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2018 Vol. 34, No. 5

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Prevalence of smoking and nicotine dependence among Jingpo and Han residents in rural areas of Yunnan province: a comparative study
Chao WU, Le CAI, Wen-long CUI,
2018, 34(5): 633-635. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1116187
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Abstract:
  Objective   To compare differences in prevalence of smoking and nicotine dependence between Jingpo and Han residents in rural areas of Yunnan province.   Methods   Probability proportional to size (PPS) sampling method was used to select representative samples of Jingpo and Han residents aged≥35 years and residing in two towns mainly inhabited by Jingpo and Han population in Mangshi municipality of Dehong prefecture and Yiliang county of Kunming municipality, Yunnan province. A face-to-face questionnaire survey was conducted among 2 816 participants between 2015 and 2017.   Results   The overall prevalence rate of current smoking and nicotine dependence were 47.7% and 18.1% for the 1 367 Jingpo participants and 30.6% and 14.6% for the 1 449 Han participants, with significant differences in the rates between Jingpo and Han participants (both P<0.01). The prevalence rates of current smoking and nicotine addiction were higher among the males than among the females in both Jingpo and Han participants (P<0.01) and the prevalence rate of current smoking was significantly higher for the Jingpo than for the Han among the female participants (23.2% vs. 1.1%, P < 0.01). Filtered cigarette was a main type of tobacco consumed by 60.8% and 70.5% of Jingpo and Han smokers; 27.9% and 13.3% of the Jingpo smokers reported the consumption of chewing tobacco and self-rolled cigarette; while, 17.5% and 17.5% of the Han smokers reported the consumption of non-filtered cigarettes and hookah. For all the smokers the majority had their smoking attempts and regular smoking at the ages of 12 – 20 years and the Jingpo smokers begun to smoke at early ages than the Han smokers (P < 0.05).   Conclusion   There are differences in the prevalence rate of smoking and nicotine dependence between Jingpo and Han residents in Yunnan province. Future intervention measures concerning smoking control and prevention should be implemented based on the characteristics of various ethnic populations.
Prevalence of echinococcosis in Xining municipality of Qinghai province
Shi-lei CHENG, Hu WANG, Xiao MA,
2018, 34(5): 700-702. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1114078
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Abstract:
  Objective  To examine the prevalence of human and animal hydatid disease in Xining municipality of Qinghai province.  Methods  We selected 2 to 3 villages and towns in 4 districts and 3 counties of Xining municipality, Qinghai province for the study between June and August 2012. Echinococcosis among the permanent residents aged ≥ one year old was detected with B-type ultrasonic examination. Livestock echinococcosis was confirmed with visceral autopsy. Echinococcus cyst related antigen in field-collected dog feces samples was tested with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).  Results  Of the 22 604 residents receiving B-type ultrasonic examination, 6 were identified having hydatid cysts, with a morbidity rate of 0.03% (6/22 604). The highest county-specific prevalence rate of hydatid disease was 0.16% (5/3 197). The prevalence rate echinococcosis in the female residents was 0.02% (2/12 035) and was lower than that (0.04% [4/10 569]) in the male residents. The prevalence rate of hydatid disease was 0.05% (6/12 128) among the farmers. The prevalence rate of echinococcosis was higher for the residents aged 50 – 59, 60 – 69, and more than 70 years. The prevalence rate of echinococcosis was 0.06% (2/3 355) and 0.04% (4/9 386) among the illiterate residents and the residents with primary school education. The prevalence rate of echinococcosis was 0.15% (2/1 320) and 0.10% (1/956) among the Tibetan and Hui residents. Among the residents, the prevalence rate of hydatid disease differed significantly by living region (P < 0.05) but did not significantly differ by gender, age, and ethnic group, occupation, and education level (P > 0.05 for all). For the 2 260 canine dung samples detected, the infection rate of echinococcus was 10.58% (239/2 260) and there were significant differences in the detection rate for the samples collected in different regions (P < 0.05).  Conclusion  In Xining municipality, there still is a risk of echinococcosis epidemic among residents mainly due to the high echinococcus infection rate of dogs.
Status of medical checkup among Chinese populations aged 15 years and above, 2010 – 2012
Wei-yan GONG, Gan-yu FENG, Fan YUAN,
2018, 34(5): 660-664. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1115351
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Abstract:
  Objective  To examine the status of medical checkup among Chinese populations aged 15 years and above between 2010 and 2012, and to provide evidences for developing intervention strategies and implementing Healthy China Project.  Methods  Data were extracted from Chinese Nutrition and Health Surveillance in 2010 – 2012. Questionnaire surveys were conducted among 144 174 residents in 150 counties (municipalities/districts) of 31 provinces (autonomous regions/municipalities directly under the central government) to collect demography and medical checkup-related information. The status of medical checkup was analyzed with weighted complex sampling processing according to population data issued by the National Bureau of Statistics in 2009.  Results  Of the residents surveyed, 92 583 (64.22%; after weighted for complex sampling: 67.87%, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 64.25% – 71.50%) did not take any medical checkup before 2010. The proportion of the residents taking medical checkup once or more per year, once every two years, and once every three or more years were 20.66% (95% CI: 18.00 – 23.32), 4.58% (95% CI: 3.17 – 5.99), and 6.89% (95% CI: 6.22 – 7.56), respectively. The residents in large cities reported a higher rate (60.29%) of having medical checkup than those in medium and small-sized cities (40.48%) and rural areas (ordinary rural: 27.35%, poor rural: 14.12%). The residents aged 65 years and above reported a higher rate of having medical checkup than those aged 40 – 64 years (33.77%) and 15 – 39 years (35.46%). The medical checkup rate in the residents with high education (71.36%) was higher than that in residents with middle school or high school (37.42%) and illiteratcy or primary school (26.32%). The medical checkup rate of governmental officials, enterprise managers, technicians, and clerical staff was higher than that of other occupational groups. The medical checkup rate in the residents with higher household income was higher than that in those with lower household income (44.39% vs. 27.61%, P < 0.05); the unmarried residents reported a higher rate of having medical checkup (39.72%) than the married (35.48%) and the divorced or widowed (34.18%) (both P < 0.05). Among the residents with previous medical checkup, 42.75% (95% CI: 39.56% – 45.94%) reported taking the checkups organized by employers; 27.07% (95% CI: 23.28% – 30.86%), 9.60% (95% CI: 7.60% – 11.61%), and 1.95% (95% CI = 1.62% – 2.29%) reported taking the checkups due to the decision of themselves, specific reasons such as pregnancy or to be have a delivery, and recommendations of their relatives or friends; 4.60% (95% CI: 1.41% – 7.80%) reported having the checkups supported by insurance institutes.  Conclusion  The proportion of having medical checkup was low among Chinese populations above 15 years old between 2010 and 2012 and the proportion was different among the populations with different characteristics. The results suggest relevant measures should be taken to promote participation in medical checkup among the populations.
Mental health among residents with different marital status in Liaoning province
Shu-kai LI, Wen-tao SHAO, Fei SUN, , Hui-quan JING
2018, 34(5): 729-731. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1112490
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  Objective  To analyze mental health status among the residents with different marital status in Liaoning province.  Methods  The data for 2 905 adult residents in Liaoning province were extracted from the dataset of China Family Panel Study (CFPS) conducted in 2010 using the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Mental health status and its correlation with marital condition among the residents were analyzed.  Results  Of the residents surveyed, 2.99% were devoiced and the ratio was higher than that of the national average. The mental health score differed significantly by gender, residential area, and age among the residents with different marital status. For the residents, the mental health score was higher among the males (27.05 ± 3.85) than among the females (26.34 ± 4.46), lower among the divorced (25.29 ± 5.15) or the widowed (25.39 ± 5.72) than among those with other marital status, and higher among the urban inhabitants (27.10 ± 4.08) than among rural inhabitants (26.41 ± 4.25).  Conclusion  Marriage stability is not good and high divorce rate needs to be concerned among the residents in Liaoning province. Bad marriage experience plays a negative role on mental health; among the residents aged 40 years and above, the married residents with a spouse have a better mental health than those without a spouse.
