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2016 Vol. 32, No. 8

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Spatial-temporal variations of air quality indexes in key environmental protection cities of China
XU Tian, WANG Zhi-yuan, ZHANG Bing.et al
2016, 32(8): 1027-1031. doi: 10.11847//zgggws2016-32-08-06
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Objective To investigate spatial-temporal distribution characteristics of air quality indexes (AQI) in 113 key cities for environmental protection in China.Methods We collected daily AQI data and the concentration data on primary air pollutants (including particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in aerodynamic diameter [PM2.5],particulate matter less than 10 microns in aerodynamic diameter [PM10],sulfur dioxide [SO2],nitrogen dioxide [NO2]carbon monoxide [CO],and ozone [O3]) from the 113 key environmental protection cities in China in 2014,and the spatio-temporal variation of air quality in the cities was analyzed.Results In 2014,the air quality in the cities was the worst in the winter but the best in the summer.In the spring,the proportions of the days with PM10 as a primary air pollutant were 60.0%,81.8% and 100.0% for the cities in North,Northeast,and Northwest China;in the summer,the proportions of the days with O3 as a primary air pollutant were 54.6%,68.8%,27.3%,and 40.0% for the cities in Northeast,East,South,and Southwest China;the proportions of the days with PM2.5 as a primary air pollutant were 93.8% and 81.8% for the cities in Central and Northeast China in the autumn and 100.0% and 96.9% for the cities in Northeast and East China in the winter.The regional air quality was gradually improved from the central regions (Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei province,Henan province,and Shandong province) to their surrounding cities.In 2014,the proportion of the days with good or excellent air quality (AQI ≤ 100) varied from 87.74% to 52.47% among all the cities and ranged in a decreased sequence for the cities in the South (83.74%),Southwest (78.56%),Northeast (68.24%),Northwest (67.23%),East (65.06%),Central (55.34%),and North China (52.47%).Conclusion In the year 2014,PM2.5 was still the primary air pollutant in China.Apart from controlling PM2.5 pollution,we should also pay close attention to the control of PM10 in the North cities in spring and O3 in the cities in the Northwest,East,South,and Southwest China in summer.
Status and influencing factors of perception on patient safety culture among nurses in tertiary general hospitals
CHEN Can-can, HU Yan-li, WEI Wan-hong.et al
2016, 32(8): 1016-1019. doi: 10.11847//zgggws2016-32-08-03
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Objective To explore the status and related factors of perceptions on patient safety culture among nurses in tertiary general hospitals.Methods A total of 500 registered nurses were selected with stratified random sampling from 6 third-level hospitals in Zhengzhou city.A cross-sectional survey was conducted with Work Environment Questionnaire,Report Barriers Questionnaire,and Patient Safety Culture Assessing Scale.Results The nurses had good perceptions of patient safety culture,with a mean overall score of 4.19±0.6.The results of multivariate linear regression demonstrated that main influence factors of patient safety culture perceptions were colleague relationship,allocation of medical resources,punitive culture,marital status,consequence of adverse event report,and education,which altogether could explain 34.5% of the variances of the perceptions;the established regression equation was the following:nurses' patient safety culture perceptions=3.087+0.273×interpersonal relationship+0.257×medical configuration -0.130×consequence of adverse event report -0.110×punitive culture -0.096×marital status-0.080×education.Conclusion The status of perceptions on patient safety culture needs to be improved among nurses in tertiary general hospitals and hospital managers should make efforts to establish supportive nursing practice environment and non-punitive adverse event reporting system for enhancing the perceptions of the nurses.
Risk of chronic benzene poisoning and single nucleotide polymorphisms in nucleotide excision repair pathway
XIAO Ming-yang, GAO Lin, CHEN Chao.et al
2016, 32(8): 1108-1112. doi: 10.11847//zgggws2016-32-08-26
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Objective To explore associations of nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway gene polymorphism,benzene exposure level,and lifestyle with the risk of chronic benzene poisoning (CBP) and to provide evidences for screening biomarkers and primary prevention of CBP.Methods We recruited 100 occupational CBP cases diagnosed between 1986 and 2011 at occupational disease hospitals and research institutes in Shenyang municipality and 200 gender-,age-,and benzene exposure history-matched healthy controls.A questionnaire survey and DNA extraction from 2ml venous blood sample were conducted among all the participants.We detected polymorphisms of excision repair cross-complementing(ERCC) genes (ERCC1,ERCC2,ERCC3,and ERCC4) and xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group C (XPC) gene (XPC) by real time PCR technology and we also detected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of ERCC1 (rs11615 and rs3212986),ERCC2 (rs13181,rs1799793 and rs2384060),ERCC3 rs150441,ERCC4 rs4781560,and XPC (rs2228001 and rs2279017) with SNapshot technology.We adopted SPSS 19.0 software in statistical analyses.Results An increased risk of CBP was observed among the individuals with ERCC1 rs11615 TT genotype (adjusted odds ratio=3.236,95% confidence interval:1.353-7.740,χ2=6.964;P0.05).No significant correlation was observed between the risk of CBP and polymorphism of ERCC1 rs3212986 (χ2=0.125,P=0.939),ERCC2 rs13181(χ2=3.315,P=0.191),rs1799793(χ2=1.796,P=0.407),rs238406 (χ2=1.182,P=0.554),ERCC3 rs150441(χ2=4.657,P=0.097),ERCC4 rs4781560(χ2=1.116,P=0.572),XPC rs2228001(χ2=1.180,P=0.554),and rs2279017(χ2=2.570,P=0.227).Conclusion The study results suggest that ERCC1 rs11615 TT genotype is related to an increased risk of suffering from CBP and SNP of ERCC1 rs11615 could be considered as a valid susceptible biomarker in CBP screening among occupational populations.
