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2022 Vol. 38, No. 9

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2022, 38(9)
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2022, 38(9): 1-1.
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Special Column – Response to COVID-19 in the Elderly
Prevention and control of COVID-19 epidemic among elderly people in China: challenge, practice and enlightenment
GAO Xin, YIN Zhao-xue, WU Jing
2022, 38(9): 1097-1101. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1139853
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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the most widely spread epidemic in the past century, which poses a major threat to the safety and health of the whole population, especially to those of the elderly. China carried forward the traditional virtue of respecting and caring for the elderly in special times, adhered to unified leadership, joint prevention and control, society-wide prevention and control, and precise measure implementation for the elderly in the face of challenges such as poor physical and mental health, weak protection ability, and the "digital divide". During the period of COVID-19 prevention and control, China did its utmost to ensure life support and health service for old people. In this article, we summarized successful experience of COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control among the elderly in China and proposed some suggestions on improving health service system for elderly and constructing an elderly friendly society during the period of normalized COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control.
Characteristics of local COVID-19 cases aged ≥ 60 years in Zhejiang province during epidemic period dominantly due to SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant infection
LIU Bi-yao, WANG Zhen, QI Xiao-hua,
2022, 38(9): 1102-1107. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1139326
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  Objective   To analyze the characteristics of local coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases aged ≥ 60 years in Zhejiang province during the epidemic period dominantly due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron variant infection for providing evidence to the improvement of COVID-19 prevention and control among the elderly.   Methods  The information on all local COVID-19 cases aged ≥ 60 years at the diagnosis reported in Zhejiang province from March through April, 2022 were extracted from the National Information System for Disease Control and Prevention and from the reports of field surveys on the cases. Descriptive statistics were conducted to analyze epidemiological characteristics of the cases.   Results  Of a total of 163 elderly local COVID-19 cases reported during the two months, 82 (50.31%) were confirmed cases and 81 (49.69%) were asymptomatic infections. Among the 82 confirmed cases, 69 (84.15%) were mild type and 13 (15.85%) were common type; no severe/critical case and mortality were reported. For all the cases, the male to female ratio was 0.92 : 1; the age ranged from 60 to 95 years, with a median age of 68 years. The majority (69.33%, n = 113) of the cases′ occupations were non-social workers. Nearly a half (46.01%, n = 75) of the cases had underlying diseases. More than a half (57.06%, n = 93) of the cases had full-dose COVID-19 vaccination with booster injection. Of the cases, 69.94% (114) were identified among the people under centralized medical observation. Among the cases with cardio-cerebrovascular diseases, the proportion of common type patients was significantly higher than that of asymptomatic infection compared with the cases without the diseases (P = 0.008). The proportion of common type COVID-19 was significantly lower than that of asymptomatic infection (P = 0.015) and mild type COVID-19 (P = 0.012) for the cases with booster COVID-19 vaccination in comparison with those without the booster vaccination.   Conclusion  The clinical manifestation of local elderly COVID-19 cases was generally mild during the epidemic induced mainly by SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant. The study results suggested that promoting COVID-19 vaccination and developing Omicron variant-specific vaccine are of significance for COVID-19 epidemic control and prevention in elderly population.
Impact factors of severe/critical conditions among SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant infected patients aged 60 years and above: a hospital records-based analysis
WANG Feng, MENG Sheng-xi, WANG Jia-li,
2022, 38(9): 1108-1112. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1139564
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  Objective  To analyze influence factors of severe/critical conditions among elderly patients ( ≥ 60 years) infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron variant.   Methods  Medical records of all elderly patients (≥ 60 years) with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant infection during April 6 – June 12, 2022 were extracted from a designated hospital for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Shanghai city and the patients were assigned into different severity groups according to their clinical conditions. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were adopted in analysis on factors associated with clinical severity in the patents.   Results  Of the 625 patients included in the study, 455, 125, and 45 were mild, common, and severe/critical cases. In the patients, the proportion of severe/critical cases increased significantly by age, with the proportions of 2.99% (7/234), 7.34% (13/177), 9.03% (13/144), and 17.14% (12/70) for the patients aged 60 – 69, 70 – 79, 80 – 89, ≥ 90 years (χ2trend = 8.288, P = 0.004); the proportion also significantly increased inversely with the dose number of COVID-19 vaccination, with the proportions of 2.33% (1/43), 1.35% (1/74), 6.98% (3/43), and 8.60% (40/465) for the patients having 3, 2, 1, and zero dose vaccine, respectively (χ2trend = 10.201, P = 0.001). The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that at older age (odds ratio [OR] = 1.606, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.177 – 2.192) and suffering from diabetes (OR = 1.916, 95% CI: 1.030 – 3.565) were independent risk factors for severe/critical conditions.   Conclusion  For SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant infected patients over 60 years old, advanced age and having diabetes are risk factors for severe/critical conditions and vaccination could effectively reduce that risk.
Adverse events following immunization among the elderly having booster COVID-19 vaccine: an active surveillance in Guiyang city
YU Na, LIU Yu-na, BAI Xiao-ling,
2022, 38(9): 1113-1117. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1139515
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  Objective  To examine the incidence of adverse events following immunization (AEFI) among old people receiving booster dose of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine and to provide reference data for evaluating the safety of COVID-19 vaccine booster immunization in the population.   Methods  Using a self-designed questionnaire on AEFI, we conducted person-to-person telephone interviews among 1 157 vaccinees aged 60 years and above 7 – 14 days after receiving booster dose of COVID-19 vaccine at a community healthcare service station between October 2021 and March 2022.   Results  Of all the elderly interviewed, 122 (10.54%) reported AEFI. Local reaction was the most frequently reported AEFI (112 person times in 90 participants) and the majority (64.29%, 72/112 person times) of the local reactions was pain at the injection site. Of the 90 participants reporting AEFI, 58.89% (n = 53) had their adverse events spontaneously improved one or two days after the vaccination. Totally 46 person times of systemic reactions were reported by 38 participants, and 32.61% (15 person times) of the systemic reactions was fatigue; the reported systemic reactions also spontaneously improved in 21 (55.26%) of the sufferers one or two days after the vaccination. There were 6 participants reporting both local and systemic reaction. No significant association of hypertension, diabetes and hyperlipidemia with the occurrence of AEFI was observed. There was a significant difference in the incidence of AEFI among the participants having different booster immunization schedules (χ2 = 14.705, P < 0.05). Among the participants having inactivated vaccines, the incidence of AEFI was 12.59% (36/286) for those with the booster dose of homologous vaccine from the same manufacture as their routine vaccination and the incidence was 9.50% (67/705) for those with the booster dose of homologous vaccine but from different manufacture; among the participants having two doses recombinant novel coronavirus vaccine (type 5 adenovirus vector, abbreviated as adenovirus) the AEFI incidence was 13.33% (2/15); among the participants having non homologous vaccine booster dose, the AEFI incidence was 22.41% (13/58) or 4.30% (4/93) for those with the booster dose of adenovirus vaccine or recombinant novel coronavirus vaccine (CHO cell vaccine).   Conclusion  The incidence of AEFI was lower in the elderly after receiving booster dose of COVID-19 vaccine with different immunization schedules and most of the AEFI were transient, self-limiting reactions, indicating a good safety of booster immunization of COVID-19 vaccine .