Outbreaks of food-borne diseases in Qingdao municipality, 2011 – 2016
Dan-dan LI, Tian-yi WANG, Bing YE,
2018, 34(5): 748-750. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1115229
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  Objective  To investigate the characteristics and trend of food-borne disease outbreaks in Qingdao city between 2011 and 2016 and to provide evidences for rapid management of food-borne disease outbreaks.  Methods  We collected data on reported food-borne disease outbreaks in Qingdao city between 2011 and 2016 through Qingdao Municipal Public Health Emergency Surveillance System and conducted analyses with descriptive epidemiology.  Results  A total of 277 food-borne disease outbreaks were reported during the 6-year period and the yearly number of the outbreaks were 12, 22, 49, 36, 49, and 109, with the number of sufferers of 228, 285, 446, 474, 377, and 503, respectively. The causes were not ascertained for 59.21% (164) of the reported outbreaks and 26.35% (73) of the outbreaks were caused by pathogenic microorganism contamination, of which, 32.88% (24) were related to Vibrio parahaemolyticus contamination. Most of the outbreaks (70.76%, 196) occurred during July to September of a year. For all the outbreaks, 25.27% (70) involved dining at restaurants and 23.47% (65) occurred among persons engaged in organized tour, and 36.10% (100) and 23.10% (64) were correlated with improper operations or managements in restaurants and collective canteens.  Conclusion  The incidence of food-borne diseases was at a high level in Qingdao city between 2011 and 2016. Food services and tourist groups are key concerns for prevention and control of food-borne diseases and specific concern should be paid to contamination of food by Vibrio parahaemolyticus.
Status and impact factors of hypertension treatment among hypertensive residents in Jilin province
Xin LIU, Yan WANG, Yang ZHANG,
2018, 34(5): 669-672. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1114876
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Abstract:
  Objective  To assess hypertension treatment rate and its relevant factors among residents in Jilin province and to provide references for prevention and control of hypertension.   Methods  With stratified random sampling, 2 996 residents aged ≥ 18 years were selected for a questionnaire survey, physical examination and laboratory tests at five national disease surveillance points (Nanguan district of Changchun city, Dehui city, Fengman district of Jilin city, Ji'an city, and Longjing city) from June to August in 2013.   Results  The prevalence rate of hypertension was 42.76%, and the treatment rate of hypertension was 28.34% among the residents. The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that hypertension treatment rate was higher in female sufferers, the patients aged ≥ 55 years, and those with familial hypertension history; while the treatment rate was lower in those living in rural areas.   Conclusion   The treatment rate of hypertension is low and mainly influenced by gender, age, living area, and family hypertension history among community hypertension patients in Jilin province.
Prevalence, control and self-management of hypertension among elderly residents in rural areas of Yunnan province
Lin LI, Xiao LI, Hong-qian KONG,
2018, 34(5): 690-692. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1114798
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  Objective   To examine the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control and self-management behavior of hypertension among residents aged 60 years and over in rural areas of Yunnan province.   Methods   A representative sample of residents aged 60 years and over in rural Yunnan province was selected by using stratified multi-stage sampling and a questionnaire interview and physical examination were conducted among 2 040 participants from January to July 2016.   Results   In the study population, the overall rates of prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension was 50.2%, 31.7%, 76.0%, and 38.6%, respectively. The hypertension prevalence rate was significantly higher among the female participants than among the male participants (52.7% vs .47.9%, P < 0.05) and the prevalence rate was higher among the participants with lower education level and annual income per capita (both P < 0.05). Of the hypertension patients identfied, 78.4% reported taking anti-hypertensive drugs as a doctor's prescription and 65.2% conducting self-monitoring of blood pressure (BP). A lower treatment rate was reported among the hypertension patients with lower annual income per capita than among those with higher income (P < 0.01); the female patients and the patients with relatively higher annual income per capita were more likely to take anti-hypertensive drugs as a doctor's prescription (P < 0.05); and the reported rate of BP self-monitoring was higher among the patients with higher education level (P < 0.01). The female hypertension patients reported a significantly higher ratio of having physical exercise (15.6% vs. 6.8%) and lower ratios of restricted alcohol consumption (1.5% vs. 17.4%) and attempted smoking cessation (0.9% vs. 11.3%) during the previous two weeks compared to the male patients (P < 0.01 for all). The patients with the education of primary school or above reported a significantly higher ratio of restricted alcohol consumption than the illiterate patients; the patients with higher annual income per capita reported a higher ratio of taking physical exercise than those with lower income (both P < 0.01).   Conclusion   The findings indicate a relatively high prevalence rate of hypertension and low levels of awareness, control, and self-management of hypertension among elderly people in rural Yunnan province. Effective measures need to be developed to promote education on hypertension-related knowledge and self-management of the disease.
Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders among 2 – 6 years old children in kindergartens of Chongqing city
Chun-juan YANG, Ya-ru ZHANG, Zhi SHAO
2018, 34(5): 696-699. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1114783
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  Objective   To examine the prevalence of autism among 2 – 6 years children in kindergartens in Chongqing city.  Methods   Totally 7 800 children aged 2.5 – 6 years were selected from ordinary kindergartens in 6 districts of Chongqing municipality. First, all the participants were primarily screened with Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) by nursery teachers; then the children with positive primary screening results were then rescreened with Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC) and Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) by medical personnel in local hospitals; finally the children suspected with autism spectrum disorders were diagnosed by experts based on the criterion of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-V).   Results   Among the 6 212 children with valid information, 282 were positive to autism spectrum disorders, with the positive rates of 4.5% in the primary screening and 10.63% in the rescreening. Totally 22 autism cases (17 boys and 5 girls) were diagnosed and the overall autism prevalence rate was 3.54‰; the prevalence rate among the boys was significantly higher than that among the girls (5.14‰ vs. 1.72‰, t = 5.43; P < 0.01); the prevalence rate was 3.35‰ and 4.18‰ in the urban and rural children, without significant difference (t = 0.19, P > 0.5); the autism prevalence rate was 5.31‰ among the children aged 2 – < 4 years and 2.53‰ among those aged 4 – 6 years.   Conclusion   The prevalence rate of childhood autism in Chongqing municipality is slightly higher than that reported in other regions in China. A system for early screening, diagnosis, and rehabilitation of childhood autism needs to be established.
Relationship between smoking decisional balance and intention to quit smoking among male smokers
Xin-yu LI, Ning-meng CAO, Hai-de CHEN,
2018, 34(5): 640-642. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1114677
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  Objective   To investigate the relationship between smoking decisional balance and intention to quit smoking among male smokers, and to promote implementation and efficiency of smoking cessation in male smokers.   Methods  We recruited 326 male smokers who volunteered to participate a questionnaire survey via network from March to April 2016. General Demographic Information and Smoking Questionnaire, Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence, Intention to Quit Smoking Questionnaire, and Decisional Balance Scale were adopted in the survey.   Results   The score of perceived smoking benefits (2.82 ± .66) was significantly lower than that of perceived smoking hazards (3.09 ± .61) (t = 6.37, P<0.001). There were 60.74% of the participants reporting a higher level of perceived smoking hazards than that of perceived smoking benefits, 27.61% reporting a lower level of perceived smoking hazards than that of benefits, and 11.66% reporting equal levels of perceived smoking hazards and benefits. The score of willingness to quit smoking was higher than that of planning to quit smoking (3.17 ± 1.11 vs. 2.42 ± 1.55; t = 9.10, P < 0.001). The smoking decisional balance was negatively correlated with willingness to quit smoking and planning to quit smoking (r = – 0.39 and – 0.24, P < 0.001). The smoking decisional balance showed a negatively predictive effect on willingness to quit smoking and planning to quit smoking.   Conclusion  The attitude towards smoking is ambivalent and the intention to quit smoking is often in a state of high willingness but low planning among male smokers. Smoking decisional balance is an important predictor of intention to quit smoking in the male smokers.