Professional identity among medical workers in county hospitals in West China
LI Fen, MA Dong-mei, MENG Ya-hui.et al
2016, 32(8): 1009-1012. doi: 10.11847//zgggws2016-32-08-01
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Objective To examine the status and influencing factors of professional identity among medical workers in hospitals at county level in West China.Methods A questionnaire survey was carried out among 445 medical workers selected with random cluster sampling from 15 county level hospitals in 5 province in West China in 2015.Descriptive statistics and multivariate linear regression were adopted in data analysis.Results Among the 445 medical workers with eligible response,the overall average score of professional identity was 3.54±0.16 and the average domain scores were 3.60±0.14 for work value,3.40±0.09 for professional attitude,3.35±0.09 for social support,and 3.71±0.06 for patient acceptance,respectively.Factor analysis revealed 4 eigenvalues of greater than 0.8 for professional identity,with a total cumulative variance contribution of 75.23% and the greatest variance contributor of work value (52.35%).An index model with 4 extracted common factors was deduced for professional identity:Y=work values×0.52+professional attitude×0.10+society support×0.07+patient recognition×0.06.Multiple linear regression analyses demonstrated that the influence factors of overall professional identity among the medical workers included gender (x1),education (x5),monthly income (x7),and personal employment term (x9),with a regression equation of -Y=1.825+0.348 x1+0.249 x5+0.235 x7+0.375 x9.Conclusion The professional identity and the education background are at a low level among medical workers in county level hospitals in West China and comprehensive measures need to be implemented to improve professional identity in the workers.
Demand and influence factors of web-based prescription refill among diabetes out-patients
ZHANG Yu-yu, JIN Jian-ming, YU Fei.et al
2016, 32(8): 1105-1108. doi: 10.11847//zgggws2016-32-08-25
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Objective To examine the demand and influence factors of web-based prescription refill (PR) among diabetes patients and to provide a reference for the control and treatment of diabetes.Methods With random sampling we carried out a face-to-face questionnaire survey among 304 diabetes out-patients visiting Tianjin Medical University Metabolic Disease Hospital just for PR from November through December 2014.Results Of all the patients,70.4% visited a hospital for PR at least 2 times a month and 78.0%got their prescriptions for diabetes unchanged for 6 months or more;86.2%visited a third-level or specialized hospital for their PR;53.9%were not satisfied to the process for getting the medication and 80.6%were without clear understanding on the instruction of the medicine prescribed each time;63.8%did not know at all or exactly the inspection interval recommended by the guidelines of China Association of Diabetes Prevention and Treatment;44.4%had to be accompanied by others when visiting a hospital or to entrust others for the PR;74.7%considered that it is convenient for them to conduct a web-based PR by themselves or under the help of others;and 70.4%believed that web-based PR is generally safe.There were 91.1%of respondents reported the demand for web-based PR.The results of multivariate unconditioned logistic regression analysis indicated that the web-based PR was eagerly demanded by the out-patients not knowing the inspection interval exactly,surfing the internet conveniently by themselves or under the help of others,and considering the web-based PR as a safe procedure.Conclusion Diabetes out-patients have a great demand for web-based PR and the demand is influenced by the patients' awareness of exact inspection interval,ability of surfing the internet,and the perception for the safety of web-based PR.
Establishment of an index system for assessment and evaluation of 12320 health hotline
CUI Ying, WANG Hui, WANG Ye-ting.et al
2016, 32(8): 1041-1044. doi: 10.11847//zgggws2016-32-08-09
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Objective To explore methods for constructing an index system for efficiency evaluation of health hotline.Methods Literature research,panel discussion,and Delphi method were synthetically used to construct an evaluation index system for 12320 health hotline.Fuzzy analysis method was used to calculate the weight of the indicators.Results The response rate of the Delphi survey was over 90%.The mean of authorities was above 0.9.The harmonious coefficients had statistical significance (P<0.05).The finally confirmed index system includes 4 first-level,13 second-level,and 50 third-level indexes.The weight of the 4 first-class indicators were 20.0,27.5,42.5,and 10.0,respectively.Conclusion With Delphi method and panel discussion,a reasonable structure of evaluation index system for 12320 hotline was established and the system could be used in overall efficiency assessment of 12320 health hotline.
Application of health promotion need assessment model:a review
JIANG Ying, CHANG Chun, WANG Yan-ling
2016, 32(8): 1129-1132. doi: 10.11847//zgggws2016-32-08-31
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PRECEDE-PROCEED model is a comprehensive system for planning health promotion based on health need.Using deductive method,the model traces the original causes from the results of investigation.PRECEDE is a most widely used health promotion need assessment model which consists of social diagnosis,epidemiological diagnosis,behavioral and environmental diagnosis,educational and ecological diagnosis,and administrative and policy diagnosis.Social-ecological model classifies health influencing factors into personal,interpersonal,organizational,community,and social stratifications.Bartholomew integrated PRECEDE model and social-ecological model into LOGIC model.In LOGIC model,environmental diagnosis in PRECEDE is further divided into interpersonal,organizational,community and social levels,while the educational and ecological diagnosis,and administrative and policy diagnosis in PRECEDE are merged into a determinant diagnosis which consists of internal and external determinants.This study reviews the application of the three models in the field of comprehensive evaluation on health status and health influencing factors.
Effect of Auricularia polysaccharide on body weight loss in nutritionally obese mice
LIU Rong, LUAN Shu-ying, CHENG Ping.et al
2016, 32(8): 1065-1067. doi: 10.11847//zgggws2016-32-08-15
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Objective To explore intervention effect and its possible mechanism of Auricularia polysaccharide on nutritional obesity in mice.Methods Forty mice were randomly divided equally into a control (with normal feed),high-fat (with high-fat feed),and low,medium and high dose Auricularia polysaccharide groups (with high-fat feed and intragastric administration of Auricularia polysaccharide).Four weeks after the continuous treatment,the body weight,Lee's index,fat coefficient,serum total cholesterol (TC),total triglyceride (TG),high density lipoprotein (HDL),low density lipoprotein (LDL),leptin (LEP),and hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) of all the mice were determined.Results Compared with those of the mice in the control group,Lee 's index (341.53±4.39),fat index (3.59±0.83%),TC (5.06±0.10 mmol/L),TG (2.12±0.20mmol/L),LEP (4.00±0.25 ng/mL),and HSL (8.16±0.91 ng/mL) increased significantly in the mice of high-fat group.Compared with those of the high-fat group,Lee's index (328.48±4.16),fat index (2.37±0.14%),TC (3.50±0.21 mmol/L),TG (1.71±0.17mmol/L),and LEP (3.72±0.55 ng/mL) decreased significantly in the mice treated with high dose Auricularia polysaccharide (100mg/kg) and serum LEP (7.79±0.25 ng/mL) decreased significantly in the mice treated with medium dose Auricularia polysaccharide (50mg/kg).Conclusion Auricularia polysaccharide has antagonistic effect on nutritional obesity and its mechanism may be related to decreased LEP and HSL levels in mice.