Special Column – Health China Action: Maternal and Child Health Promotion
Impact of maternal PM2.5 exposure during whole pregnancy on neurodevelopment of children at one year of age: a cohort study in rural Yunnan
CHEN Ying, SONG Xiao-xiao, XIAO Xia,
2022, 38(9): 1118-1123. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1138555
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  Objective  To investigate the association of maternal exposure to particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5) during whole pregnancy with neurodevelopment of one-year-old children.   Methods  We recruited 318 mother-child pairs from a cohort study on association of pregnancy PM2.5 exposure with pregnant outcome and childhood glycolipid metabolism conducted from 2014 through 2017 in rural Yunnan. From the cohort study, the data on individual exposure of pregnant women to PM2.5 in the first, second, and third trimester pregnancy were collected. The children were tracked from birth to one year of age and the children′s development in cognition, language, and motor function were assessed at one year of age using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition (BSID-III). Multivariate binary logistic regression model was adopted to analyze the relationship between maternal PM2.5 exposure in three trimesters and the developmental delay in various fields of neurodevelopment among the children at one year of age.   Results  The average daily medians (interquartile range [IQR]) of PM2.5 exposure (μg/m3) were 25.56 (22.46 − 31.12), 24.90 (21.16 − 30.41), and 25.23 (21.9 − 30.08) for the pregnant women in the first, second, and third trimester, with the highest daily averages of 71.86, and the instantaneous peak values (IQR) of 297.37 (170.57 − 417.21), 277.75 (138.72 − 411.12), and 290.63 (162.08 − 421.06) for the three trimesters. The children′s mean BSID-III scores for cognition, language, and motor function at one year of age were 100.52 ± 16.91, 94.03 ± 14.94, and 94.32 ± 15.04 and the proportions of the children with delayed development of cognition, language and motor function were 7.52%, 20.69%, and 15.04%, respectively. Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that there was no significant associations of maternal PM2.5 exposure in three trimesters with children′s scores of cognition, language and motor function. Multivariate binary logistic regression analysis indicated that a 1 μg/m3 increment in average maternal daily PM2.5 exposure in the second trimester was correlated with increased children′s risk of delayed motor developmental function (odds ratio = 1.039, 95% confidence interval: 1.001 − 1.077). But no associations of maternal instantaneous peak PM2.5 exposure in three trimesters with delayed development of the three functional dimensions were observed among the one-year-old children.   Conclusion  Within China′s quality standards for ambient air PM2.5 level, the average maternal daily PM2.5 exposure in the second trimester of pregnancy is a risk for delayed development of motor function of children at one year of age. But high level of transient PM2.5 exposure during pregnancy does not affect the cognition, language, and motor function development of children at one year of age.
Association of processed diet pattern with inflammatory diseases and depression during pregnancy: a clinic-based voluntary survey
YU Li-jun, YIN Wan-jun, WU Lin,
2022, 38(9): 1124-1129. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1137976
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  Objective  To investigate the association between processed food pattern and the risk of depression during pregnancy and the role of inflammation-related diseases on the association.   Methods  Totally 6 313 pregnant women at 18 – 27 weeks of gestation were recruited in clinics of 3 hospitals in Hefei city, Anhui province from March 2015 through June 2020. An interview was conducted at the enrollment and two follow-up surveys were carried out at 32 – 36 weeks of gestation and at the delivery. A self-designed questionnaire, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), and Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) were used to collect information on demographics, frequency of food consumption, and diseases/depression. Exploratory factor analysis was adopted to discriminate dietary patterns and binary logistic regression models were used to analyze associations of processed food and inflammation-related diseases with depression risk in third trimester. Results Of all the pregnant women, 13.4% (n = 844) were assessed as having severe depression at the third trimester. The pregnant women with high scores ( ≥ 75th percentile) for processed diet pattern had an increased risk of gingival bleeding, oral ulcers, vaginitis and other inflammation-related diseases (all P < 0.050). The inflammation-related disease score was positively correlated with serum leukocyte count (r = 0.066, P < 0.001). The results of logistic regression analysis showed that (1) for the pregnant women with low scores (< 75th percentile) of processed diet pattern, those suffering from inflammation-related diseases were at a significantly increased risk of mild depression (odds ratio [OR] = 1.343, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.174 – 1.536) and severe depression (OR = 1.275, 95% CI: 1.062 – 1.531) in the third trimester of pregnancy compare with the pregnant women without the diseases; (2) the pregnant women with high processed diet pattern scores but without inflammation-related diseases were at an increased risk of mild depression in the third trimester (OR = 1.417, 95% CI: 1.156 – 1.736), while no significantly increased risk of severe depression was identified (P = 0.141); (3) and the pregnant women with both high processed diet pattern scores and inflammation - related diseases were at a significantly increased risk of mild depression (OR = 1.778, 95% CI: 1.490 – 2.123) and severe depression (OR = 2.209, 95% CI: 1.766 – 2.763). Mediation analysis revealed that inflammation - related disease exerted a mediation effect on the correlation between processed diet and depression in the third trimester and the mediation effect accounted for 7.54% of the total effect. Conclusion The pregnant women with both processed diet pattern and inflammation - related disease in the second trimester could have a significantly increased risk of depression in the third trimester and processed diet may increase depression risk through promoting the incidence of inflammation-related diseases.