Attitude towards smoke-free law in public places and its influencing factors among citizens in Shenzhen city
Wei XIE, Jing-fan XIONG, Wei-ye YU,
2018, 34(5): 629-632. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1114726
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  Objective   To examine the attitude towards smoke-free law in public places and its influencing factors among citizens in Shenzhen city and to provide evidences for promoting the effective implementation of the law.   Methods   We selected 274 public places in 10 jurisdictions of Shenzhen municipality with proportional random sampling and then intercepted 10 citizens aged 15 – 70 years in each of the public places for a questionnaire survey between January to February 2016.   Results   Of the 2 708 eligible responders, 86.78% were in favor of smoke-free law in public places. Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that gender (female vs. male: odds ratio [OR] = 1.68), education (senior high school vs. junior high school and below: OR = 1.86; undergraduate and above vs. junior high school and below: OR = 2.38), score for knowledge about smoking (4 – 6 points vs. 0 – 3 points: OR = 1.78; 7 – 8 points vs. 0 – 3 points OR = 2.46), scores for knowledge about smoke-free law (3 – 4 points vs. 0 – 2 points OR = 1.51), and smoking status (non-smoker vs. smoker: OR = 3.75) were the influencing factors for the attitude towards smoke-free law in public places (all P < 0.05).   Conclusion   The rate of support for smoke-free law in public places is high among citizens in Shenzhen city and interventions on factors related to attitudes towards the law among the public may promote effective implementation of smoke-free law in public places.
Health related quality of life and its influencing factors among residents in Ningxia
Xiang-rong LI, Rong TANG
2018, 34(5): 693-695. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1115779
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  Objective  To examine the status of quality of life (QoL) and explore main influencing factors of QoL among residents of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (Ningxia) and to provide evidences for promoting QoL in the population.  Methods  We recruited 4 465 residents aged ≥ 18 years in three municipalities of Ningxia with stratified random cluster sampling and conducted a questionnaire survey on QoL and its influencing factors from September to November 2015. World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale was adopted in the study.  Results  For all the participants, the scores of physical, psychological, independence, social, environment, and spiritual domain were 64.28 ± 13.28, 57.29 ± 9.91, 62.37 ± 10.90, 67.48 ± 11.20, 55.20 ± 7.86, and 46.27 ± 18.12, respectively, and all the domain scores were significantly different form those the national norm (all P < 0.01). Univariate analyses showed that age, gender, nationality, education level, marital status, and household monthly income were closely related to total QoL score; further multivariate analyses revealed that all the QoL domain scores and total score were influenced significantly by age, education level, household monthly income, and marital status after adjusting for other confounding factors (P < 0.05 for all).  Conclusion  The overall quality of life is at a good level and mainly influenced by age, marital status, education, and household monthly income among adult residents in Ningxia.
Health literacy and its influencing factors among urban populations at high-risk of chronic diseases in Shenyang city
Yan-wei DING, Shan-shan Lu, Tian SONG, Yan SUN,
2018, 34(5): 745-747. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1113012
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  Objective  to examine the health literacy and its impact factors among urban residents with a high-risk of chronic diseases in Shenyang city, Liaoning province, and to provide a reference for interventions on chronic disease.  Methods  Stratified random cluster sampling was used to recruited 5 635 residents aged 15 – 69 years and at high risk of chronic diseases in five urban districts of Shenyang city for a questionnaire survey conducted in May 2014.  Results  Of the participants, 24.97% reported an adequate health literacy; the ratios of the participants reporting sufficient healthy concept, healthy lifestyle and behaviors, and sufficient health skills were 31.45%, 20.89%, and 27.89%, respectively. The results of multivariate linear regression showed that the participants with higher education, a higher average annual household income, and having more family members were more likely to have a higher level of health literacy; while those at older age were more likely to have a lower level of health literacy.  Conclusion  The overall level of health literacy is relatively good and mainly influenced by age, education, average annual household income, and the number of family members among urban people at high-risk of chronic disease in Shenyang city.
Health insurance utilization and medical expenditure among middle-aged and elderly population in Henan province: a cross-sectional study
Chen-jin MA, Yu WANG, Yan JIANG,
2018, 34(5): 32-36. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1114632
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  Objective   To identify the characteristics associated with health insurance utilization and the association between the utilization and medical expenditure among middle-aged and elderly population in Henan province and to provide evidences for improving the process of national basic medical insurance.   Methods   A questionnaire survey among 1 464 community residents aged 45 years and above was conducted in three cities of Henan province in August 2013.   Results   Of the participants, 582 (39.8%), 1 134 (77.5%), and 1 215 (83.0%) reported inpatient treatment, outpatient treatment and self-treatment during previous 12 months. Among the participants reporting different medical treatments, 37 (6.4%), 666 (58.7%), and 928 (76.4%) didn’t use health insurance for their inpatient, outpatient, and self-treatment, respectively. For all the participants during the previous one year, the average individual medication related lost income, medical cost paid by insurance, gross total cost, and out of pocket cost were 749.2 ± 4 020.9, 3 194.4 ± 8 725.1, 10 828.2 ± 27 292.5, and 7 023.0 ± 21 919.1 yuan (RMB), respectively; the participants, who utilized health insurance for their inpatient treatment, reported significantly lower lost income (884.2 ± 2 864.0 vs. 2 182.4 ± 9 912.2), gross total cost (8 555.0 ± 16 401.3 vs. 22 230.5 ± 67 633.4 yuan), and out-of-pocket cost (674.6 ± 1 753.4 vs. 1 211.8 ± 2 258.1 yuan) compared to those who did not utilize medical insurance for their inpatient treatment (P < 0.05 for al).   Conclusion   In Henan province, many middle-aged and elderly people didn’t use health insurance for their outpatient treatment and self-treatment, and the utilization of health medical insurance can reduce lost income, gross total cost, and out-of-pocket cost related to their inpatient medication.
Effect of preserved food intake combined with alcohol drinking and tobacco smoking on esophageal cancer: a case-control study
Wei-lin CHEN, Li-ping HUANG, Huang-huang HAN,
2018, 34(5): 643-646. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1114506
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  Objective  To evaluate the association between preserved food and esophageal cancer (EC) and its joint effects with alcohol drinking and smoking and to provide evidences for establishing EC control strategy.  Methods  A hospital-based case-control study was conducted in Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University. A total of 645 primary esophageal cancer patients diagnosed between January 2010 through December 2015 and 646 gender- and age-matched non-cancer attendees of the same hospital were investigated with a questionnaires survey.  Results  The result of multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that preserved food intake was associated with an increased risk of EC in an exposure-response manner (chi-square for trend = 21.030, P < 0.001) after adjusting for gender, age, education, marital status, and monthly income. Compared with the nonsmokers consuming preserved food less than one time per week, the smokers taking preserved food five to seven times per week had a 2.517-folds increased EC risk (odds ratio [OR] = 2.517, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]:1.412 – 4.485). In comparison with among those not drinking alcohol and consuming preserved food less than one time per week, the EC risk was 3.683 times higher among the alcohol drinkers consuming preserved food five to seven times per week (OR = 3.683, 95% CI:2.101 – 6.456). Compared to the participants neither smoking nor drinking alcohol and taking preserved food less than two times per week, those smoking and drinking alcohol and taking preserved food three to seven times per week had a 4.455 folds increased risk of EC (OR = 4.455, 95% CI: 2.502 –7.931).  Conclusion  Preserved food intake is associated with an increased risk of esophageal cancer and the interaction between preserved food and alcohol drinking and smoking could increase the risk of esophageal cancer remarkably.
Associations of experiential avoidance, cognitive fusion and mindfulness with anxiety and depression among college students
Xi-hu XU, Yun-long CUI, Jing CAO,
2018, 34(5): 741-744. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1113866
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  Objective  To explore associations of experiential avoidance, cognitive fusion, and mindfulness with anxiety and depression in college freshmen, and to analyze mediating effects of mindfulness on the relationship between experiential avoidance and anxiety and depression.  Methods  Totally 366 college freshmen, selected by using cluster sampling from two universities in Beijing and Henan provinces, were surveyed with Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-Second Edition (AAQ-Ⅱ), Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire (CFQ), Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), and Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) in December 2014.  Results  For all the participants, the average scores were 19.48 ± 7.62 for AAQ-Ⅱ, 28.97 ± 10.84 for CFQ, 66.32 ± 10.98 for MAAS, 31.27 ± 6.95 for SAS, and 34.82 ± 7.70 for SDS, respectively.Experiential avoidance showed a positively predictive function to anxiety and depression (β = 0.429, 0.459; P < 0.001). In addition , mindfulness partially mediated the relationship between experiential avoidance and anxiety, depression (β = – 0.198, – 0.173; P < 0.001, 0.01), with the values of mediating effect of 22.06% and 18.80%.  Conclusion  Experiential avoidance has a positively predictive effect on both anxiety and depression; mindfulness has a partial mediating effect on the relationship between experiential avoidance and anxiety, depression.