Awareness rate of knowledge about hepatitis B among pregnant women in Gansu province
WANG Ping-gui, ZHANG Xiao-shu, AN Jing.et al
2016, 32(8): 1085-1088. doi: 10.11847//zgggws2016-32-08-20
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Objective To examine the awareness rate of knowledge about hepatitis B (HB) and its influencing factors among pregnant women in Gansu province and to provide evidences for implementing health education and intervention on hepatitis B.Methods An anonymous questionnaire survey on knowledge about hepatitis B was conducted among 1 679 pregnant women recruited with stratified random sampling from 5 counties in Gansu province during 2013.Results The mean knowledge score was 7.39±2.63 among the women.Of 1 679 pregnant women,59.56%(1 000) knew hepatitis B virus (HBV) could be transmitted via unsafe sexual activity;47.05% and 54.73% knew that hepatitis B virus could not be transmitted via mosquito bite and sneeze or cough of a HB patient;only 31.57% of the pregnant women knew that a pregnant woman positive to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg),hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg),and hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc) or positive to HBsAg,hepatitis B e-antibody (anti-HBe),and anti-HBc could give a birth to a healthy baby;and 39.37% knew that a preterm infant could be vaccinated with HBV vaccine.The results of logistic regression analysis showed that influcencing factors of hepatitis B knowledge included education level and living condition,with the odds ratios of 1.715 (higher education vs.lower education,P<0.05) and 1.612 (permanent resident vs.migrant residents,P<0.05).The top two resources of HB knowledge preferred by the pregnant women were medical staff (71.48%) and radio and television programs (59.35%).Conclusion There is a deficit in the knowledge about HB among pregnant women and key populations for health education on HB are migrant women and the women with lower education in Gansu province.
Preliminary revision of Chinese version PDI and its reliability and validity
GE Guo-jing, CAO Yan-mei, LIU Jie.et al
2016, 32(8): 1088-1091. doi: 10.11847//zgggws2016-32-08-21
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Objective To revise the Chinese version Patient Dignity Inventory (PDI) and to assess its reliability and validity for the application of PDI in China.Methods Interview and questionnaire survey were adopted to revise theoretic structure of Chinese version PDI and then palliative cancer patients were recruited from two cancer hospitals in Shanxi province and administered with the revised Chinese version PDI.Results The revised Chinese version PDI showed a good degree of item distinction and the correlation coefficients ranged from 0.270 to 0.768 for all the items except for item 22.Cronbach's coefficient alpha and split-half reliability of the revised Chinese version PDI was 0.924 and 0.885.Confirmatory factor analysis suggested that the model was legitimate,with the χ2/df value of 2.32,comparative fit index of 0.93,non-normed fit index of 0.89,incremental fit index of 0.92,and normed fit index of 0.93,respectively.The total score of the revised Chinese version PDI was reversely correlated with the scores of five functional domains and general health and quality-of-life of European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire-Core 30 (EORTC QLQ-C30),but positively correlated with the scores of fatigue,nausea,vomiting,pain,dyspnea,sleep disturbance,appetite loss,and financial impact of EORTC QLQ-C30(all P<0.01);in addition,the total score of the revised Chinese version PDI was positively correlated with the scores of anxiety and depression of Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (all P<0.01).Conclusion The revised Chinese version PDI presents satisfactory reliability and validity when administered in palliative cancer patients and could be used as a useful testing tool in dignity research in palliative cancer patients.
Influencing factors of satisfaction to reproductive health service in migrant population:a cross-sectional study
WU Jun-qing, YU Chuan-ning, LI Yu-yan.et al
2016, 32(8): 1037-1041. doi: 10.11847//zgggws2016-32-08-08
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Objective To explore potential influential factors of satisfaction to reproductive health service (RHS) in migrant population in Chongqing municipality.Methods Two-stage random cluster sampling was adopted and a total of 1 342 migrant people at childbearing age were selected for a questionnaire survey.Results Higher satisfaction proportion was associated with older age (χ2=13.05,P=0.000 3),female (χ2=15.36,P=0.000),being service workers or other occupation (χ2=62.89,P=0.000),low education level (χ2=50.13,P=0.000),rural residence registration (χ2=17.99,P=0.000),unmarried but having sexual behavior (χ2=17.13,P=0.000 2),and having no medical insurance (χ2=7.91,P=0.004 9) among the participants.For the participants with different selection of contraceptive methods,the proportion of satisfaction to RHS was the highest(94.65%,53/56)among those selecting sterilization;the participants selecting the contraceptive method by themselves had the highest proportion of satisfaction to RHS (92.82%,414/446) compared to other participants;most of the participants (91.88%,385/419 and 91.96%,412/448) reported satisfaction to RHS provided by hospitals and healthcare centers in communities,factories or other administrative units.Multivariate analyses showed that general satisfaction to RHS of the participants was correlated to gender,educational attainment,occupation,marital status,and type of RHS providers.Conclusion Satisfaction to RHS is influenced by age,gender,occupation,marital status,and type of RHS providers among reproductive migrant people.
Prevalence and influencing factors of glucose metabolism abnormality among urban adult residents in Henan province
FAN Lei, HAN Bing, LI Shao-fang.et al
2016, 32(8): 1049-1053. doi: 10.11847//zgggws2016-32-08-11
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Objective To explore the prevalence and risk factors of glucose metabolism abnormality (diabetes and prediabetes) among urban residents aged 15-74 years old.Methods A representative sample of 7 588 adults was selected from 18 cities in Henan province with multistage random sampling and surveyed with a questionnaire interview,physical examination and laboratory tests.Results Among the participants,the prevalence rate of diabetes and prediabetes were 9.16% and 14.02%,with the age-standardized prevalence rate of 9.85% and 14.49%;the prevalence of impaired fast glucose and impaired glucose tolerance was 5.24% and 9.25%,respectively.Logistic regression analysis showed that male gender,aged 40 years or older,worker,management staff or technical professional,retired,familial diabetes history,obesity,overweight,central obesity,prehypertension,and hypertension were independent risk factors;while,with education of high school or above and alcohol drinking were the protective factors of glucose metabolism abnormality.Conclusion The prevalence of diabetes is high and gender,age,education level,occupation,status of alcohol drinking,familial diabetes history,body mass index,central obesity,and degree of hypertension are influencing factors among adult urban residents in Henan province.
