,39.4,38.5%,36.5%,39.4%for medium self-efficacy patients,and 23.2%,24.5%,23.8%,22.5%for low self-efficacy patients,respectively;the rates of ideal cardiovascular health factors(blood pressure,cholesterol(TC)and triglyceride)were 55.8%,59.3%,54.9%for high self-efficacy patients,36.7%,39.2%,38.1%for medium self-efficacy patients,and 23.5%,24.3%,24.1%for low self-efficacy patients,respectively.The cardiovascular health behaviors and factors,the cumulative incidence rate of cardivaseular events,and pulse pressure variation incidence in the high self-efficacy patients were better than those in midium and low self-efficacy patients.Conclusion The self-efficacy level is related to ideal cardiovascular health behavior and health factors.The high self-efficacy level could promote ideal cardiovascular health behavior and health factors,which can prevent the occurrence of cardio- and cerebro-vascular events.
Flavone from Galium Verum L induces apoptosis in acute promyelocytic leukemia cells(NB4)
DONG Jing, MA Ying-li, LI Hai-xia.et al
2014, 30(7): 906-909. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2014-30-07-17
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Objective To study anti-proliferation and apoptosis promotion effect of flavone from Galliu Verum L(FGVL)on acute promyelocytic leukemia cells(NB4)and its possible mechanisms.Methods The proliferation inhibition of NB4 cells was detected with 3-(4,5)dimethylthiazol-2-yl-2,5-di-phenyltetrazolium bromide(MTT).DNA agarose electrophoresis was used to detect cell apotosis and acridine orange ethidium bromide(AO/EB)staining was used to observe morphological changes of NB4 cells.The expression of pro- and anti-apoptotic genes Bax and Bcl-2 were examined with reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.Results FGVL at the doses of 50,100,and 200 μg·mL-1 could effectively inhibit the proliferation of NB4 cells,with the cell proliferation inhibition rates of 6.7%,7.4%,24.3%for 24 hours treatment,2.3%,18%,45.9%for 48 hours and 3.7%,24%,51.7%for 72 hours treatment,respectively.Morphology change observation indicated characteristics of cell apoptosis and the DNA agarose electrophoresis showed typical DNA ladder.FGVL could upregulate Bax mRNA and downregulate mRNA level of Bcl-2 in NB4 cells and the effect was positively correlated with the dose and treatment time.Conclusion FGVL could significantly induce apoptosis of NB4 cells,which might be related to the down-regulation of Bcl-2 and up-regulation of Bax.
Effect of mangiferin on improvement of insulin resistance in vitro
WANG Xiao-bo, XU Ying, LIANG Xiao-hong.et al
2014, 30(7): 909-911. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2014-30-07-18
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Objective To establish an insulin resistance model in HepG2 cells and to observe the effect of mangiferin on insulin resistance in vitro.Methods With insulin-induced HepG2 cells,insulin resistance model was established and the effects of mangiferin on insulin resistance,glucose metabolism,and lipid oxidation in HepG2 cells were detected.Results Compared with the control group,glucose level(6.201±0.049 mmol/L)elevated in the insulin resistance model group and glycogen content(0.722±0.0071 μg/μgprot)decreased;malodialdehyde(MDA)content(3.224±0.203 nmol/mgprot)increased and superoxide dismutase(SOD)activity(48.406±7.183 U/mgprot)declined.Compared with the model group,glucose level(5.183±0.161 mmol/L)reduced;glycogen content(1.122±0.115 μg/μgprot)significantly increased;MDA content(1.511±0.374 nmol/mgprot)declined;and SOD activity(79.891±9.926 U/mgprot)increasesd in HepG2 cells treated with mangiferin(1 000 g/ml),with a dose-response relationship.Mangiferin had no obvious effect on glucose metabolism in normal hepG2 cells.Conclusion Mangiferin could improve sugar metabolism,which may be pertinent to promote glycogen synthesis and reduce lipid peroxide formation,improve the activity of antioxidant enzymes in insulin resistance HepG2 cell model.