Current status and effect of antiviral therapy in children with HIV/AIDS in Fujian province
Mei-rong XIE, Ting-ting WU, Ping-ping YAN
2018, 34(5): 732-735. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1113856
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  Objective  To describe the status and effect of antiretroviral therapy (ART) among children with human immunodeficiency virus /acquired immunodificiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) in Fujian province, and to provide evidences for improving the quality and management of medication for the children.  Methods  The data on ART treated HIV/AIDS cases aged ≤ 15 years and reported from 2005 through 2015 in Fujian province were extracted from China Information System for HIV/AIDS Prevention and then the information on demographics, physical growth, nutrition status, and ART outcomes of the cases were collected and analyzed.  Results  Of the 47 children (30 boys and 17 girls) with HIV/AIDS, 95.74% (45/47) were infected through vertical transmission. The age at the time of receiving ART ranged from 0.89 to 14.97 years, with a median of 4.69 years. The average ART treatment duration for all the cases was 30.4 months. At the beginning of ART, the cases showed significantly lower height and weight than those of normal children, with the detection rate of 61.70% (29/47) and 48.57% (17/35) for malnutrition and anemia; while, at the last follow-up examination after ART, the detection rate of malnutrition and anemia decreased to 42.55% (20/47) and 14.28% (5/35) and significantly lower than those before the ART (P = 0.035 and P = 0.019). Among the cases, the count of CD4 positively lymphocytes (CD4+T) increased gradually with the increment of ART duration; compared with the baseline values, the CD4+T count increased by 50.45%, 55.86%, 57.68%, 75.36%, and 84.09% at 3-, 6-, 12-, 24-, and 36-month after the ART, with significant differences (all P < 0.01).  Conclusion  Antiviral therapy is beneficial to improve the nutrition condition and to promote physical development and immune recovery among the children with HIV/AIDS.
Associations of job satisfaction and psychological capital with job performance among auditors
Xing-chen FENG, Hong-lin MA
2018, 34(5): 759-762. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1114551
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  Objective  To explore associations of job satisfaction and psychological capital with job performance among auditors and to provide a theoretical basis for improving the performance of auditors.  Methods  A total of 883 auditors from four municipalities and two counties in Liaoning province were recruited with cluster sampling and interviewed from June to September, 2016. Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ), Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PCQ), and Job Performance Questionnaire (JPQ) were adopted in the study.  Results  The scores of job satisfaction, mental capital and job performance of the auditors were 73.30 ± 14.34, 101.43 ± 18.10, and 75.34 ± 14.03, respectively. The mean overall scores were 73.30 ± 14.34 for MSQ, 101.43 ± 18.10 for PCQ, and 75.34 ± 14.03 for JPQ, respectively, among the auditors. The results of correlation analysis showed that MSQ score was positively related to PCQ score and JPQ score (r = 0.577, 0.654, both P < 0.01); job satisfaction could not only affect job performance directly, but also impact job performance indirectly. The intermediary effect of psychological capital was 0.294, accounting for 43.95% of the total variation.  Conclusion  There is a positive correlation between job satisfaction and psychological capital and job performance, and psychological capital plays a mediating role between job performance and job satisfaction.
Progress in researches on delivery and pharmacokinetics of nicotine from electronic cigarette: a review
Yi HAN, Xiao-wei GONG, Liu HONG,
2018, 34(5): 647-651. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1114034
Abstract(2010) HTML (662) PDF 631KB(188)
Abstract:
In recent years, the awareness and popularity of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) have shown increasingly enhancement all over the world. Nicotine levels in e-cigarettes and inhaled aerosol are important factors for e-cigarette products choice of e-cigarette users and cigarette smokers, while nicotine health effects, suitable dosage and alternative role for cigarette are the main concerns of public health officials and regulatory decision-makers. E-cigarette nicotine delivery and pharmacokinetics researches may provide valuable information and evidences for different stakeholders. This review aims to collect mainstream literatures from 2010 to 2016 and summarizes the effects of nicotine concentration, vaping behavior and experience, e-cigarette types, experimental methods on nicotine delivery content, efficiency, rate and in vivo metabolism.
Immunoadjuvent activity of different polysaccharides from Sijunzi decoction and its components
Bin XU, Yan LI, Xiang LI,
2018, 34(5): 85-88. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1112916
Abstract(1337) HTML (635) PDF 512KB(145)
Abstract:
  Objective  To study the effect of water-soluble polysaccharides from Sijunzi decoction and its four components on mouse macrophage cells.  Methods  The crude polysaccharides from Sijunzi decoction (composed of ginseng, atractylodes, tuckahoe and Radix glycyrrhizae preparata) were extracted with aqueous extraction and alcohol precipitation and then separated into 3 groups of high (> 100 kD), medium (30 to 100 kD), and low (< 30 kD) molecular weight using centrifuge through filter membrane. The same procedures were adopted to acquire crude polysaccharides form the four components of Sijunzi decoction. The mouse macrophage cells RAW264.7 were treated with the extracted polysaccharides at the dosage of 100 mg/L for 24 hours; then the cell cycle, phagocytosis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) of the cells were determined with flow cytometry (FCM). The expressions of CD40, CD86 and CD284 were also detected with FCM to analyze polarizations of the RAW264.7 cells.  Results  The low and medium molecular weight polysaccharides from Sijunzi decoction and its two components (ginseng and Radix glycyrrhizae preparata) promoted the proliferation and increased the proportions of the cells in S and G2M of the RAW264.7 cells. The ratios of CD40 positive cells were 86.30% ± 3.72%, 87.19% ± 2.76%, and 85.48% ± 4.63% for the RAW264.7 cells treated with medium molecular weight polysaccharides from Sijunzi decoction, ginseng and Radix glycyrrhizae preparata, and all obviously higher than that (76.99% ± 3.28%) of control cells. Compared to those of the control cells, the RAW264.7 cells treated with medium molecular weight polysaccharides from Sijunzi decoction, ginseng and Radix glycyrrhizae preparata also showed higher ratios of CD86 positive (65.60 ± 2.35%, 65.72 ± 2.35%, and 65.72 ± 2.70% vs. 60.64 ± 2.25%) and CD284 positive (7.46 ± 0.46, 7.22 ± 0.14, and 7.54 ± 0.28 vs. 6.24 ± 0.74).  Conclusion  The medium molecular weight polysaccharides from Sijunzi decoction, ginseng and Radix glycyrrhizae preparata could upregulate expressions of CD40, CD86 and CD284 and promote the polarizations of RAW264.7 cells; the low and medium molecular weight polysaccharides from Sijunzi decoction and its components have strong immunoadjuvent activity.
Prevalence and influencing factors of smoking among middle school students in Guiyang city
Jian WEN, Jing-juan LI, Yan WANG,
2018, 34(5): 636-639. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1113137
Abstract(1431) HTML (476) PDF 446KB(40)
Abstract:
  Objective  To investigate the status of tobacco use and tobacco control knowledge among middle school students in Guiyang city and to provide evidences for future interventions.  Methods  With stratified cluster sampling, 3 994 students in 14 middle schools in Guiyang city were selected and surveyed with ‘China Youth Tobacco Epidemic Survey Questionnaire –2013' between May and June 2015.  Results  The prevalence rate of smoking attempt, current smoking, and regular cigarette smoking were 40.4%, 17.1%, and 5.7%, respectively, among the students. Compared to the girl students, the boy students reported significantly higher prevalence rates of smoking attempt (54.5% vs. 27.3% ), current smoking (28.5% vs. 6.5%), and regular cigarette smoking (10.9% vs. 0.9%) (all P < 0.05). Gender, residential region, alcohol consumption, and type of school were the main influencing factors for smoking attempt, current smoking, and regular cigarette smoking among the students. High exposure to tobacco advertisement and cigarette sale promotion and low coverage of tobacco control information were reported by the students.  Conclusion  Tobacco use is very prevalent among middle school students in Guiyang city, suggesting that education on tobacco control should be strengthened by health and education agencies and specific interventions should be carried out among the students.