Association of interpregnancy interval with small/large for gestational age birth for women with two consecutive singleton deliveries: a hospital-based analysis
FAN Gao-jie, LIU Qing, CHEN Kai,
2022, 38(9): 1130-1134. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1136637
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  Objective  To explore the effect of interpregnancy interval on small for gestational age (SGA) and large for gestational age (LGA) birth and to provide evidence to the consultation about multiparous pregnancy and the development of public health policies.   Methods  Complete information on 7 752 mother-infant pairs of two consecutive delivery from 2015 through 2020 were collected from Guangdong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital. The mothers′ interpregnancy intervals were were divided into 5 groups of < 6, 6 – 11, 12 – 17, 18 – 23, ≥ 24 months. Logistic regression model was adopted in the analysis on the association of interpregnancy interval with small/large for gestational age birth.   Results  For all the mothers aged 26.57 ± 4.03 years at their second childbirth, the incidence of SGA birth was 12.40% and that of LGA birth was 4.72%, respectively. Logistic regression results showed that short interpregnancy interval was significantly associated with SGA birth after adjusting potential confounders. Compared to the mothers with the interpregnancy interval of 12 – 17 months, the mothers with shorter interpregnancy intervals had a significantly increased risk of SGA birth, with the odds ratios of 1.42 (95% confidence interval: 1.14 – 1.79) for the mothers with the interpregnancy interval of < 6 months and 1.36 (1.13 – 1.64) for the mothers with the interpregnancy interval of 6 – 11 months. No significant association between interpregnancy interval and LGA birth was observed.   Conclusion  Interpregnancy interval less than 12 months is an independent risk factor for small for gestational age birth. The optimal interpregnancy interval should be emphasized in prenatal consultation and health education to reduce the risk of adverse birth outcome.
Weight gain during pregnancy and its influencing factors: a maternal-infant cohort study
ZHANG Shuang, LI Wei-qin, LI Nan,
2022, 38(9): 1135-1140. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1138090
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  Objective  To examine the change in pregnancy weight gain and its associates among healthy pregnant women in Tianjin for providing evidence to precision health care during pregnancy.   Methods  Based on the information extracted from Tianjin Municipal Information System for Maternal and Child Health Care on all 18 – 45 years old singleton pregnant women registered during 2015, 48382 healthy puerperae with full-term deliveries of infants appropriate for gestational age were enrolled in the study. The participants′ data on demographics, history of pregnancy/childbirth and familial disease, and body weight measured during prenatal examination were retrospectively collected and analyzed.  Results   The change in the participants′ weight during the whole pregnancy showed a trend of almost no increase in first- trimester but steady increase in second- and third-trimester of pregnancy. The participants′ average median (25th percentile, 75th percentile) for weight gain during whole pregnancy was 14.15 (11.17 – 17.16) kg, and the median was 7.74 (5.63 – 9.94) kg in the first half of pregnancy and 6.38 (4.50 – 8.30) kg in the second half of pregnancy. According to the guideline of Institute of Medicine (IOM), only 38.0% or 39.2% of the participants were assessed as having appropriate weight gain based on the references of body mass index (BMI) category proposed by Chinese health authorities or World Health Organization. Assessed in the light of the guideline of IOM, the range of pregnancy weight gain for the non-obese participants was appropriate, while that for obese participants with normal delivery was slightly higher. Age, pre-pregnancy BMI, and many social and economic factors have an impact on the participants′ pregnancy weight gain.   Conclusion  During pregnancy health care, adjusting weight management goal according to individual characteristics of pregnant women may improve the achievement rate of weight management and the health outcomes of mothers and infants.
Application of Maternal and Child Health Handbook in Guangdong province: a RE-AIM framework-based evaluation
OUYANG Rui-qing, MA Yuan-zhu, WU Li,
2022, 38(9): 1141-1147. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1137633
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  Objective  To evaluate the application of maternal and child health (MCH) handbook in Guangdong province for providing evidence to local promotion of MCH handbook utilization.   Methods  Using convenient sampling and a question-naire self-designed on the basis of reach, efficacy, adoption, implementation, and maintenance (RE-AIM) framework, we conducted an on-site on-line anonymous survey among 2 548 would-be mothers/pregnant women/puerpera visiting MCH institutions at 15 prefectures across Guangdong province and in-depth interviews among professionals responsible for issues about MCH handbook application in 6 MCH institutions at prefecture level during March – April 2021.   Results  Of the 2 384 valid participants completing the questionnaire survey, 82.16%, 67.72%, and 64.48% reported the awareness, registration, and utilization of MCH handbook. Not knowing details of the MCH handbook was reported by 25.58% of the participants being aware of the handbook but not having the registration for the handbook's utilization; not being aware of and not knowing application approach of the handbook were reported by 36.36% and 23.38% of the participants being registered holder of the handbook but not yet using the handbook. There were 92.50% of the participants being registered holder of the handbook completed their registration during pregnancy. Among the participants having used the handbook, 33.27% and 43.68% reported high and moderate satisfaction to the role of the handbook; 92.84% considered that the application of the handbook resulted in a desired effect; while, 33.46% expressed the worry for potential leakage of personal information. Among the participants having used the handbook and with maternal school involvement, 84.01% reported recognizing the significance of the MCH handbook by taking part in programs of maternal school. Impaired and delayed information sharing associated with the handbook utilization among the MCH institutions were reported by professionals undertaking in-depth interviews. In all the MCH handbook registrants, 58.65% were registered for the application of the handbook of both paper and electronic versions. Regional disparity was revealed in responsibilities assigned to the MCH institutions registering the handbook holders. Not knowing application approach of the handbook were reported by 10.09% of the participants having used the handbook. In terms of maintenance in application of the handbook, reading through the handbook, completing all self-documenting content in the handbook, and applying the handbook two times or more in a week were reported by 24.54%, 18.82%, and 36.33% of the participants having used handbook. Impaired interconnection in the information system for MCH handbook application was indicated by the professionals interviewed.   Conclusion  The efficacy of MCH handbook application is good in Guangdong province, but publicity of the handbook, unification of MCH institutions′ responsibilities and optimization of information system for MCH handbook utilization still need to be improved. Meanwhile, it is necessary to explore the integration mechanism with maternal systematic management and children systematic management in basic public health service projects.