Advance in mosquito-borne disease monitoring with microwave remote sensing
WANG Ruo-nan, HE Long-hua
2016, 32(8): 1120-1124. doi: 10.11847//zgggws2016-32-08-29
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Spaceborne microwave satellites enable all-time and all-weather observations of earth,providing invaluable monitoring data on the changes of land surface.In recent decades,the launch of multi-band,multi-polarization,multi-temporal,multi-mode,and high-resolution radar satellites makes it possible to monitor large-scale mosquito population in cloudy and raining days for making early warnings.This paper summarizes current mosquito monitoring methods and reviews the advances of mosquito monitoring and warnings.In addition,key parameters concerning mosquito reproduction has been addressed with emphasis on satellite retrievals.The paper ends with future prospect on microwave-based monitoring of mosquito-borne disease.
Progress in research on environmental exposure and health hazards of heavy metals in China
HUANG Yun, YUAN Hong, HUANG Zhi-jun.et al
2016, 32(8): 1113-1116. doi: 10.11847//zgggws2016-32-08-27
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With the development of industrialization and urbanization in China,the potential impact of heavy metal pollution on the environment and human health attracts attentions of the public increasingly.A large number of researches have provided evidences that the exposure to cadmium (Cd),lead (Pb) in common areas is safer,but there exists high intake of heavy metal in some areas.In addition,the exposure to Cd,Pb in highly polluted area is more serious.The acute and chronic diseases caused by Cd or Pd could exert a serious threat to human health.The exposure to Cd can lead to multiple organ injuries including renal toxicity,bone damage,neurotoxicity,cardiovascular damage,diabetes,and cancer.And health hazards caused by Pd involve neurological,immune,blood,reproductive endocrinology,and digestive systems.The progress in biomarkers of exposure to Cd,Pd is mainly based on the development of analytical methods such as metabolomics,but there still lacks more authoritative new indicators.
Effects of organizational support and career success on retention intention among male nurses
HUANG Su-su, LIU Yan-hui, ZHANG Xiao-tong.et al
2016, 32(8): 1023-1026. doi: 10.11847//zgggws2016-32-08-05
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Objective To explore influences of organizational support and career success on retention intention among male nurses and to provide evidences for clinical male nurses management.Methods With overall purposive sampling,610 clinical male nurses from 45 third-level grade A hospitals in Tianjin municipality were surveyed with Perceived Organizational Support Scale,Career Success Scale,and Retention Intention Scale.Data analysis and path analysis were carried out with SPSS 17.0 and AMOS 17.0.Results The retention intention score of the male nurses was 3.40±0.65.Correlation and regression analyses showed that all dimensions of organizational support and career success dimensions are significantly correlated with retention intention (r=-0.24-0.71,P<0.01).In addition,career success plays an intermediary effect between organizational support and retention intention among the male nurses(β=0.22-0.65,P<0.05).A well fitted model for the relationship between organizational support,career success and retention intention among the male nurses was established,with the indexes values of 2.904 for minimum value of the discrepancy (chi-square value) divided by degrees of freedom (CMIN/df),0.962 for adjusted goodness of fit index (AGFI),0.999 for goodness of fit index (GFI),0.970 for relative fit index (RFI),0.999 for incremental fit index (IFI),0.999 for normed fit index (NFI),0.980 for non-normed fit index (NNFI),0.005 for root mean squared residual (RMR),and 0.056 for root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA),respectively.Conclusion The model established could be used in studies about promoting retention intention of clinical male nurses.
Protection of APV on lesions of hippocampal brain slice induced by lead and glutamate exposure in rats
ZHOU Bin, WEN Tao, SHI Sheng-wu.et al
2016, 32(8): 1058-1061. doi: 10.11847//zgggws2016-32-08-13
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Objective To explore the effect of D-(-)-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (APV) on lesions of hippocampal brain slice induced by lead (Pb2+) and glutamate (Glu) and its relationship to changes of intracellular free calcium ion (Ca2+) concentration in dissociated rat hippocampal cells.Methods Low concentration trypsin digestion was used to dissociate hippocampal cells,and the cells were divided into control group,lead exposure group,Glu exposure group,and APV intervention group.The changes of intracellular free Ca2+ concentration was measured with Fura-2 double wavelength fluoremetry and the damage of hippocampal brain slice was measured by means of 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) dyeing.Results Five minutes after the exposure,the intracellular free Ca2+ concentration in dissociated rat hippocampal cells in 30 μmol/L lead and 100 μmol/L glutamate exposure group (234.9±11.38 nmol/L and 311.9±14.57 nmol/L) were significantly higher than that of the control group (109.6±5.37 nmol/L)(both P<0.05).The inhibition rate of 100 μmol/L APV on the increase of intracellular free Ca2+ concentration in dissociated rat hippocampal cells induced by 30 μmol/L Pb2+ or 100 μmol/L Glu were 93.4% and 98.2%,respectively.Thirty minutes after the exposure of 30μmol/L Pb2+ or 100μmol/L Glu,the damage ratio of hippocampal slices were 40.78±3.21% and 44.44±3.35%.The pretreatment of 100μmol/L APV decreased the damage ratio of hippocampal slices induced by 30μmol/L Pb2+ or 100μmol/L Glu by 4.05±0.67% and 16.08±1.23% compared to those of the mice without the pretreatment,with statistically significant differences among the groups (all P<0.05).Conclusion APV has a protective effect on hippocampal slices damage induced by lead or Glu and the effect is related to the inhibition of APV on the increase of intracellular free Ca2+ concentration in rat hippocampal cells and the attenuation of the cytotoxicity caused by excessive calcium induced by lead or Glu.