Effect of AT1R and eNOS on salt-sensitive hypertension in rats
ZHANG Juan, BAI Bao-qin, LI Li.et al
2014, 30(7): 912-915. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2014-30-07-19
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Objective To explore the role of angiotensin Ⅱ 1 receptor(AT1R)and endothelial nitric oxide synthase(eNOS)in the development of salt-sensitive hypertension.Methods Newborn male Wistar rats were given capsaicin subcutaneously to establish the model.After weaning period,the rats were divided into 4 groups and fed with different salt diets for 4 weeks:control of normal sodium diet(CON-NS),control of high sodium diet(CON-HS),capsaicin pretreatment plus normal sodium diet(CAP-NS),and capsaicin pretreatment plus high sodium diet(CAP-HS).The rats were killed after 4 weeks treatment.Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect the expression of AT1R and eNOS proteins in the artery.The expression of AT1R and eNOS mRNA in the artery was determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.Results Compared with the CON-NS rats,the expression of AT1R protein in the artery was remarkably higher in the CAP-NS rats(P<0.01),while the expression of eNOS mRNA and protein in the artery were remarkably decreased in the CAP-NS rats(P<0.05).Compared with the CON-NS rats,the expression of AT1R mRNA and protein in the artery was remarkably higher in the CAP-HS rats(P<0.01),while the expression of eNOS mRNA and protein in the artery was remarkably decreased in the CAP-HS rats(P<0.01).Conclusion The expression of AT1R mRNA and protein increase,and the expression of eNOS mRNA and protein decrease in the artery of the salt-sensitive hypertensive rats induced by sensory denervation.The different expressions of AT1R and eNOS may be related with the pathogenesis of salt-sensitive hypertension.
Resveratrol and calorie restriction improve hepatic steatosis in obese rats
LIU Tian-e, ZHAO Jian-ya, CHEN Gang.et al
2014, 30(7): 915-917. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2014-30-07-20
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Objective To investigate the effect of resveratrol(RSV)and caloric restriction(CR)on hepatic steatosis in obese rats fed with high fat/sugar diet.Methods Forty Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats were randomly divided into a model and a control group and fed with high-fat/sugar and basic diet for 8 weeks.The obese rats with the average weight of 1.96 times standard deviation of the control group were picked out from the model group at the end of 8th week and then were randomly divided into obese,RSV(250 mg/kg)and CR(60%/d)groups.The improvements of hepatic steatosis of the rats were observed at the end of 20th week.Results At the end of 20th week,the mean body weight of rats in obese,RSV CR and control groups were 759.30±16.75,689.30±8.55,586.10±11.35,and 598.00±9.8 g,respectively,and the mean body weight of the obese group was higher than that of the control group(P<0.01)and that of RSV and CR group were lower than that of the obese group(P<0.05).Total energy intake in obese group was the highest,and that of the CR group was the lowest.The liver silent information regulator 1(Sirt1),peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-coactivator 1α(PGC-1α)mRNA expression in obese,RSV,and CR groups were 0.42±0.04,0.79±0.16,0.88±0.06,and 0.67±0.19,1.26±0.34,2.35±0.37,respectively,and those in RSV and CR groups were higher than those of the obese group(P<0.01).The vacuolar accumulation was observed in liver cell of obese rats rats,and the rats in RSV and CR groups had relatively mild hepatic steatosis.Conclusion Resveratrol can simulate the energy restriction to reduce hepatic steatosis,and the mechanism may be related to the increased Sirt1 and PGC-1α mRNA expression and fatty acid β-oxidation function.
Impact of CD147 on growth of prostate cancer LNCaP-AI cell line
FANG Fang, LIAO Hui-juan, ZHANG Ling.et al
2014, 30(7): 918-920. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2014-30-07-21
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Objective To study the effects of targeting cluster of differentiation 147(CD147)RNA interference(RNAi)on cell proliferation,cell cycle and apoptosis of androgen-independent prostate cancer LNCaP-AI cell line.Methods The shRNA vector targeting CD147 gene was transfected into LNCaP-AI cells by Lipofectamine 2000.The stable cell line with down-regulated CD147 was obtained after G418 screening.The cell proliferation,cell cycle and apoptosis were detected by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and flow cytometry,respectively.Results Compared with the control group,silencing expression of CD147 in LNCaP-AI cell significantly inhibited cell proliferation(P<0.05).The percent of G0/G1 phase cells increased from 69.76±3.83%to 79.40±4.02%(P<0.05),S and G2/M phases cells decreased from 23.51±2.58%to 17.03±2.02%and from 6.73±0.70%to 3.57±0.21%,respectively(P<0.05),which showed that G0/G1 phase of experiment cells were arrested.There was no obvious difference in the RNAi transfected cells in apoptosis.Conclusion Downregulation of CD147 via RNAi technology could decrease the cell proliferation and induce aberrant cell cycle.