Diet quality and its associates among women during middle and late pregnancy: a balance-index based assessment
JIANG Gui-xue, LU Lu, HU Rui,
2022, 38(9): 1148-1154. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1137261
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  Objective  To assess diet quality of pregnant women using dietary balance index and analyze related factors of die quality.   Methods   Totally 400 healthy pregnant women (24 – 30 weeks of gestation) were recruited at maternal and child health institutions in two districts of Beijing and a prefecture of Shandong province for a voluntary survey from November 2020 to April 2021. Information on dietary intake and related factors were collected by interviews with 3-day 24-hour food frequency recall instrument and a self-designed questionnaire. Diet quality was evaluated using Chinese Diet Balance Index-Pregnancy (DBI-P).   Results  Valid data from 346 of the women were finally included in the analysis. The median of higher bound score (HBS) (25th percentile [P25], 75th percentile [P75]) was 2.00 (0.00, 2.00) and the proportion of the women assessed as having excessive food intake was 11.00%; the median of lower bound score (LBS) was – 22.00 (– 27.00, – 15.00) and the proportion of insufficient intake was 85.80%; the median of diet quality distance (DQD) was 23.00 (17.75 – 28.00) and the proportion of dietary balance was 21.7%. For all the women, the median (P25, P75) was 242.73 (186.29, 300.95) g for the intake of cereal and potato food, 330.68 (191.69, 498.83) g for vegetables, 23.38 (0 , 129.00) g for fruits, 104.09 (50.98, 234.48) g for milk, 16.33 (0, 54.52) g for soybeans and nuts, 106.41 (61.75, 168.94) g for livestock and poultry meat, 23.64 (0, 59.37) g for fish and shrimp, and 18.84 (0 – 56.24) g for eggs, respectively. The women′s dietary quality differed significantly by education, household income per capita, community food environment, and nutrition literacy. The women with higher education, household income per capita, planned pregnancy, and better community food environment had significantly lower LBS and DQD scores (P < 0.05 for all) ; the women with higher nutrition literacy had significantly lower DQD score (P < 0.05); but the women′s HBS′s score was not significantly related to all of the above factors.   Conclusion  For second/third trimester pregnant women in two regions of China, the dietary quality is obviously unbalanced and influenced mainly by education, household income per capita, and community environment. Targeted measures need to be promoted to improve dietary condition of the women.
Special Report – Infectious Respiratory Disease Surveillance at Port Cities
A discussion on rapid response decision-making mechanism for public health emergency in port cities in China
HUANG Li-qun, FANG Peng-qian, CHEN Dan,
2022, 38(9): 1155-1159. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1137412
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Severe circumstance of global public health has posed higher requirements for rapid response to public health emergencies in port cities, especially at border ports, and it is urgent to construct a rapid decision-making mechanism for the response to public health emergency in port city in China. In this paper, the basic elements of public health emergency management decision-making, the structure of decision-making system, as well as the experience of port cities in responding to public health emergencies, are summarized. Specific problems in decision-making mechanism for the response to public health emergency in port city were also discussed in the paper, including the risk identification and screening of infectious diseases, novel model for comprehensive risk management of public health event, the application of artificial intelligence technology to construct rapid response infrastructure, and the structure and operation mode of the early-warning decision-making system.
Establishment of a multi-source data comprehensive index system for early warning of respiratory infectious diseases in port cities in China
CHENG Xiao, HUANG Li-qun, CHEN Dan,
2022, 38(9): 1160-1163. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1137870
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  Objective  To construct a multi-source data index system for early warning of respiratory infectious diseases in port cities in China based on regional epidemic characteristics of the diseases.   Methods  The framework and elementary indicators of the index system were designated and modified through literature studies and group discussion/in depth interview among 10 senior professionals. Then, an onsite Delphi consultation was conducted among 16 domestic experts with at least 10 years′ experiences in the prevention/control, surveillance and early warning of infectious disease to assess the importance, sensitivity, availability and inclusion of the indicators. The indicators were finally selected based on the experts′ evaluation and the weight of the indicators were calculated combined with expert authority coefficients.   Results  The scores for the experts′ academic level, judgment coefficient and familiarity are all greater than 0.7 in terms of first-class indexes. The coordination coefficient is 0.321 for the experts′ scoring on the 28 indicators of the index system. The established multi-source data comprehensive index system of early warning consists of 3 first-, 7 second- and 19 third-class indexes.  Conclusion  For early warning of respiratory infectious diseases in port cities in China, the established multi-source data comprehensive index system is of scientificity and rationality and may provide a reference for promoting the ability of monitoring and early warning of public health emergencies.
Application of EARS-3Cs model in monitoring and early warning of infectious respiratory diseases in a port city in China: an empirical analysis
CHEN Dan, CHENG Xiao, FANG Peng-qian,
2022, 38(9): 1164-1169. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1138452
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  Objective  To explore the application of the three Early Aberration Reporting System (EARS) cusum algorithms (C1, C2 and C3) (EARS-3Cs) model in the monitoring and early warning of infectious respiratory diseases in port cities in China and to provide a reference for improving early warning capacity for infectious respiratory diseases in port cities and controlling the risk of infectious respiratory disease epidemics.   Methods  Major indicators of early warning for infectious respiratory disease epidemic were selected based on a multi-source data early warning index system constructed by our previous studies and 8 core indicators were screened out with expert group discussions. From reports of Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Zhuhai city – a port city in Guangdong province from April 15 to May 15, 2021, we extracted daily monitoring data on the 8 core indicators for early warming of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) epidemic in the 5 districts of the city and daily district-specific values of C1, C2 and C3 of EARS model were calculated with SPSS 21.0 for making early wearing of the epidemic.   Results  According to the calculated values of C1, C2 and C3, the number of days with the warning of infectious respiratory disease are 1 – 2 days, 3 days and 5 – 9 days for the city during the epidemic period. The sensitivity of the C1, C2 and C3 for early warning increases sequentially. Indicated by the EARS-3Cs model- derived early warning, the period with moderate risk of COVID19 epidemic could be from April 30 to May 7 for the 5 districts of the city and the period was characterized by a sudden increase in the population mobility in Zhuhai city.   Conclusion  The EARS-3Cs model is of certain scientificity and rationality when applied in monitoring and early warning of infectious respiratory diseases for port cities in China.