Knowledge about drinking water hygiene among adult residents in Dongcheng district, Beijing
FU Xiu-ying, ZHU Wen-li, HUANG Lu.et al
2016, 32(8): 1092-1095. doi: 10.11847//zgggws2016-32-08-22
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Objective To examine cognitive status of drinking water hygiene among adult residents in Dongcheng district of Beijing and to provide evidences for health education on drinking water hygiene in the population.Methods A total of 1 000 residents (living in Beijing for at least 6 months and aged 18 years or above) were selected from Beijing by using multi-stage random sampling and a questionnaire survey was conducted among the residents with face-to-face interview.Results Totally 986 valid questionnaires were collected.There were significant age differences in attention-degree for the amount of incrustation in drinking water (both P<0.05),with a higher attention-degree among the residents having higher education level (P<0.05).Of the residents surveyed,86.5% (853/986) believed that tap water was safe,with a significantly higher ratio among the male residents than among the female residents (χ2=5.600,P=0.018);82.3% (811/986) considered that drinking boiled tap water being the most beneficial to health,with higher ratios among the residents of female gender,aged 18-44 years,and having the education level of college or above;90.0% (896/986) got their knowledge about drinking water hygiene from television and radio;16.0%(158/986) reported the usage of water purification equipment at home,with the highest usage ratio among the residents considering drinking barreled or bottled water being the best to health (χ2=17.135,P<0.001).Conclusion The knowledge level for drinking water hygiene level is good among residents in Dongcheng district of Beijing and health education on drinking water hygiene needs to be promoted among key populations.
Prevalence and influence factors of chronic diseases among community residents in Shapingba district of Chongqing municipality
ZHANG Yan-qi, ZHANG Ling, YI Dong.et al
2016, 32(8): 1068-1073. doi: 10.11847//zgggws2016-32-08-16
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Objective To investigate the prevalence and influence factors of non-communicable chronic diseases (NCD) among community residents in Chongqing municipality,and to provide a basis for making effective strategies in prevention and control of NCD.Methods Convenience sampling method was used to perform a cross-sectional survey.A face-to-face questionnaire survey and physical examinations were conducted among a total of 1 021 community residents equal to or older than 18 years old from 24 communities in Shapingba district of Chongqing municipality.Results Among the residents surveyed,the prevalence of hypertension,diabetes,stroke,coronary heart disease (CHD),and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were 29.3%,11.9%,2.9%,10.0%,and 5.5%,respectively.The results of multivariate logistic regression showed that older than 50 years,overweight,obesity,familial disease history,self-measuring blood glucose or blood pressure frequently,and diabetes were risk factors,while being fond of sweet food and ordinary preference of peppery food were protective factors of hypertension;older than 60 years,familial disease history,self-measuring blood glucose or blood pressure frequently,and hypertension were the risk factors and consuming meat more than 7 times per week,taking fish and egg eating more than 1 or 2 times per week,and ordinary and high preferences of sweet food were protective factors of diabetes;older than 70 years and hypertension were the risk factors of stroke;older than 60 years,familial disease history,self-measuring blood glucose or blood pressure frequently,and hypertension were the risk factors of CHD;older than 60 years,familial disease history,smoking cessation,and low satisfaction to life were the risk factors while ordinary preference of high fat diet was a protective factor of COPD.Conclusion The prevalence of NCD is high and age,body mass index,familial disease history,self-measuring blood glucose or blood pressure,being fond of sweet and peppery food,high fat iet,consuming meat and fish frequently,smoking,and satisfaction to life are main influence factors of NCD among community residents in Chongqing municipality.
Psychometric properties and application of Adolescent Self-Rating Life Events Checklist(ASLEC)
CHEN Hua, JIA Cun-xian, LIU Xian-chen
2016, 32(8): 1116-1119. doi: 10.11847//zgggws2016-32-08-28
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During puberty,adolescents face with multiple stressful challenges from society,school,family,peers,and physical development.Numerous studies have demonstrated the impact of negative life events on adolescent's health.Adolescent Self-Rating Life Events Checklist (ASLEC) can be used to measure the frequency and quantify the impact of life events.This review summarized the psychometric properties of ASLEC and its applications in the studies among various adolescent populations to provide references for the modification and improvement of ASLEC in future studies.
Effect of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on proliferation of rat glomerular mesangial cells
ZHANG Chun-jiang, CHEN Jian-ping, ZHAO Dan.et al
2016, 32(8): 1062-1065. doi: 10.11847//zgggws2016-32-08-14
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Objective To explore the effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25[OH]2D3) on the proliferation of cultured rat glomerular mesangial cells.Methods The cultured rat glomerular mesangial cells were divided into four groups:normal control,epidermal growth factor (EGF)(10ng/mL),1,25 (OH)2D3 (10-8mol/L),and EGF plus 1,25 (OH)2D3 group and all the cells were treated for 48 hours.The cell proliferation was measured with methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) colorimetric method;the cell cycles were measured with flow cytometry;and the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was measured with immunofluorescence staining.Results Compared with those of the normal control group,the proliferation of rat glomerular mesangial cells in EGF group was promoted,with a decrease in the ratio of the cells in G0/G1 phase and an increase of cells in S and G2/M phases,and the expression of PCNA was increased.The proliferation of rat glomerular mesangial cells in 1,25 (OH)2D3 group was inhibited,with an increased ratio of cells in G0/G1 phase and a decreased ratio of cells in S and G2/M phases,and the expression of PCNA was decreased.Compared to those of the EGF-only treatment group,the proliferation of rat glomerular mesangial cells in EGF plus 1,25 (OH)2D3 group was inhibited,with an increased ratio of cells in G0/G1 phase and a decreased ratio of cells in S and G2/M phases,and the expression of PCNA was decreased.Conclusion Treatment with 1,25 (OH)2D3 can significantly impact cell circle and inhibit both the proliferation of rat glomerular mesangial cells and the promotional effect of EGF on the proliferation of rat glomerular mesangial cells.