Differential expression of CK-BB in brain tissue of hens with OPIDN
LI Shuang-yue, PIAO Feng-yuan
2014, 30(7): 921-923. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2014-30-07-22
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Objective To detect differential expressions of brain type isoenzyme of creatine kinase(CK-BB)in the brain of hens with organophophors compounds induced delayed nerutoxicity(OPIDN)and to provide target protein evidence for diagnosis of POIDN.Methods Twenty-four Roman hens were randomly divided into three groups:treated group(1 000 mg/kg triorthocresyl phosphate,TOCP),intervened group(40 mg/kg phenylmethanesul fonyl fluoride [PMSF] before TOCP treatment),and control group(tap water).Eight hens in each group were sacrificed at day 5 and day 20 after the treatments;then,the brain tissue of the hens were seperated at low temperature and total protein of the brain tissue were extracted.With solid phase PH gradient sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(SDS-PAGE)and two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry,we detected differently expressed CK-BB protein.Results Compared with the control group,the difference in CK-BB expression was not significant at day 5(P<0.05),while at day 20,the gray level ratio of CK-BB expression of treated-group and intervened-group were 0.327 5 and 0.675 7,with a three-fold down-regulation in the treated group.Mass spectrometry and Swiss-por data analysis identified CK-BB spot with peptide segments of 26,sequence coverage of 75%,and the assessment value of 1 603(≥45 for high reliability)in relation to the species of the hen and protein sequence number gi|45384340 of CK-BB.Conclusion The expression of CK-BB is down-regulated in the brain of hens with OPIDN,which may related to brain injury induced by OPIDN.
Cognition and utilization of individual account of medical insurance among employees in Shenyang city
JIN Zhe, FENG Xu, ZHAO Yu-dan.et al
2014, 30(7): 923-925. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2014-30-07-23
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Objective To explore the problems in cognition and utilization of indvidual account of medical insurance among employees in Shenyang city for making suggestions to solve the problems.Methods Using multistage random sampling method,we conducted a self-administered questionnaire survey among 7 087 urban staff and workers in Shen-yang city.Results Among the employees surveyed,58.66%did not know that the medical insurance individual account could be used to pay the threshold cost of hospitalization;71.65%did not know the fund in the individual account could be accumulated with interest;and 73.15%did not know the savings in the individual account could be inherited.The ratio of the individual accounts with good utilization was 62.42%.Among the insured employees,14.72%did not use their individual accounts when visiting doctors in hospitals and 8.54%did not use the accounts when purchasing medicine.There were 39.18%of the insured employees suggesting to reduce the ratio of individual payment for medical insurance and only 6.62% being in favour of abolishing the individual account.Conclusion Knowledge and policies related to medical insurance individual account should be popularized and relevant management and supervision should be enforced to promote the untilization of medical insurance individual account among the insured employees.
Analysis on obstacle factors for promotion of emergency response techniques with factor analysis
ZHAO Zi-hua, WU Qun-hong, DING Ding.et al
2014, 30(7): 926-928. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2014-30-07-24
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Objective To find out major problems in the dissemination of emergency response techniques among the staff in centers for disease control and prevention(CDCs)and to provide evidences for improving emergency response skills and capacity in the staff.Methods Using stratified cluster sampling,1 889 staff in CDCs at different levels in Heilongjiang province were selected and surveyed with a questionnaire.SPSS 13.0 was adopted in data analyses.Results In the staff,the weaknesses in emergency response skill were personal prevention,emergency plan compilation,conducting field survey,field disinfection,crisis communication,and post-event evaluation techniques.The major factors hindering the promotion of emergency response techniques are emergency skill dissemination support,financial and other guarantee,technology equipment,and technique innovation.Conclusion The emergency response technique promotion should be focused on technology equipment,emergency management support,emergency skill,and technique innovation among the staff in CDCs.