Epidemiological Research
Optimization of COVID-19 prevention and control measures based on prevalence characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron variants: an analysis on surveillance data of Ningbo city
CHU Yan-ru, ZHANG Dong-liang, CHEN Yi,
2022, 38(9): 1170-1174. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1139538
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  Objective  To analyze and compare prevalence characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cluster epidemic-related secondary infections caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Delta and Omicron variant in Ningbo city, and to provide a basis for optimizing and adjusting measures on COVID-19 prevention and control.   Methods  From the National Information System for Disease Control and Prevention and the reports of field surveys, we extracted the information on 171 COVID-19 cases with SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron variant infection identified among close contacts of 37 local COVID-19 outbreaks in Ningbo city from December 1, 2021 to May 31, 2022. Descriptive analysis was performed to analyze prevalence characteristics of the cases and the incubation period of secondary infection was calculated for the cases with definite exposure time to index cases.   Results  Of all the cases, 80.70% (n = 138) and 19.30% (n = 33) were confirmed patients and asymptomatic infections; 64.33% (n = 110) and 35.67% (n = 61) were infected with SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron variant, respectively. The proportion of asymptomatic infection was significantly higher in the cases infected with Omicron variant than that in the cases with Delta variant (54.10% vs. 0, P < 0.05). The mean incubation period was 3.45 ± 0.44 days for the 22 confirmed cases (15 and 7 with Delta and Omicron variant infection) after a definite exposure to the index case. The longest incubation period of Delta and Omicron variant infection were 8 and 6 days. The mean incubation period was 3.60 ± 0.58 and 3.14 ± 0.63 days for Delta and Omicron variant infection, with no significant difference (P > 0.05). The interval time between the last exposure and the first positive detection of nucleic acid was ≤ 7 days for the cases with Omicron variant infection. The Ct value of N gene at the first positive nucleic acid detection was significantly higher in the patients with Omicron variant infection than that in those with Delta variant infection (P < 0.05), but the average hospitalization days of the cases with Omicron variant infection was significantly lower than that of cases infected with Delta variant (P < 0.05).   Conclusion  The incubation period of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant infection is less than 7 days and Omicron variant infection is less pathogenic than Delta variant infection. The results suggest that the recommended managent and control measures for close contacts are 7 days′ centralized isolation and 3 days′ home-based health monitoring.
Epidemiological characteristics of two COVID-19 outbreaks caused by SARS-CoV-2 prototype and Omicron variant in border area of Yunnan province: a comparative analysis
QIU Yu-bing, JIA Man-hong, CHENG Jin-ou,
2022, 38(9): 1175-1180. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1139133
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Abstract:
  Objective  To examine the difference in epidemiological characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemics caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) prototype strain and Omicron variant in a border area of Yunnan province for providing references to real-time adjustment of regional measures on COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control.   Methods   Field surveys were conducted to collected relevant information on confirmed cases, asymptomatic infections, close contacts and secondary close contacts from two COVID-19 outbreaks in Ruili – a border city of Yunnan province: an epidemic during March 29 – April 19, 2021 caused by SARS-CoV-2 prototype strain based on whole gene sequencing (abbreviated as prototype-caused epidemic) and an another during February 16 – March 26, 2022 caused by SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant BA.2 (variant-caused epidemic). Descriptive statistics were performed to compare epidemiological characteristics between the two COVID-19 outbreaks.   Results  Both the two outbreaks were induced by imported cases from abroad. The majority of sufferers were confirmed cases (93/117, 79.49%) for the prototype-caused epidemic and were asymptomatic infections (314/384, 81.77%) for the variant-caused epidemic, with a significant difference in the proportion between the two epidemics (χ2 = 177.254, P < 0.001). In nucleic acid tests at the time of diagnosis, the cycle threshold (Ct) values of ORF1ab gene and N gene for the cases infected with SARS-CoV-2 prototype strain were significantly higher than those for the cases with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant infection (Z = 6.089, 6.924, P < 0.001). The proportions of cases aged < 15 years and > 60 years in the variant-caused epidemic were significantly higher than those in the prototype-caused epidemic (χ2 = 33.236, P < 0.001). The incubation period (median [M], 25th percentile [P25], 75th percentile [P75]) for the secondary infections among close contacts was not significantly different between the two epidemics (3 [1,4.75] vs. 3 [2, 5], Z = – 1.54, P = 0.124), with 88.75% and 95.24% of the secondary infections having the incubation period less than 7 days for the prototype- and variant-caused epidemic. The secondary infection rate of close contacts was 1.17% (80/6 833) and 2.78% (145/5 223) and the rate of core close contact was 6.3% (58/920) and 6.23% (111/1782) for the prototype- and variant-caused epidemic. No secondary infection was detected among general close contacts and secondary close contacts and the secondary infection rate was the highest among the contacts living together with confirmed cases, followed by that among those having dinner with the confirmed cases. Totally 11 and 48 clustering epidemics were identified in the two COVID-19 outbreaks caused by SARS-CoV-2 prototype strain and Omicron variant, involving 76.07% and 33.85% of all diagnosed cases during the two outbreaks.   Conclusion  Compared to SARS-CoV-2 prototype strain, SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant BA.2 exhibits higher infectivity and could result in more asymptomatic infections. The study results should be considered in developing measures on COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control.