Smoking and smoking cessation among adult residents in Hubei province: a cross-sectional survey
Tian-jing HE, Lan ZHANG, Qing-jun ZHANG,
2018, 34(5): 28-31. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1114104
Abstract(1481) HTML (434) PDF 475KB(45)
Abstract:
  Objective  To describe the prevalence of smoking and smoking cessation among adult residents in Hubei province and to provide a reference for implementing tobacco control measures.  Methods  A face-to-face questionnaire survey was carried out at 10 national disease surveillance points to collect information on smoking behaviors among 6 000 residents aged 18 years and above using stratified multistage random cluster sampling in Hubei province between August 2013 and June 2014. Prevalence of smoking and smoking cessation among the residents of different groups were estimated with weighting method based on demographic data of Hubei province.  Results  With complex weighting, the prevalence rate of smoking, current smoking, and current daily smoking were 32.7% (95% confidence intervl [95% CI]: 27.4% – 38.0%), 27.6% (95% CI: 22.3% – 32.9%), and 24.7% (95% CI: 19.5% – 29.9%), respectively. Significant gender and age differences were observed in the prevalence of smoking , current smoking, and current daily smoking among the residents (P<0.05 for all). Based on the results of complex weighting, there were 39.2% (95% CI: 32.2% – 46.3%) of current smokers intending to quit smoking, 15.6% (95% CI: 12.6% – 18.7%) of current smokers conducting smoking cessation, but only 10.3% (95% CI: 8.4% – 12.2%) of smokers quitting smoking successfully. Among the smokers, the rate of smoking cessation and successful smoking cessation significantly differed by gender and age (both P < 0.05); the rate of smoking cessation intention differed significantly by age and education level (P < 0.05).  Conclusion  The prevalence of smoking was high among adult residents but the smoking cessation consciousness was low among smokers in Hubei province. The implementation of tobacco control measures should be promoted specifically among the residents with different characteristics.
Air pollution and cognitive impairment and dementia in the elderly: a literature review
Wen-hong ZHANG, Fang-biao TAO, Shi-lu TONG,
2018, 34(5): 774-776. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1113607
Abstract(1610) HTML (541) PDF 464KB(93)
Abstract:
In 2015, China had more than 10 million Alzheimer's patients, which was the same number as the sum of the patients in all developed countries; dementia has become a serious social and public health problem in China. Due to the lack of effective treatment method on cognitive impairment and dementia disease, finding the risk factors has become the key issue for the prevention of the disease. With the rapid development of China's industrial economy, air pollution has become a major public health problem, and many studies have shown that air pollutants have a certain influence on cognitive function damage and dementia in the elderly. This paper reviews the studies on the relationship between air pollutants and cognitive impairment and dementia in the elderly for providing some new ideas on reducing the incidence of cognitive impairment and dementia.
Cognition on tobacco hazards and attitude towards indoor smoking ban in public places among rural residents in Wuhan municipality
Yan-hua LU, Ling ZHANG, Xin MEI,
2018, 34(5): 625-628. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1118642
Abstract(1516) HTML (424) PDF 582KB(71)
Abstract:
  Objective  To investigate the cognition on tobacco hazards and the attitude towards indoor smoking ban in public places among rural adults in Wuhan municipality and to provide evidences for developing effective tobacco control strategies in rural areas.  Methods  Using stratified multistage sampling, we selected 2 500 rural residents aged 15 years and above in Wuhan municipality and conducted a face-to-face interview among the residents during October 2015 with the questionnaire used in China Adult Tobacco Survey. The results of the complex sample analysis were weighted by the data from China’s Sixth National Population Census in 2010.  Results  Totally 2 148 participants completed the questionnaire and the response rate was 85.9%. Among the participants, the rates for awareness of smoking-related diseases were 84.1% for lung cancer, 38.7% for myocardial infarction, 29.4% for stroke, and 16.9% for erectile dysfunction; the rates for awareness of second-hand smoke-related diseases were 39.8% for adult heart disease, 66.5% for adult lung disease, and 62.2% for child lung disease, respectively. Of the participants, 94.6%, 89.9%, and 88.4% expressed support for smoking ban in hospitals, schools, and workplaces. The proportion of the participants expressing support for smoking ban in public places was higher among nonsmokers than among the smokers.  Conclusion  The approval rate for tobacco control is relatively high but the rate of cognition on tobacco hazards and the knowledge rate of regulation for smoking ban in public places are relatively low among adult rural residents in Wuhan municipality. The results suggest that targeted health education and promotion should be carried out among the residents with the tobacco control legislation.
Prevalence of stunting and its relationship with feeding behaviors among infants and young children in China
Xin-yue DING, Dong-mei YU, Li-yun ZHAO
2018, 34(5): 665-668. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1117981
Abstract(1165) HTML (466) PDF 481KB(72)
Abstract:
  Objective  To examine the prevalence of stunting and the effect of feeding behavior on the prevalence among 6 – 24 months old children in China.  Methods  We extracted the data on 10 084 children aged 6 – 24 months from the dataset of Chinese Nutrition and Health Surveillance conducted in 2013; then we calculated height-for-age Z-score (HAZ) for all the children and analyzed the association of feeding behavior with the HAZ of among the children.  Results  The stunting prevalence rate was 7.17% for all the children in 2013 and the rate of the boys was higher than that of the girls (8.87% vs. 5.35%). The children with higher familial annual income per capita and maternal education level had a lower stunting prevalence rate compared to other children. The stunting prevalence rate was 2.83%, 5.33%, 7.66%, and 14.36% for the children in large cities, small and medium-sized cities, non-poverty counties, and poverty counties, respectively, and there was a significant disparity in the stunting prevalence rate among the children living in different regions (P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis revealed that the intake frequency of various kinds of food during latest one week was a main factor for stunting among the children.  Conclusion  The prevalence rate of stunting remains high among the infants and young children aged 6 – 24 months in poverty rural areas in China and feeding behavior can affect the growth and development of the children directly. The results suggest that scientific feeding should be promoted in the children and special concern should be paid to the quantity and quality of complementary food supplementation.
Effects of residential features on active Keshan disease surveillance in endemic areas
Zhe WANG, Tong WANG, Chun-yan XU,
2018, 34(5): 673-676. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1112566
Abstract(1315) HTML (421) PDF 958KB(34)
Abstract:
  Objective  To explore effects of residential features on active Keshan disease (KD) surveillance, prevalence assessment, and population burden in endemic areas.  Methods  We selected 5 villages in Fanrong country, Heilongjiang province. We collected and analyzed data of 3 421 registered residents and 2 235 permanent residents in December, 2015.  Results  For the 5 villages, the outflow population accounted for 35.4% of the registered population. The proportion of outflow population was the highest (63.0%) among the registered residents aged 25 – 29 years, followed by the proportions of 55.9% and 50.6% among those aged 20 – 24 and 15 – 19 years; while, the lowest proportion was 13.2% among the registered population aged 55 – 64 years. The overall rate of response to a field survey of active surveillance was 29.9% (669/2 235) among the registered population and the top three response rates to the active surveillance were observed among the registered populations aged 40 – 44 (51.4%), 65 – 69 (50.3%), and 60 – 64 years old (50.0%). The coefficient of juvenile and elderly population were 13.2% and 18.5%; the ratio of old population to juvenile population was 139.9%.  Conclusion  Skewed gender and age distribution and severe aging were observed in the population of KD endemic areas; the response rate to filed survey of KD active surveillance was low due to population characteristics in KD endemic areas. The results suggest that adjustment and standardization should be adopted in analyses on the data collected among the populations.