Association of ERCC1 polymorphisms with susceptibility to gastric cancer
RAO Juan, YAO Lin, ZHANG Yan-shu.et al
2014, 30(7): 928-930. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2014-30-07-25
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Objective To investigate the association of excision repair cross-complementation group 1(ERCC1)genetic variations(262G>T and-433 T>C)with gastric cancer susceptibility.Methods A case-control study was conducted among 230 patients with gastric cancer and 460 controls.Genotypes of ERCC1 262 G>T and -433T>C were determined with polymerase chain reaction-based restriction fragment length polymorphism(PCR-RFLP)and Taqman real-time polymerase chain reaction.Logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate the odd ratios(ORs)and 95%confidence intervals(95%CI)associated with genetic variants of ERCC1.Results An OR of 0.62(0.40-0.97)for gastric cancer was observed for the subjects with ERCC1 262 TT genotype compared with those with 262 GG genotype.When stratified by smoking status,the ORs(95%CI)of the carriers of ERCC1 262GT or TT genotype for nonsmokers and smokers were 0.60(0.38-0.93)and 1.00(0.55-1.82),respectively.There was no significant difference in ERCC1-433T>C genotype distribution between gastric cancer cases and the control.Conclusion ERCC1 262G>T variant may contribute to a decreased susceptibility of gastric cancer.
Levels of common semivolatile organic compounds in settled house dust of urban dwellings
WANG Bing-ling, PANG Shu-tao, ZHANG Qi.et al
2014, 30(7): 931-936. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2014-30-07-26
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Objective To investigate levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs),phthalate esters(PEs),polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)and phenols in settled house dust of urban dwellings with preschoolers in Nanjing city and their health risk.Methods Totally 215 preschool-aged children were randomly selected from four largest public kindergartens in a district of Nanjing.Settled house dust in the bedroom of the children was collected with a vacuum cleaner.Fifteen PAHs,6 PEs,8 PBDEs and 5 phenols were measured.The health risks of the exposure levels were evaluated by the risk index(RI)calculated with tolerable daily intake(TDI)or reference dose(RfD)reported in the literature.Results The detection rates of all PAHs were >90%.The main PAHs were those with 4 or more rings and the maximum total PAH concentration was up to 280 μg/g.Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate(DEHP)showed the highest detection rate and mass concentration.The maximum total PE concentration was up to 10 900 μg/g.The maximum decabromodiphenyl ether(BDE209)concentration was up to 9 390 ng/g.The detection rates of bisphenol A and triclosan(TCS)were 100%,with the maximum concentrations 2 490 and 42 500 ng/g,respectively.The RIs of maximum benzo[a]pyrene toxic equivalents,DEHP and BDE99 intake were 2.0,1.8 and 4.0,respectively.Conclusion PAHs,PEs,PBDEs and phenols are ubiquitous in urban house dust from bedrooms of preshool children in Nanjing city with high detection rate of DEHP and high concentrations of BDE-209,BpA and TCS.
2014, 30(7): 936-939. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2014-30-07-27
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Ammonia,nitrite and nitrate nitrogen levels in drinking water from area with high incidence of esophageal cancer among Kazakh residents in Yili prefecture of Xinjiang
LIU Zhen-qun, ZHANG Hui-xia, CHEN Yan
2014, 30(7): 940-943. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2014-30-07-28
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Objective To explore the relationship between the contents of ammonia,nitrite and nitrate nitrogen in drinking water and the high incidence of esophageal cancer among Kazakh residents in Yili,Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,and to provide evidences for the prevention of esophageal cancer in the population.Methods Ammonia,nitrite and nitrate nitrogen in drinking water were detected by using ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometer according to the national standard method.Results The contents of ammonia,nitrite and nitrate nitrogen in river water of Xinyuan county were 0.549,0.038 and 15.633 mg/kg,and were significantly higher than those of Gongliu county(0.359,0.029 and 10.786 mg/kg)(P<0.05);the contents of ammonia and nitrate nitrogen exceeded those of national standard(GB5749-2006).Ammonia,nitrite and nitrate nitrogen in drinking water of Xinyuan county and Gongliu county in summer and autumn were relatively higher than those of other seasons.For the four seasons(spring,summer,autumn and winter)contents of ammonia nitrogen were 0.224,0.473,0.328,and 0.105 mg/kg and 0.187,0.310,0.203,and 0.111 mg/kg;the contents of nitrite nitrogen were 0.018,0.031,0.024,and 0.013 mg/kg and 0.015,0.021,0.020,and 0.018 mg/kg;and the contents of nitrate nitrogen were 8.436,14.152,9.547,and 7.542 mg/kg and 7.753,10.260,7.953,and 5.466 mg/kg in the drinking water from Xinyuan and Gongliu county,respectively.Conclusion Levels of ammonia,nitrite and nitrate nitrogen in drinking water from Xinyuan country are relatively high,which might be correlated with high-incidence of esophageal cancer among Kazakh residents in Yili of Xinjiang.