Phylogenetic analysis on influenza A (H1N1) virus isolated in Qingdao from 2012 to 2014
ZHAO Dan, SU Zhi-lei, YU Ping.et al
2016, 32(8): 1096-1100. doi: 10.11847//zgggws2016-32-08-23
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Objective To study the prevalence and variation of influenza A (H1N1) viruses isolated in Qingdao from 2012 to 2014.Methods A total of 2 100 throat swabs were collected from patients with influenza-like illness in two sentinel hospitals in Qingdao from April 2012 to March 2014.Influenza A (H1N1) subtype was determined with reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and then inoculated into Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells.The mutations of gene and amino acid locus were analyzed through the whole genome sequencing of hemagglutinin (HA),neuraminidase (NA),and matrix protein (MP) segments from some influenza A (H1N1) isolates.Results Of 136 strains isolated,51 influenza A (H1N1)virus strains were selected for sequencing.The phylogenetic tree of HA gene and NA gene revealed 3 clades of the viruses isolated.Analysis of amino acid residues for HA protein showed that there were mutations involving 15 amino acid sites in antigenic determinant region,receptor binding site (RBS) and other sites in some strains.Although the residues at the enzyme active sites of NA protein were strictly conservative,compared with the vaccine strains,10 residues were substituted in the transmembrane region,membrane anchor region,and drug/antibody binding region.One strain was observed to be resistant against oseltamivir and two strains against oseltamivir and zanamivir.The sequence analysis of M2 protein showed that all of the isolated A H1N1 viruses were resistant to amantadine drugs.Conclusion All the A H1N1 influenza virus prevalent in Qingdao from 2012 to 2014 presented continual variations inducing antigenic drift.All the isolations were adamantane-resistance,but most of the strains were susceptible to inhibitors of neruaminidase.
Current situation of doctor-patient relationship in Jiangsu province
GAO Xiang, ZHANG Xin-yu, LI Shuo.et al
2016, 32(8): 1013-1016. doi: 10.11847//zgggws2016-32-08-02
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Objective To examine the status quo of doctor-patient relationship from four expects of medical personnel,patients,government agencies,and the public and to provide references for constructing harmonious doctor-patient relationship.Methods Totally 1 156 health administrators,medical personnel,patients,and citizens were recruited in Suzhou,Wuxi,Xuzhou,Yancheng,Huai'an,and Lianyungang with proportional sampling and surveyed using a self-designed questionnaire from June to September 2015.Results There were 35.9%,50.9%,and 13.2% of the respondents considering that an appropriate mode for doctor-patient relationship should be active-passive,directive-collaborative,and co-participative,respectively.Of the respondents,54.7%,34.0%,and 11.2% regarded the efficiency of the measures initiated by hospital managers to improve doctor-patient relationship being general,good,and not good;more patients (46.0%) and health administrators (34.9%) evaluated the measures as efficient than other respondents.Among the respondents in each of the four groups,more than 40% did not think the media reporting medical dispute factually.Of all the respondents,47.5% and 47.8% rated the quality of services provided by medical institutions as good and general.There were significant differences in the opinions on appropriate mode for doctor-patient relationship,the effect of media on doctor-patient relationship,and the assessment of medical service quality among the four groups surveyed (P<0.05 for all).Conclusion Disharmonious factors including mutual distrust and disparity in medical service quality impede the establishment of good doctor-patient relationship in Jiangsu province.Media should take correct opinion orientation to the public and hospital managers should have right cognition and attitude towards doctor-patient relationship to promote good relationship between doctors and patients.
Levels and correlation of job burnout and mental health among medical and CDC professionals
DIAO Wen-li, MU Hui-juan, LI Shuang.et al
2016, 32(8): 1020-1023. doi: 10.11847//zgggws2016-32-08-04
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Objective To evaluate levels of job burnout and their associations with mental health among medical staff in hospitals and health personnel in centers for disease control and prevention (CDC).Methods Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey (MBI-GS) was self-administered to evaluate the job burnout level and Kessler Mental Health Questionnaire (K10) to evaluate the mental health among medical practitioners and nurses in hospitals at municipality or township level,and public health workers in CDCs at municipality and county level selected with multistage cluster random sampling in Liaoning province.Multiple hierarchical regression analysis was applied to elucidate correlation of job burnout and mental health among CDC workers,medical practitioners and nurses.Results The mean score of three subscales of burnout,including emotional exhaustion,cynicism and personal accomplishment,were 2.23±1.37,1.37±1.33,and 3.83±1.42,respectively.The mean score of mental health was 20.24±8.07.There was no significant difference in the prevalence of job burnout between CDC workers and medical practitioners.The prevalence of burnout in the nurses was significantly higher than that of the CDC workers and medical practitioners.Job burnout had significantly predictive effect on mental health.Conclusion Job burnout and mental health problems among medical personnel in Liaoning province are serious and positive attitude and effective measures should be promoted to alleviate job burnout and to prevent mental health problems among the populations.
Impact of reimbursement policy of New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme on inpatient service utilization
GUO Na, ZHU Da-wei, GUO Zhi-gang.et al
2016, 32(8): 1032-1036. doi: 10.11847//zgggws2016-32-08-07
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Objective To analyze the impact of reimbursement policy (reimbursement rate,ceiling and deductible reimbursement) of New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme on inpatient service utilization.Methods Three counties (Zhangqiu,Changqing,and Pingyin) of Ji'nan municipality,Shandong province were selected with stratified random sampling to conduct a face-to-face questionnaire survey.The study adopted random effect model to analyze unbalanced panel data of 9 020 individuals in 2006,2008,and 2011.Results The inpatient rates were 4.77%,4.40%,and 4.79%,respectively,in 2006,2008,and 2011,and there was no significant yearly difference (χ2=0.704,P>0.05).Reimbursement ratio was proportional to the inpatient service utilization rate (odds ratio[OR]=2.775).Compared with those with low-income,the individuals with medium-,high and medium-,and high-income used more inpatient service,with the OR of 1.838,2.475,and 5.057.The determinants of inpatient service utilization included economic status,aged 65 years and above,aged 5 years and below,married,suffering from a chronic disease,and having 4 members and above in his/her family (OR=1.434,5.109,1.727,3.345,and 1.305).Compared with the controls,the individuals with a male household head,with a general or a better self-assessment health status used less inpatient service (OR=0.589,0.472,and 0.324).Conclusion The improvement of reimbursement can increase the utilization of inpatient service,and economic status and self-assessment health are also important influencing factors.