Prevalence and risk factors of functional dyspepsia among minority rural residents in Qiannan region of Guizhou province
Hua ZHANG, Mi LI, Ru-jun TIAN,
2018, 34(5): 677-681. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1118741
Abstract(1498) HTML (405) PDF 551KB(80)
Abstract:
  Objective  To examine the prevalence and risk factors of functional dyspepsia among minority rural residents living in southern area of Guizhou province and to provide references for taking corresponding interventions.  Methods  A total of 98 877 minority permanent rural residents (≥20 years old) were randomly selected with cluster random sampling from Qiannan prefecture of Guizhou province and surveyed with a face-to-face interview, physical examination, and other diagnostic tests between October 2016 and December 2017.  Results  Totally 18 432 functional dyspepsia (FD) cases were diagnosed; the prevalence rate of FD was 18.64% and the standardized prevalence rate was 18.59% among the participants. Unconditional multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed following risk factors of FD: female gender (odds ratio [OR] = 3.334, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.237 – 5.883), age 40 – 79 years (OR = 2.195 – 4.628), Buyi nationality (OR = 3.411, 95% CI: 1.635 – 5.195), Shui nationality (OR = 2.524, 95% CI: 1.034 – 3.572), education of primary school and below (OR = 3.424, 95% CI: 1.535 – 3.074), family history of FD (OR = 3.415, 95% CI: 1.321 – 5.897), body mass index-based emaciation (OR = 3.306, 95% CI: 1.122 – 4.969), preference for salty food (OR = 3.901, 95% CI: 1.431 – 4.706), preference for cold and uncooked food (OR = 3.862, 95% CI: 1.352 – 5.989), having light physical labor (OR = 3.321, 95% CI: 1.243 – 4.197), drinking water < 500 ml per day (OR = 3.226, 95% CI: 1.227 – 4.778), with sleeping time of < 5 hours per day (OR = 3.764, 95% CI: 1.232 – 5.009), taking medicine for a long time (OR = 2.867, 95% CI: 1245 – 3.782), constipation (OR = 3.157, 95% CI: 1.339 – 5.812), and with long duration of stress or anxiety (OR = 4.511, 95% CI: 1.542 – 6.998); the analysis also showed that living in an area with the altitude of higher than 1 500 meters was a protective factor for FD (OR = 3.483, 95% CI: 1.335 – 4.792).  Conclusion  The prevalence rate of functional dyspepsia is relative high among minority rural residents living in southern area of Guizhou province and interventions on risk factors of functional dyspepsia should be conducted among the population.
Cellphone use and depression in middle school students: a cross-sectional study
Yuan-yuan ZHANG, Pan JING, Dong-sheng ZHOU,
2018, 34(5): 682-686. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1118141
Abstract(1829) HTML (521) PDF 487KB(194)
Abstract:
  Objective  To examine current situation of cellphone use and depression among middle school students in Ningbo city for guiding the students to use cellphone reasonably and to adjust emotion.  Methods  We selected 3 264 students from 2 junior high schools and 2 senior high schools in 4 regions of Ningbo municipality with random cluster sampling and then conducted a self-administered survey with a general questionnaire and Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) among the students between May and June 2015.  Results  Of the students, 555 (17.0%) and 1 538 (47.1%) considered cellphone use being in great and general need; 954 (29.0%) regarded cellphone use being dispensable and only 226 (6.9%) deemed cellphone use being unnecessary. There was a significant difference in cellphone use among the students of various grade and the number of students reporting cellphone use time of 2 – 4 and 5 – 6 hours per day was the highest for the junior high school students of grade 3. For all the students, 2 315 (70.92%) were identified without depression and 518 (15.87%), 319 (9.76%), and 112 (3.45%) were identified with minor, moderate, and major depression, respectively. The results of logistic regression analysis indicated that depression was correlated with gender, positively with time of cellphone use and reversely with paternal and maternal education level among the students.  Conclusion  Cellphone use is prevalent and associates with depression among middle school students; the situation needs to be concerned.
Demand and utilization of medical service among home-dwelling elderly with disability in China: 2011 – 2015
Di LIU, Tao DAI, Ju HUANG
2018, 34(5): 687-689. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1118582
Abstract(1442) HTML (379) PDF 577KB(87)
Abstract:
  Objective  To explore demand and utilization of medical service among home-dwelling elderly with disability in China and to provide evidences for the establishment of long-term care system.  Methods  We extracted the data on home-dwelling elderly from three waves of China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) conducted in 2011,2013 and 2015. The disability conditions of the elderly were assessed with the Activity of Daily Living Scale (ADL) and then demand and utilization of medical service among the elderly with various disability condition were described and compared.  Results  The disability rate was 10.09%, 9.62%, and 10.14% among the 7 541, 8 751, and 9 326 elderly surveyed in 2011, 2013, and 2015, respectively, and there was no significant yearly difference in the rate (P > 0.05). For the elderly identified with disabilities in the three waves of the survey, the self-reported disease prevalence rate was 41.92%, 45.13%, and 42.92% and the rate of outpatient clinic visit was 28.91%, 30.76%, and 27.18% during previous one month till the surveys, without yearly variation (P > 0.05); whereas the proportion of the elderly wanting but not having the outpatient visit was 15.37%, 17.45%, 20.19% among the elderly disabled, with an significantly increasing trend (χ2trend = 6.759, P = 0.009). In the three waves of the surveys among the elderly with disability, the proportion of requiring hospitalization was 29.43%, 35.99%, and 39.96% and the reported hospitalization rate was 22.21%, 29.45%, and 32.91% during previous one year till the surveys and there was a significant increasing trend for the proportion and the rate (both P < 0.001); while the proportion of the elderly wanting but not having the hospitalization was 9.59%, 10.93%, and 11.83%, without significant variation (P > 0.05).  Conclusion  Both the demand and the utilization of inpatient medical service increased but the utilization of outpatient service decreased from 2011 to 2015 among the home-dwelling elderly with disability in China.
Synergistic effects and mechanism of PI3K/Akt/mTOR and MAPK/ERK signaling pathway on growth of gastric cancer cells
Ying ZHAO, Xiao-wei CHEN, Yu-chao XU, Hai-xiang SUN,
2018, 34(5): 79-84. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1117071
Abstract(1993) HTML (813) PDF 1021KB(133)
Abstract:
  Objective  To investigate the synergistic effect of phosphalyl inositol 3-kinase protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/Akt/mTOR) and mitogen activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) signaling pathways on gastric cancer cell growth.  Methods  Different concentrations of PI3K/Akt/mTOR and MAPK/ERK signaling pathways inhibitor rapamycin and PD98059 were used alone and in combination to SGC-7901 cells, respectively. The proliferation of SGC-7901 cells was detected with cholecystokinin-8 (CCK8). The mRNA expressions of key genes were detected with real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The expressions of related proteins were detected with Western blot. Cell cycles and apoptosis were detected with flow cytometry.  Results  Both the single administration of rapamycin (at dosages of 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 150, and 200 nmol/L) and PD98059 (at dosages of 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 300, and 400 μmol/L) could inhibit the growth of SGC-7901 cells; so did the combined administration of the two agents and the inhibitory effect of the combined administration was stronger than that of the single agent (P < 0.05). The combined administration of rapamycin and PD98059 exerted a much stronger inhibitive effect on the mRNA expressions of AKT, mTOR, mitogen activated protein kinase kinase (MEK), ERK and the protein expressions of p-AKT, p-mTOR, p-MEK1/2 and p-ERK1/2 than the single administration of one of the two agents (P < 0.05 for all); higher proportions of cells arrested at G0/G1 phase and apoptosis cells were also observed for the SGC-7901 cells with combined administration than those for the SGC-7901 cells with the single administration.  Conclusion  PI3K/Akt/mTOR and MAPK/ERK signaling pathways have a synergistic effect on the growth of gastric cancer cells.