Association of lipid accumulation product and visceral adiposity index with metabolic syndrome in euthyroid population
HUANG Jie-wu, WU Dong-ting, SONG Jia-yi,
2022, 38(9): 1181-1186. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1135847
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Abstract:
  Objective  To investigate correlations of lipid accumulation product (LAP) and visceral adiposity index (VAI) with metabolic syndrome (MS) and to evaluate values of LAP and VAI in MS diagnosis for providing references to early diagnosis of MS in euthyroid population.   Methods  Totally 800 adult volunteers (≥ 18 years) were recruited with stratified sampling at eight communities in four districts of Shenzhen city, Guangdong province. A questionnaire interview, physical examination, thyroid B-ultrasonography and laboratory test were conducted among the volunteers simultaneously from October 2018 through January 2019. In this analysis, the values of LAP and VAI were calculated for 344 participants with normality of thyroid B-ultrasonography and thyroid function. The linear trend chi-square test, unconditional multivariate logistic regression and receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve were used to assess associations of LAP and VAI and MS among the euthyroid participants.   Results  Of the all euthyroid participants, 112 (35.5%) were identified with MS. For the participants with the LAP and VAI values within the lowest, 2nd, 3rd, and the highest quartile, the detection rate of MS were 4.7% and 9.2%, 15.1% and 19.8%, 50.0% and 45.9%, and 72.1% and 67.4%, respectively; both LAP and VAI showed significantly positive correlation with MS prevalence (both P trend < 0.05). After adjusting for confounders such as sex, age, education, smoking, alcohol drinking, body mass index (BMI), central obesity, hypertension, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), creatinine (Cr), serum uric acid (SUA) and SUA/Cr, the results of unconditional multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the participants with the LAP values within the 2nd and 3rd quartile were at an increased risk of MS (odds ratio [OR] = 3.48, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.30 – 9.31 and OR = 3.80, 95% CI: 1.26 – 11.46) compared with those with the values within the lowest quartile; the participants with the VAI values within the 2nd quartile were also at an increased risk of MS (OR = 2.79, 95% CI: 1.13 – 6.87) in comparison with those with the values within the lowest quartile. The area under ROC curve (AUC) of BMI, waist circumference (WC), SUA/Cr, LAP and VAI for MS prediction were 0.74, 0.83, 0.59, 0.84 and 0.79, respectively, indicating a higher effectiveness of LAP than that of BMI, SUA/Cr and VAI, and a higher effectiveness of VAI than SUA/Cr for MS prediction (all P < 0.01).   Conclusion  Both elevated LAP and VAI could increase the risk of MS in euthyroid population. The results suggest a potential combined application of LAP and VAI in MS early detection, intervention, and precision treatment.
Prevalence and influencing factors of thyroid diseases among adults in Liaoning province: a community based survey
WANG Jian-hui, SUN Lei, FENG Xiao-wei,
2022, 38(9): 1187-1192. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1136437
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Abstract:
  Objective  To examine the prevalence and influencing factors of thyroid disease among adult residents in Liaoning province.   Methods  Using age and sex stratified cluster sampling, we surveyed 2 931 residents aged 18 – 85 years and living in local regions at least 5 years in 2 villages and 2 communities from coastal Yingkou city and inland Shenyang city. Questionnaire interview, thyroid ultrasound examination, detections of serum iodine (SI), urine iodine (UI), iodine in table salt, thyroid function and antibodies, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (fT4), free triiodothyronine (fT3), thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), and thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) were conducted among the participants from 2017 through 2018. Iodine nutrition, prevalence of thyroid diseases and its influencing factors among the participants were analyzed.   Results  For all the participants, the median of UI and SI were 167.6 µg/L and 62.1 µg/L, indicat-ing an appropriate overall iodine level; the proportions of the participants with lower (40 < µg /L) and higher (90 > µg /L) SI were 4.3% (n = 125) and 6.4% (n = 186). The overall detection rate of thyroid diseases was 37.15%, and the detection rates were 20.37% for thyroid nodules, 16.17% for autoimmune thyroiditis (AITD), 1.91% for endemic goiter, 1.43% for hypothyroidism, 5.53% for subclinical hypothyroidism, 0.92% for hyperthyroidism, and 0.61% for subclinical hyperthyroidism, respectively. The detection rate of hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, AITD, goiter and all thyroid diseases differed significantly among the participants with different SI (P < 0.05 for all). The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed following risk factors for thyroid disease: female gender (odds ratio [OR] = 2.03), family history of thyroid disease (OR = 1.65), advanced age (OR = 1.33), and overweight or obesity (OR = 1.60); the results also indicated that SI, intake of iodine-rich foods and income were significant influencing factors of thyroid disease.   Conclusion  The prevalence of thyroid disease is at a moderate level and closely influenced by gender, age, family history of thyroid disease, and body mass index among adult residents in Liaoning province. The results suggest that women and middle-aged/elderly people are key populations in thyroid disease prevention and treatment.
Experimental Study
Effect of subchronic arsenic exposure on hepatic glucose metabolism in rats
YANG Xiu-li, WU Xian-jin, AN Xian-rong, YANG Hui-lan, GUAN Jun-huan, LIANG Bing
2022, 38(9): 1193-1198. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1137549
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Abstract:
  Objective  To investigate the effect of subchronic arsenic exposure on hepatic glucose metabolism and its molecular mechanism in rats.   Methods  Totally 40 Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into a control group (with intragastric administration of distilled water) and three groups with intragastric administration of sodium arsenite (NaAsO2) at doses of 2, 4, 8 mg/kg once a week continuously for 12 weeks. The body weight of the rats was recorded weekly. By the end of the administrations, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed and samples of hair and liver were collected for all the rats. The content of arsenic in hair, the content of glycogen in liver and the activities of hexokinase (HK) and pyruvate kinase (PK) were detected. Ppathological changes of liver were observed. The expressions of phosphoinosistide 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (AKT), glycogen synthase kinase-3 β (GSK3β), phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase-3 β(P-GSK3β), glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) were determined with Western blot.   Results  The body weight decreased at 8th and 12th week for the rats exposed to high and moderate NaAsO2. Significantly higher hair arsenic content (mg/kg) was measured in the rats exposed to high/moderate/low NaAsO2 compared with that of control rats (49.24 ± 8.02/21.06 ± 3.42/14.59 ± 2.00 vs. 0.43 ± 0.08; all P < 0.05). Abnormal glucose tolerance and decreased liver glycogen were also detected in the rats with NaAsO2 exposure. In comparison to control rats, the rats treated with high/moderate NaAsO2 had significantly decreased HK (1.94 ± 0.11/2.14 ± 0.03 vs. 2.84 ± 0.08) U/mg and PK (43.64 ± 1.05/44.26 ± 0.10 vs. 55.95 ± 0.96) U/mg (P < 0.05 for all). Pathological observation revealed mild hepatic steatosis and increased round vacuoles of hepatocytes in the rats with high and moderate NaAsO2 treatment. Contrasted to the protein expressions of PI3K (1.03 ± 0.02), AKT (1.36 ± 0.02), P-GSK3β/GSK3β (0.96 ± 0.04), GLUT2 (1.24 ± 0.12), and GLUT4 (1.80 ± 0.15) in the control rats, following significantly decreased protein expressions were identified in the rats exposed to various doses of NaAsO2: PI3K (0.76 ± 0.06), AKT (1.19 ± 0.04), P-GSK3β/GSK3β(0.76 ± 0.03), GLUT2 (0.82 ± 0.11), and GLUT4 (0.88 ± 0.14) in the rats treated with high dose; AKT (1.08 ± 0.10) and GLUT4 (1.38 ± 0.10) in the rats with moderate dose; and GLUT4 (1.10 ± 0.12) in the rats with low dose (all P < 0.05 ).   Conclusion  Subchronic arsenic exposure can induce hepatic glucose metabolism disorder in rats; the effect may be related to changes in hepatic glycogen, activities of glucose metabolic enzymes, and expressions of relevant proteins.