Association of inflammatory biomarkers with mean arterial pressure and pulse pressure among Mongolians
XU Juan, KONG Fan-long, ZHAO Li.et al
2014, 30(7): 944-947. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2014-30-07-29
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Objective To investigate the relationship between inflammatory biomarkers,including C-reactive protein(CRP),intracellular adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1)and E-selectin,with mean arterial pressure(MAP)and pulse pressure(PP)among Mongolians.Methods A total of 2 589 Mongolian residents aged 20 years and older were selected with cluster sampling from two adjacent townships located in Kezuohou Banner and Naiman Banner in Inner Mongolia and were required to complete a questionnaire survey,physical examination and laboratory detection including CRP,ICAM-1,E-selectin and other biochemical indicators.The panticipants were divided according 75 th percentile of MAP and PP into an elevated MAP group(>108 mmHg),normal MAP group(≤108 mmHg),elevated PP group(>50 mmHg),and normal PP group(≤50 mmHg).Logistic regression model was used to analyze the association between the inflammatory biomarkers and MAP and PP.Results The levels of CRP and ICAM-1(12.01±10.65 mg/L and 344.28±97.45μg/L)in the group with elevated MAP were higher than those in the group with normal MAP(8.42±8.50 mg/L and 323.73±97.55 μg/L)(all P<0.001).The levels of CRP and ICAM-1(11.34±10.83 mg/L and 342.97±97.54 μg/L)were higher in the group with elevated PP than those in the group with normal PP(8.66±8.54 mg/L and 324.39±97.63 μg/L)(all P<0.001).Multivariable logistic analysis showed that,compared with the lowest quartile of CRP,the multivariable adjusted odds ratio(OR)(95%confidence interral[95%CI])of elevated MAP for the highest quartile was 1.37(1.01-1.90),and compared with the lowest quartile of ICAM-1,the multivariable adjusted OR(95%CI)of elevated PP for the highest quartile was 1.38(1.03-1.85).Conclusion CRP is positively associated with MAP and ICAM-1 is positively associated with PP among Mongolians.
Relationship between VDR genetic polymorphisms,environmental risk factors and gastric cancer susceptibility:a case-control study
REN Xiao-feng, WANG Jia, YAN Xiao-luan.et al
2014, 30(7): 948-951. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2014-30-07-30
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Objective To explore the relationship between vitamin D receptor(VDR)genetic polymorphisms and gastric cancer susceptibility and the interaction between VDR and environmental risk factors.Methods A 1:1 matched case-control study was carried out in Nanjing area.Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphisms(PCR-RFLP)technology was used to determine the genetic polymorphisms of VDR and epidemiology data on environmental exposure were collected.Results The frequencies of VDR-ApaI A and a allele in the case group were 40.60%and 59.40%,while those in the control group were 41.54%and 58.46%,without significant differences between the two groups.The frequencies of VDR-TaqI T and t allele in the case group were 96.90%and 3.10%,while those in the control group were 93.50%and 6.50%,without significant differences between the two groups(χ2=6.676,P<0.05).The frequencies of VDR-ApaI genotype aa,Aa,and AA in the case group were 33.16%,52.48%,and 14.36%,while those in the control group were 29.92%,57.09%,and 12.99%,respectively,without significant differences between the two groups.The frequencies of VDR-TaqI genotypes TT,Tt,and tt in the case group were 91.97%,7.86%,and 0.17%,while those in the control group were 87.35%,12.31%,and 0.34%,respectively,with significant differences between the two groups(χ2=6.757,P<0.05).There were interactions between genotype of VDR and digestive system disease history,family history of tumor,having less fruit,and depression.Conclusion There are associations between VDR poly-morphisms and gastric cancer.