Screening and identification of moyamoya disease-related serum protein biomarkers
Zhi-tao PENG, Zhi-hao ZHAI, Lan WANG,
2018, 34(5): 712-715. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1117631
Abstract(1405) HTML (361) PDF 573KB(79)
Abstract:
  Objective  To screen moyamoya disease-related serum proteins and to explore associations of the protein with the disease for providing evidences to the development of molecular targeted therapy.  Methods  Serum samples were collected from 11 moyamoya disease patients and 20 healthy controls. The samples were labeled with isobaric tags for relative or absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) after the elimination of abundant proteins such as immunoglobulin G (IgG) and albumin and trypsin digestion; then differential proteins in the samples were detected with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The identified transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) was verified with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).  Results  Among the 202 moyamoya disease-related serum proteins identified, 13 were up-regulated and 7 were down-regulated. Significantly increased vitamin D-binding protein (D6RF35) (1.22 ± 0.48 ng/ml) and decreased coenzyme Q10B (CoQ10B) (0.81 ± 0.25 ng/ml) were detected in the serum samples of moyamoya disease patients (both P < 0.05). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis demonstrated a larger area under the ROC curve (AUC) (71.4%) of the CoQ10B than that of D6RF35 (61.7%).  Conclusion  CoQ10 may be a potential serum protein marker better than D6RF35 for moyamoya disease and may play an important role in the incidence of moyamoya disease.
Effects of iron overload on gene expressions of DMT1 and FPN1 in rats with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Li-jia ZHANG, Jing-ming CAI, Jie SHEN,
2018, 34(5): 716-719. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1110438
Abstract(1179) HTML (484) PDF 712KB(33)
Abstract:
  Objective  To investigate the effects of iron overload and high fat diet on the level of divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) and ferroportin 1 (FPN1) mRNA expressions in duodenum of rats with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).  Methods  High fat and high iron diet were used to construct NAFLD model in rats. Serum levels of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), glucose (Glu), and insulin (INS) of the experimental rats were detected and the index of homeostatic measurement assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated. Pathological changes in livers were observed with hematoxylin-eosin staining. The expression levels of DMT1 and FPN1 mRNA in the duodenums were measured using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method.  Results  Serum TG level of the rats with high fat and high-dose iron supplement was 0.61 ± 0.07 and significantly higher than that of the control rats (P < 0.05). Serum insulin and HOMA-IR index of the rats with high fat and high-dose iron supplement were 27.73 ± 8.29 mIU/L and 6.06 ± 1.88, and both higher than those of the control rats and the rats only with high fat diet (P < 0.05 for all). The hepatic steatosis of the rats with high fat and high-dose iron supplement was more serious than that of the rats only with high fat. Duodenal DMT1mRNA and FPN1mRNA expressions in the rats with high fat and high-dose iron supplement were 0.81 ± 0.03 and 0.69 ± 0.11, and both significantly lower than those of the control rats (both P < 0.05).  Conclusion  High fat and high iron diet could induce insulin resistance, aggravate hepatic steatosis, and decrease the negative feedback regulation of duodenum iron absorption in rats with NAFLD.
Bone health and its impact factors among Han adults in Yunnan province
Xiao-yang WANG, Xia PENG, Fen DONG,
2018, 34(5): 720-723. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1118512
Abstract(1173) HTML (374) PDF 545KB(72)
Abstract:
  Objective  To explore quantitative ultrasound (QUS) parameters of calcaneus and factors associated with the parameters in Han adult residents living in Yunnan province and to provide evidences for developing bone health promotion strategies.  Methods  Using multistage stratified cluster sampling, we conducted a questionnaire survey and physical examination among 1 766 Han community residents aged 20 – 80 years. We adopted Pegasus device to measure broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) and speed of sound (SOS) of calcaneus among the participants. Multivariate linear regression model was employed to analyze factors correlated to calcaneus QUS parameters.  Results  The results of covariance analysis demonstrated that the calcaneus BUA of the male participants was significantly higher than that of the female participants after adjusting for age (P < 0.05). The results of multivariate analysis revealed that calcaneus QUS parameters were reversely associated with age in the male participants; current smokers had lower QUS parameters (BUA: β = – 4.3, SOS: β = – 8.1); the male participants with personal monthly income of≥3 001 RMB yuan (BUA: β = 8.2), drinking alcohol currently (BUA: β = 4.3), and doing physical exercise≥3 times/per week (SOS: β = 8.6) were more likely to have higher calcaneus QUS values. While, the female participants aged 60 – 80 years (BUA: β = – 8.0) and being menopausal (BUA: β = – 13.2; SOS: β = – 21.5) were more likely to have lower calcaneus QUS parameters; but those with the body mass index (BMI) of≥28 kg/m2 (BUA: β = 6.7) and doing physical exercise were more likely to have higher with the QUS parameters.  Conclusion  Elder age, low BMI, smoking, lack of physical exercise, and menopause are risk factors for calcaneus QUS parameters and having physical exercise may improve bone health among Han adult community residents in Yunnan province.
Effects of organizational justice on turnover intention, work performance among village doctors in Shandong province
Qian-qian YU, Wen-qiang YIN, Dong-mei HUANG,
2018, 34(5): 724-728. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1115957
Abstract(1525) HTML (454) PDF 710KB(72)
Abstract:
  Objective  To assess the status of organizational justice, turnover intention and work performance among village doctors, and to analyze the effects of organizational justice on turnover intention and work performance.  Methods  A total of 1 018 village doctors in 6 cities of Shandong province were surveyed from October to November 2015. Descriptive method and factor analysis were used in data analyses and structural equation model was adopted to verify the hypothesis.  Results  The organizational justice includes two dimensions: distributive and procedural justice and work performance includes three dimensions: task performance, interpersonal promotion, and work dedication. Distributive and procedural justice exerted a negative impact directly on turnover intention (influence coefficient: – 0.214 and – 0.189); distributive justice exerted a positive impact indirectly on task performance, interpersonal promotion and work dedication (influence coefficient: 0.030, 0.028 and 0.031). The total effect of procedural justice is 0.162 (0.136 and 0.026 for direct and indirect effect) on task performance and 0.227 (0.202 and 0.025 for direct and indirect effect) on interpersonal promotion; the indirect effect of procedural justice is 0.028 on work dedication.  Conclusion  The study demonstrates that distributive justice and procedural justice have significant direct positive effect on turnover intention; the procedural justice has a direct positive impact on work performance; the distribution justice has a positive impact on work performance through turnover intention as a mediating variable. The results suggest that improving organizational justice and procedural justice could reduce turnover intention and improve work performance among rural doctors.
Suspected adverse events following immunization of poliomyelitis vaccines in Hubei province: analysis on surveillance data of 2015 – 2017
Si-quan WANG, Chi ZHANG, Lei WANG,
2018, 34(5): 736-740. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1118771
Abstract(1606) HTML (533) PDF 517KB(71)
Abstract:
  Objective  To analyze occurrence features of adverse events following immunization (AEFI) of poliomyelitis vaccines in Hubei province from 2015 to 2017, and to evaluate the safety of the vaccines.  Methods  We collected reported AEFI cases related to vaccinations of trivalent oral poliomyelitis attenuated live vaccine (tOPV), inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine made from Salk strains (IPV-Salk), inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine made from sabin strains (IPV-Sabin), and bivalent oral poliomyelitis attenuated live vaccine (bOPV) in Hubei province from 2015 to 2017 via AEFI information management system; then we analyzed the data with descriptive epidemiology method.  Results  During the 3-year period, the incidence rates of AEFI related to vaccinations of tOPV, bOPV, IPV-Salk, and IPV-Sabin ranged between 4.78 per 100 000 doses to 26.94 per 100 000 doses. Of all the AEFI reported, 80% were common reactions and 11.6% – 20.56% were rare reactions. Most of the reported AEFI cases were the small children less than one years old and the male cases was more than the female cases. More than 90% of the reported cases occurred within one day after the vaccination. For the AEFI cases related to the vaccinations of bOPV and tOPV, the incidence rate of first dose was higher than that of follow-up dose, but there was no obvious difference in the incidence rate for the vaccinations of IPV-Salk and IPV-Sabin. The AEFI incidence rate related to the newly listed bOPV and IPV-Sabin was higher than that related to OPV and IPV-Salk but main reactions of the newly listed vaccines were common vaccine reactions and allergic rash.  Conclusion  The vaccination of poliomyelitis vaccines is highly safe but the surveillance on rare reactions of the vaccination remains to be done.