Survey and Report
Association of ambient ozone pollution with respiratory disease among children: comparison among three distribution fittings of daily hospitalization in generalized additive model analysis
GU Zheng-rong, WANG Xin-yu, XU Hui,
2022, 38(9): 1199-1202. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1137788
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Abstract:
  Objective  To compare differences among the results of utilizing Poisson distribution, quasi-Poisson distribution, and negative binomial distribution in the generalized additive model (GAM) analysis on the association of ambient air ozone (O3) with respiratory diseases in children for providing references to researches on the relationship between air pollutants and diseases.   Methods  The data on 117 502 children with respiratory diseases hospitalized in Zhengzhou Children′s Hospital, Henan province during 2016 through 2019 were extracted from the FUTang Updating Medical Records (FUTURE) database; daily data of meteorological monitoring and atmospheric pollution in Zhengzhou city during the same period were also collected. Poisson distribution, quasi-Poisson distribution, and negative binomial distribution of generalized additive model were used to analyze the relationship between daily ambient air O3 concentration and number of child hospitalization due to respiratory diseases.   Results  The results of Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness of fit test revealed that the distribution of daily hospitalization of children with respiratory diseases was consistent with negative binomial distribution (D = 0.055, P = 0.079), but not with Poisson distribution (D = 0.203, P < 0.001). The results of the GAM analysis with Poisson distribution, quasi-Poisson distribution, and negative binomial distribution showed that a 10 μg/m3 increase in ambient O3 was significantly related to an increment in the number of child hospitalization due to respiratory diseases averagely at lag day 0 – lag day 3, with the relative risks (RRs) (95% confidence interval, 95% CI) of 1.0039 (1.0015 – 1.0064), 1.0041 (1.0001 – 1.0081), and 1.0041 (1.0000 – 1.0081), respectively.   Conclusion  The study results suggest that negative binomial distribution should be adopted first when conducting a GAM analysis involving an overdispersed dependent variable for reducing false positive error.
Trend and spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of malaria in mainland China – 2010 to 2017: an analysis on national registration data
LI Zhen-wei, DU Wan-yu, WANG Wen-jing,
2022, 38(9): 1203-1208. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1134794
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Abstract:
  Objective  To analyze prevalence trend of malaria and its spatiotemporal distribution characteristics in China for further promoting malaria control.   Methods  Nationwide malaria incidence data of 2010 – 2017 were collected from public health science data website of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention and the population data were extracted from yearly China Statistical Yearbook of the same period. Empirical mode decomposition was adopted to identify the overall trend of malaria incidence and mathematical models were constructed to estimate variations in annual malaria incidence rate; ArcGIS 10.7 and SaTScan 9.01 software were utilized in spatial analysis of the incidence data.   Results  Totally 29 687 malaria cases were reported in mainland China during the 8-year period, primarily with vivax malaria cases aged 0 – 20 and ≥ 55 years and falciparum malaria cases aged 21 – 54 years. The overall incidence showed a significantly downward trend (odds ratio = 0.441, 95% confidence interval: 0.375 – 0.508). The hot spots of malaria incidence were mainly concentrated in the southwest border and some coastal areas of China but no obvious clustering of cold spots was observed. Totally 5 regions with spatio-temporal clustering of malaria incidence were identified and the high incidence clusters occurred mainly before 2013. Standard deviation ellipse analysis demonstrated that the region with higher malaria incidence drifted generally from southwestern area to northeastern area and the spatial range of malaria epidemic expanded to eastern provinces during the period.   Conclusion  From 2010 to 2017 in mainland China, the malaria incidence displayed downward trend generally and populations in southwestern and eastern regions were at a higher risk of malaria incidence.
Gender differences in medical service utilization and hospitalization costs among lung cancer inpatients in China, 2017
BAI Yang, LI Hui, CAI Yue,
2022, 38(9): 1209-1213. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1134843
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Abstract:
  Objective  To examine gender differences in the utilization of medical services and in hospitalization expenses and the cost composition and their associates among lung cancer inpatients in China for improving the gender inequality in health care and reducing medical cost of lung cancer patients.   Methods  Home pages of medical records on 1 408 881 lung cancer patients (male: 66.98%, female: 33.02%) hospitalized in 2017 were collected from the Statistical Information Center of the National Health Commission. Descriptive statistical methods were used to analyze gender differences in the inpatients′ amounts and composition of hospitalization cost and medical service utilization.   Results  For all the inpatients surveyed, the person times of hospitalizations in secondary hospitals were 167.51 thousands for male patients and 73.92 thousands for the females, with a male-to-female ratio of 2.27; while, the male-to-female ratio of person times of hospitalization in tertiary hospitals was 1.98 (776.21 vs. 391.23 thousands). The average duration of hospitalizations in secondary hospitals was 12.14 days for male patients and 11.77 days for the females, with a male-to-female ratio of 1.03; the male-to-female ratio of person times of hospitalization in tertiary hospitals was 1.07. The average cost of the hospitalizations in secondary hospitals was 10 074.41 Yuan (RMB) for male patients and 9 816.87 Yuan for the females, with a male-to-female ratio of 1.03; the male-to-female ratio was 0.92 for average cost of hospitalizations in tertiary hospitals (19 061.26 Yuan vs. 20 708.78 Yuan). Drug cost was the main component of the hospitalization cost of the inpatients.   Conclusion  In China, there are significant gender differences in the utilization of medical services and hospitalization expenses among lung cancer inpatients and the medical service utilization is inadequate among female inpatients; the gender differences are influenced mainly by social factors, health concepts and physiological factors.