Relationships between metabolic syndrome and its components and incidence of stroke in Mongolian population:a cohort study
TANG Ling-yan, ZHOU Yi-hong, PAN Ying-zi.et al
2016, 32(8): 1045-1049. doi: 10.11847//zgggws2016-32-08-10
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Objective To explore relationships between metabolic syndrome (MS) and its components and the incidence of stroke among a Mongolian population.Methods A prospective cohort study from June 2003 to July 2012 was conducted among 2535 Mongolian residents aged 20 years and older selected with cluster sampling from Inner Mongolia.Cox proportional hazards model was employed to evaluate associations of metabolic syndrome and its components with the incidence of stroke.Results Among the participants at the base line survey,the prevalence rates were 27.50% for MS,36.06% for central obesity,50.73% for high blood pressure,17.51% for high triglyceride (TG),54.00% for low high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C),and 22.13% for abnormal fasting blood glucose (FPG),respectively.For the participants during the followed-up,the cumulative stroke incidence was 4.73% and the stroke incidence density was 520/100 000 person-years (832.54/100 000 person-years in the males and 300.82/100 000 person-years in the females);the incidence density of ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke were 329.14/100 000 person-years and 190.55/100 000 person-years.Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that after adjusting for gender,age,smoking,alcohol drinking and familial cardiovascular disease history,body mass index(BMI),total cholesterol(TC),low density lipoprotein,high-sensitivity C-reactive protein,and other confounding factors,the total stoke risk increased with the number of MS components (χ2=4.866,P=0.027),however,the increased risk was not observed in separated analysis for ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke (both P>0.05).For all the MS components,only high blood pressure was associated with increased risk of stroke incident among the participants,with the hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) of 2.717 (1.596-4.625) for total stroke,2.084 (1.095-3.968) for ischemic stroke,and 4.763 (1.807-12.559) for hemorrhagic stroke,respectively.Conclusion MS may not correlate with the incidence of stoke but high blood pressure,as one of MS components,is an important risk factor for the incidence of total,ischemic,and hemorrhagic stroke among adult of Mongolian residents.
Protective effect of tormentic acid on LPS/D-GalN-induced acute liver injury in mice
TAN Shi-mei, LIANG Chun-hong, WEI Ling.et al
2016, 32(8): 1054-1058. doi: 10.11847//zgggws2016-32-08-12
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Objective To study the protective effect and mechanism of tormentic acid (TA) on acute hepatic injury induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS)/D-galactosamine (D-GalN) in mice.Methods A total of 90 male C57BL/6 mice were divided into 6 groups (15 mice per group):normal control,model control,silymarin control,and low-,medium- and high-dose TA-treated groups.The mice were orally administered the drugs consecutively for 3 days.Eight hours after the last treatment,all the groups,with the exception of normal control,were intraperitoneally administered with LPS/D-GalN.Blood and liver samples were sequentially collected 1.5 and 6 hours after the treatment.The degree of tissue injury was observed with pathological section;serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST),alanine aminotransferase (ALT),total bilirubin,tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α),nitric oxide(NO),interleukin-6 (IL-6),and interleukin-10 (IL-10)were detected using commercial test kits;the expression of TNF-α and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)genes were detected with reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR);the nuclear factor κB(NF-κB) p65 content was measured using a enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit;cytochrome C and Bcl-2 were analyzed with Western blot immunoassay;the activities of caspase-3,8 and 9 were detected using fluorescence assay.Results Compared to those of the normal control group,the levels of ALT (1833.5±125.4 U/L),AST (2183.5±138.9 U/L),TNF-α (656.8±64.7 pg/mL),NO (205.28±16.79 μmol/L),NF-κB p65 (228.9±14.2 pg/mg),caspase-3 (275.3±14.7) were significantly increased and Bcl-2 (0.18±0.03)were significantly decreased in the model control group (P<0.05);compared with those of the model control group,the levels of ALT (991.3±70.2 U/L),AST(968.5±68.6 U/L),TNF-α (226.5±35.9 pg/mL),NO (133.69±9.79 μmol/L),NF-κB p65 (151.2±6.5 pg/mg),and caspase-3 (156.3±5.9)were significantly decreased and Bcl-2 (0.35±0.02)was significantly increased in high-dose TA-treated groups (P<0.05).Conclusion TA has a potential protective effect against LPS/D-GalN-induced injury,and the mechanism is mainly due to its ability to suppress inflammatory response via the inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathway and attenuate hepatocellular apoptosis.
Characteristics of PM2.5 air pollution in various indoor public places
LIU Yang, CAO Ji-yu, CHEN Fang.et al
2016, 32(8): 1074-1077. doi: 10.11847//zgggws2016-32-08-17
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Objective To examine air pollution of particulate matter less than 2.5μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5) and its influencing factors in various indoor public places.Methods Indoor air concentration of PM2.5 was detected in 20 public places including restaurants,coffee houses,internet bars and cinemas in urban region of Ma'anshan city of Anhui province during January 2013 to March 2014; indoor space,status of indoor smoking and ventilation,and outdoor ambient air PM2.5 concentration for the public places were also determined simultaneously.Results The median of indoor PM2.5 concentrations for the public places was 133.73 (inter-quartile range[IQR]:74.96-259.28μg/m3).The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that outdoor PM2.5 concentration of higher than 75μg/m3 (odds ratio[OR]=6.34,95% confidence interval[95%CI]:1.25-32.21),smoking (OR=85.16,95%CI:11.32-640.67),intermittent ventilation (OR=52.56,95%CI:3.70-747.04),without ventilation(OR=19.92,95%CI:2.99-132.59),and stove using (OR=7.15,95%CI:1.22-42.06)were risk factors for indoor PM2.5 concentration higher than domestic standard; whereas,during summer season (OR=0.05,95%CI:0.01-0.43)and with inlet fresh air system (OR=0.07,95%CI:0.01-0.44)were protective factors.Conclusion The indoor air PM2.5 pollution is serious and mainly influenced by outdoor PM2.5 concentration,ventilation condition,indoor smoking and stove using in various public places of Ma'anshan city,suggesting that smoke-free regulation and effective ventilation system are important for the control of indoor air PM2.5 pollution in public places.