Relationship between occupational stress and job performance among medical staff in private hospitals
Yu-ze WU, Hong-lin MA
2018, 34(5): 127-131. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1118332
Abstract(1428) HTML (491) PDF 673KB(78)
Abstract:
  Objective  To explore the relationship between occupational stress and job performance and the intermediary role of psychological capital in the relation between the two factors among medical staff in private hospitals.  Methods  We conducted a cross-sectional survey among 824 medical staff selected with cluster sampling in 37 private hospitals in Liaoning and Hebei province and in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region between September and December 2016. The participants were asked to complete a self-designed questionnaire, Effort-Reward Imbalance Scale, Psychological Capital Scale, and Job Performance Scale anonymously. We used Epi Data 3.1 in data processing and SPSS 22.0 and AMOS 22.0 in data analysis.  Results  There was a significant reverse correlation between occupational stress and job performance (β = – 0.449, P < 0.001) and a significant positive correlation between psychological capital and job performance (β = 0.600, P < 0.001). Occupational stress, through psychological capital, indirectly affects job performance, with an effect size of – 0.269.  Conclusion  Psychological capital plays a general intermediary role between occupational stress and job performance and the job performance is entirely dependent on psychological capital among medical staff in private hospitals.
Occupational health risk assessment of benzene exposure among enterprises
Bo WU, Ming LI, Xiu-rong CHENG,
2018, 34(5): 132-135. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1118203
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Abstract:
  Objective  To assess occupational health risk of benzene exposure among enterprise workers and to explore health risk assessment models for occupational benzene exposure in workplace.  Methods  Benzene exposure monitoring at workplaces and occupational health survey among exposed workers were carried out in a furniture factory and a transformer factory in Shandong province between April and June 2017. The health risk of occupational benzene exposure for each work site was evaluated and graded with the Singapore semi-quantitative risk assessment model and the occupational hazard risk assessment index method.  Results  The assessment based on Singapore semi-quantitative risk model indicated that in the furniture factory the two paint spraying sites in a primer workshop were classified as with high risk level (risk value of 4.4), and all work sites in the finish paint workshop were with moderate risk; in the transformer factory the work site for clamps' paint spraying in the large size workpiece manufacturing workshop was graded with extremely high risk (risk value of 5.0) and the work sites of oil removal and paint spraying in the metal component workshop were with the high risk level (risk value of 3.9 and 4.4). The assessment according to occupational hazard risk index method demonstrated that in the transformer factory all work sites of primer workshop and finish paint workshop were classified as with high health risk; in the transformer factory, the worksites of oil removal and paint spraying in the large size workpiece manufacturing workshop were with extremely high risk level (mean risk value of greater than 80) and the work sites of paint spraying in the metal component workshop were with the high risk level.  Conclusion  Several work sites in the furniture factory and transformer factory were assessed with high health risk associated with benzene exposure and the assessment based on occupational hazard risk index method can result in more objective estimation.
Suspected adverse events following immunization among children in Kaifeng city: monitoring data analysis, 2015
Luo-ming ZHANG
2018, 34(5): 763-766. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1114625
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Abstract:
  Objective  To analyze epidemiological characteristics of suspected adverse events following immunization (AEFI) among children in Kaifeng municipality (Kaifeng) of Henan province in 2015.  Methods  The data on children with AEFI reported in Kaifeng during 2015 were collected. Descriptive epidemiological methods were adopted to analyze the incidents of AEFI.  Results  The reported cases of AEFI distributed in almost all the administration regions (100.00% for county level and 97.97% for township level) in the year and more cases were reported in Shunhe Hui ethnic district (19.50%), Weishi county (17.03%), and Jinming district (13%). The majority of the reported AEFI cases were small children less than one year old (58.51%) and at the ages one to two years (29.10%). More AEFI cases were reported in August (23.22%) of the year. The proportion of the cases related to vaccination of attenuated Japanese encephalitis vaccine was the highest (23.22%). Nearly all the reported cases (95.67%) were categorized as general type of AEFI, with main clinical symptoms of fever (80.19%), local red and swollen (21.05%), and crying (10.53%).  Conclusion  In Kaifeng municipality during 2105, the reported cases of AEFI were mainly small children less one year old; more cases were reported in summer and autumn season and general reaction was the major type of AEFI reported.
Nutritional risk screening among 112 gastric cancer inpatients
Shan-shan NI, Xiao-jun SU, Qing-ming LI,
2018, 34(5): 767-770. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1118711
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Abstract:
  Objective  To evaluate nutritional risk using Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 (NRS2002) and to analyze correlations between nutritional risk and malnutrition, quality of life, age, gender, and disease duration among gastric cancer inpatients.  Methods  We recruited 112 gastric cancer inpatients in Hunan Province Tumor Hospital during the period from June 1st to August 31st, 2017. Then we conducted a nutritional risk assessment using NRS2002, an evaluation on quality of life with Quality of Life Questionnaire of Stomach 22 (QLQ-STO22), and measurements of physiological indicators including height and weight and blood total protein and hemoglobin among the inpatients.  Results  Of the inpatients, 70.5% were identified with nutritional risk. Among the inpatients, the influencing factors of the nutritional risk included age (χ2 = 4.824, P = 0.028), disease duration (χ2 = 5.320, P = 0.021), low body weight (51.49 ± 8.54 kg), low body mass index (BMI) (19.48 ±2.67 kg/m2), low total protein (60.91 ± 8.74 g/L), low serum albumin (38.90±4.87 g/L), and low hemoglobin (103.99±16.45 g/L) (all P < 0.05). The nutritional risk was correlated with the quality of life and the presence of nutritional risk could significantly affect the scores of swallowing, reflux, eating restriction, and taste change among the inpatients (P < 0.05 for all).  Conclusion  The nutritional risk is correlated positively with the incidence of malnutrition and the decline in quality of life among gastric cancer inpatients. Concerns should be paid on early nutritional risk screening for the implementation of reasonable intervention in order to improve the nutrition status and quality of live among gastric cancer patients.
Antibiotic use among chronic obstructive pulmonary disease inpatients with acute exacerbation in Pudong New Area: a pharmacoepidemiologic study
Li-feng CHEN, Jian GONG, Min-hua GU,
2018, 34(5): 771-773. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1119330
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Abstract:
  Objective  To investigate antibiotic use among hospitalized chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients with acute exacerbation in Pudong New Area of Shanghai city and to provide references for reasonable antibiotic use in clinic practice.  Methods  We selected two tertiary hospitals in Pudong New Area of Shanghai as study sites using convenient sampling and then 3 000 COPD inpatients in the two hospitals were randomly selected from January 1, 2014 to January 1, 2017. The information on antibiotics use of the inpatients were extracted from their medical records.  Results  From all the inpatients selected, 1 784 were diagnosed with acute exacerbation, of which 920 (51.57%) were male and 864 (48.43%) were female, with a mean age of 77.5 ± 12.4 years. Cephalosporins were the most frequently used antibiotics among the COPD inpatients with acute exacerbation and the case times of administration of cephalosporins were 5 891, accounting for 46.82% of total case times of antibiotic use. The most frequently used antibiotic was cefoperazone/sulbactam, with a total case times of administration of 875 and accounting for 6.95% of total case times of administration (875/12 581). The maximum drug utilization index for the antibiotics used was 2.06 for levofloxacin and the minimum was 0.49 for linezolid. The applied antibiotics with the drug utilization index close to 1.00 included ceftizoxime sodium (0.91), imipenem/cilastatin sodium (0.99), rifampicin (0.99), ciprofloxacin (1.08), and biapenem (1.10).  Conclusion  Antibiotic use is reasonable among COPD inpatients with acute exacerbation in Pudong New Area of Shanghai city but still needs to be improved for more rational antibiotic use in clinical practice.
Progress in disease burden researches
Xi-yao LI, Ying ZHOU, Hui HUANG,
2018, 34(5): 777-780. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1118319
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Abstract:
The study aims to summarize the researches on disease burden in recent years and to provide references for the study of disease burden in the future. This article describes the basic definition of disease burden, the procedures to quantify the health and economic losses and the economic impacts on the society caused by illness, injury and premature death, the classification of disease burden, and application and evolution of the indexes commonly used. The article also discusses current situation of disease burden researches at home and abroad, including latest research results of the global burden of disease GBD2016, health adjusted life for 195 countries around the world, calculation of adjustment disability life and other indicators, and key topics and insufficiencies of disease burden researches.