Healthy city construction in Liaoning province, 2019: an entropy weight based TOPSIS evaluation
CAO Haijun, WANG Meng
2022, 38(9): 1214-1218. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1138111
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Abstract:
  Objective   To comprehensively evaluate the construction of healthy city in Liaoning province for providing evidences to sustainable promotion of healthy city construction.   Methods   The data for the evaluation were mainly collected from statistics yearbook 2020 of Liaoning province and its 14 municipalities and health report of Liaoning province – 2019. According to the “Healthy China 2030 Plan Outline” and related studies, we build a healthy city evaluation system which includes 5 primary metrics (healthy environment, society, people, industry and healthcare service) and 17 secondary metrics. Using Delphi method, 15 experts were engaged in multiple consultations to assess the healthy city construction of the 14 municipalities with the metrics. The entropy weight method (EWM) was adopted to determine the weights of the metrics. The technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) model was used to evaluate health city construction in 14 municipalities of the province in 2019.   Results   The implementation of healthy city construction was imbalanced among the 14 municipalities in the year. The results of comprehensive evaluation showed that the 14 municipalities′ healthy city construction could be graded into three categories relatively: the capital city (Shenyang) was at the highest level (with an overall index value of 0.5850), followed by the four cities at a moderate level (with the overall index values of 0.51567 – 0.45626) and other 9 cities at lower level (with the overall index values of 0.3704 – 0.2487), respectively.   Conclusion   The healthy city construction in 2019 was generally well implemented in Liaoning province, but the implementation was imbalanced among the 14 municipalities and among various respects of the construction.
Evidence - Based Medicine
Clinical effect of milk vetch injection combined with ACEI or ARB in early diabetic nephropathy treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis
ZONG Xiao-yu, ZHOU Jin, ZHANG Dong-qiang,
2022, 38(9): 1219-1223. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1139424
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Abstract:
  Objective  To systematically review clinical efficacy of milk vetch (Astragalus sinicus L.) injection combined with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) or angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) in early diabetic nephropathy treatment.   Methods  We retrieved literatures published at home and abroad up to November 2021 on clinical effect of milk vetch injection combined with ACEI or ARB in the treatment of early diabetic nephropathy through searching EMBASE, PubMed, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), China Science and Technology Periodical Database (VIP), and Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform. The Bias Assessment Tool Version 2.0 was used to evaluate the quality of studies included; meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3 and STATA 12.0 software.   Results  From 18 eligible studies finally screened out according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, totally 2 056 early diabetic nephropathy patients were pooled in the meta analysis and of the patients, 678 had treatment of milk vetch injection combined with ACEI or ARB and 663 had routine treatment of ACEI or ARB. The results of the meta analysis showed that the clinically effective rate of milk vetch injection plus ACEI/ARB treatment was significantly higher than that of ACEI or ARB treatment (odds ratio [OR] = 4.16, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 2.05 – 8.42); compared with those with ACEI or ARB treatment, the patients with milk vetch injection plus ACEI/ARB treatment had significantly lower blood urea nitrogen (mean difference [MD] = – 0.73, 95% CI: – 1.30 – – 0.15), urinary albumin excretion rate (standardized mean difference [SMD] = – 1.90, 95% CI: – 2.38 – – 1.42) and serum creatinine (MD = – 6.61, 95% CI : – 11.28 – – 1.94).   Conclusion  Milk vetch injection combined with ACEI or ARB can improve overall clinical treatment efficacy and reduce urinary albumin excertion ratio, creatinine and urea nitrogen in patients with early diabetic nephropathy.
Overview
Immunological and preventive effects of COVID-19 vaccine against Omicron variant – a review of research progress
CAO Zhi-qiang, LU Li, ZHANG Wei,
2022, 38(9): 1224-1228. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1139775
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Abstract:
Since the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron variant in November 2021, the coronavirus diseases 2019 (COVID-19) epidemics caused by the variant has rapidly spread all over the world and the variant become the dominant strain in SARS-CoV-2 infections. Under the Omicron variant-induced pandemic, the effects of COVID-19 vaccine based on the ancestral strain has been brought to researches' attention around the world and many scholars have carried out researches on the immunological and preventive effects of different COVID-19 vaccines on the Omicron variant and immunization strategies. Reviewing literatures published from November 1st, 2021 to July 26th, 2022, the study systematically discussed immunological and preventive effects of COVID-19 vaccines on Omicron variant infections for providing a reference to public health decisions such as vaccination strategy optimization and research development.
Public Health Forum
Adverse effects of long COVID and its countermeasures: a review
HU Fang-fang, ZHAO Yan, LI Meng-hua,
2022, 38(9): 1229-1232. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1139286
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Abstract:
The coronavirus disease -19 (COVID - 19) pandemic is not only a major public health emergency of high global concern, but also has caused long - term adverse effects on physical and mental health of the patients. The long - term sequelae of COVID - 19 has increasingly attracted the attention of the medical community and the whole society, and become a public health problem that cannot be ignored. An in - depth understanding of symptoms and harms of long coronavirus disease (long COVID) and strengthening health management on patients with long COVID are essential to reduce and avoid adverse effects of long COVID. This study reviews the latest research progress on long COVID at home and abroad, and on the basis of analyzing and summarizing adverse effects of long COVID on individuals, families and the society, puts forward corresponding countermeasures and suggestions to provide a reference for preventing and managing health hazards caused by long COVID in China.