Epidemiological characteristics of pesticide poisoning in Yunnan province, 2007-2013
GAO Yun, HE Fang, XING Yi.et al
2016, 32(8): 1078-1081. doi: 10.11847//zgggws2016-32-08-18
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Objective To analyze the status of pesticide poisoning in Yunnan province and to provide evidences for pesticide poisoning prevention and management.Methods All pesticide poisoning report cards registered from 2007 to 2013 in Yunnan province were collected from Health Hazard Surveillance System and analyzed.Results Totally 3364 pesticide poisoning cases were reported during the period;among all the reported cases,2962 were nonproductive pesticide poisoning,of which 247 died,accounting for 95.73%of all deaths (258) due to pesticide poisoning.The majority of the pesticide poisoning cases were at the ages of 15 to 54 years,accounting for 78.42% of the incidences and 64.73%of the deaths with a case fatality rate of 6.33%;only 11.12%of the poisoning cases were aged 60 years and older and 52.02%of the cases were female.Of all the poisoning cases,77.11% occurred in summer and autumn seasons of a year.Among all the non productive pesticide poisoning cases,2090 (70.56%) were insecticide poisoning,of which,1506(44.77%) were organic phosphorus insecticides poisoning.Conclusion The major part of pesticide poisoning was caused by nonproductive pesticides and young adults is the population at a higher risk of pesticide poisoning in Yunnan province,indicating that specific intervention measures should be taken by government agencies.
Changes in physique among Uyghur primary and high school students in Xinjiang, 2000-2010
Alimujiang·Yimiti·Taerken, LI Qian, SUN Jian.et al
2016, 32(8): 1081-1084. doi: 10.11847//zgggws2016-32-08-19
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Objective To explore variations in physique and their related factors among Uyghur students aged 7 to 18 years in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Xinjiang) between 2000-2010 and to provide references for health evaluation of Uyghur students.Methods Body shape indexes for Uyghur students aged 7-18 years in Xinjiang were extracted from databases of two waves of survey on physique and health conditions of Chinese students conducted in 2000 and 2010 and analyzed with SPSS 17.0.Results All physique indexes increased with age increment among 2 402 and 5 748 students surveyed in 2000 and 2010.Compared to those in 2000,the average height,weight,and chest circumference declined among the students in 2010 and the decreases were 2.71,3.43,2.08,and 2.95 centimeters for height,2.18,2.87,1.80,and 1.42 kilogramms for weight and 2.25,1.58,1.52,and 0.64 centimeters for chest circumference among the urban male,urban female,rural male,and rural female students,respectively.All average physique indexes of rural students were significantly lower than those of urban students,except for average height.Conclusion There are downward trends between 2000-2010 and urban-rural differences in physique indexes among primary and high school Uyghur students and the indexes of rural students are generally higher than those of urban students in Xinjiang.
Cost of community health care management for the elderly, the disabled and psychiatric patients in Shenzhen city
BAO Xue-qin, LU Zu-xun, ZHAO Zhi-guang.et al
2016, 32(8): 1101-1104. doi: 10.11847//zgggws2016-32-08-24
Abstract(372) HTML (46) PDF 863KB(11)
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Objective To estimate the cost of community health care management for the elderly,the disabled and psychiatric patients in Shenzhen city and to provide references for improvement in governmental financial support to community health management service.Methods An index database was established with the literature review and panel discussions and the content of standardized community basic public health service was determined with a two-round Delphi method.Then 60 community health centers were selected with stratified random sampling for a field survey on time and items of community health care service in 2013.Results For the community health centers surveyed,the adjusted mean cumulative working hours of health care service in 2013 were 82519.6,17945.8,and 9293.7 for the elderly,psychiatric patients,and the disabled;the average community population- and service client-based health management service cost per person-year ranged 6.7-8.6 Yuan (RMB) and 248.4-320.2 Yuan for the elderly,1.4-1.8 Yuan and 1567.1-2034.2 Yuan for psychiatric patients,and 0.7-0.9 Yuan and 754.4-978.8 Yuan for rehabilitation of the disabled,respectively,according to different income standards for the 60 community health centers surveyed and for all the community health centers and grass-roots public health institutions in Shenzhen city and the human cost price recommended by the experts.Averagely,the fund allocation for old people health management service,psychiatric patients health management service,and community-based rehabilitation service accounted for 9.6%,2.1%,and 1.1% of the total fund for basic community health service of the community health centers.Conclusion The government should make full compensation for the cost of old people and psychiatric patients health management and community-based rehabilitation service
Concept and evolution of avoidable mortality
ZHOU Yi-nan, LI Jing-zhi, WANG Chun-fang.et al
2016, 32(8): 1125-1128. doi: 10.11847//zgggws2016-32-08-30
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Avoidable mortality is a useful indicator to measure the effectiveness of health system.We searched relevant references of avoidable mortality from 1976 through 2013 to study the origin,development,concepts,and methodologies of avoidable mortality for providing a reference to the application of the indicator in China.In conclusion,the application of avoidable mortality to measure health system performance in China needs to be combined with China's domastic conditions.The list of avoidable mortality diseases of developed countries can be used directly in metropolis of China,whereas a new avoidable disease list should be made when it is used in rural areas in China where infectious and endemic diseases are prevalent.
Research progress in reproductive toxicity of carbon disulfide among exposed workers
WU Yan-ling, WANG Zhi-ping
2016, 32(8): 1133-1136. doi: 10.11847//zgggws2016-32-08-32
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Carbon disulfide (CS2) is an organic solvent and an important chemical raw material and has toxic effect on various systems and organs.In recent years,the reproductive toxicity of CS2 has been widely considered.Reproductive effects occurred in female and male factory workers after long-term exposure to CS2.For women,the toxic effects mainly focused on menstruation,sex hormones,time-to-pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes.While for men the adverse effects focused on sperm,sex hormones,sexual function and reproductive outcomes.