Quality of life among women with induced abortion in Nanjing city
YUAN Chun-yan, JIN Hui, ZHANG Yun-xia.et al
2014, 30(7): 951-953. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2014-30-07-31
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Objective To examine changes in quality of life and its potential influencing factors among the women after induced abortion.Methods A self-designed questionnaire and European Quality of Life 5-Dimensions(EQ-5D)were used to investigate 361 women with induced abortion before and after the operation in Zhongda Hospital in Nanjing city.Potential influencing factors on quality of life among the women were analyzed with multivariate linear regression.Results The women were at an average age of 30.21±6.44 years and 70.6%of them(235/361)were married.Repeat abortion rate among the women was 65.1%(235/361).Visual Analogue Scale(VAS)scores were 88.60±11.02 before the abortion and 93.74±9.09 after the abortion and EQ-5D scores were 0.84±0.15 and 0.97±0.08,respectively, among the women.Both EQ-5D score and VAS score were significantly increased after the abortion(P=0.000).Married women and the women with higher educaiton level had higher scores of quality of life before the abortion,however the differences in the scores before and after abortion were less than those in the unmarried women and the women with low educational(P<0.05).The women with more abortions or realizing adverse effect of abortion had the biggest changes in the scores before and after the abortion(P<0.05).Conclusion Induced abortion could reduce the quality of life of the women and it is necessary for the women of childbearing age to acquire the knowledge about pregnancy and health.
2014, 30(7): 954-955. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2014-30-07-32
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Risk factors of thyroid cancer:a case-control study
CHEN Yu-cun, GAO Xiao-hong, CAO Ming-qian.et al
2014, 30(7): 955-957. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2014-30-07-33
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Objective To investigate the risk factors of thyroid cancer and to provide scientific basis for prevention of thyroid cancer.Methods A 1:1 matched case-control study was conducted.Two hundreds cases were chosen from inpatients with thyroid cancer diagnosed in Dalian city from 2008-2009 and the controls were chosen from inpatients without cancer and endocrine systemic diseases and hospitalized in the same hospital and the same period as the cases.A face-to-face survey was conducted with a self-desinged questionnaire.Results Univariate conditional analyses showed that liking salty food ten years ago,more consumption of seafood,seaweed,and pickled foods,with stress frequently,with pessimistic attitude,without harmonious marriage,and without good relationship with others were risk factors for thyroid cancer.The results of multivariate condition logistic regression analyses showed that eating too much seafood(odds ratio[OR]=9.484,95% confidence interval[95%CI]=3.868-23.256)and kelp ten years ago(OR=1.933,95%CI=1.209-3.092),being sulking easily(OR=3.804,95%CI=1.482-9.765),without good relationship with others(OR=2.460,95%CI=1.149-5.266)were the risk factors of the thyroid cancer.Conclusion Thyroid cancer incidence has close relationship with iodine intake and social psychological factors.
2014, 30(7): 958-959. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2014-30-07-34
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2014, 30(7): 960-962. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2014-30-07-35
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2014, 30(7): 962-964. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2014-30-07-36
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2014, 30(7): 965-966. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2014-30-07-37
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2014, 30(7): 967-971. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2014-30-07-38
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Molecular epidemic characteristics analysis of an adenovirus infection outbreak
YU Wei, SUN Hai-bo, TIAN Jiang.et al
2014, 30(7): 972-974. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2014-30-07-39
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Objective To examine molecular epidemic characteristics of an adenovirus infection outbreak in a middle school in Liaoning province in 2012.Methods Data of the cases of the infection outbreak were collected.Throat swabs were tested with multiple polymerase chain reaction(PCR)for adenovirus identification and the viruses were isolated simultaneously.L1 of Hexon gene in adenovirus genome was sequenced and blasted.Phylogenetic tree of L1 of Hexon was constructed with neighbor-joining method by using Mega 5.1 software.Results Totally 24 students with fever were found in 3 classes during a month.The incidence of the disease between boys and girls was not different,but the incidences among classes were different.Five throat swabs were positive for adenovirus and 5 isolates were isolated at the same time from the same throat swabs of the patients.The nucleotide identities of the 5 isolates were 100% and basic local alignment search tool(BLAST)analysis showed that 5 isolates were 100%homology with adenovirus 14.The 5 adenovirus were in the same branch with other adenovirus 14 in the phylogenetic tree.Conclusion The pathogen of this outbreak was adenovirus 14 and the virus was not mutated compared with the adenovirus 14 prevalent before in China.
2014, 30(7): 974-976. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2014-30-07-40
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2014, 30(7): 977-978. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2014-30-07-41
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2014, 30(7): 978-980. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2014-30-07-42
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