Risk assessment on crayfish eating-related cadmium exposure among consumers in Jiangsu province
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摘要:
目的 了解江苏省小龙虾消费者镉暴露风险,为相关部门对食品安全风险评估提供参考依据。 方法 于2011年6月 — 2014年9月在江苏省南京市、淮安市、盱眙市和扬州市江都区的农贸市场、超市、批发市场、餐饮单位等随机采集408份小龙虾样品(幼虾样品20份、成虾样品220份、商品虾样品168份)进行镉含量检测,并于2014年7 — 9月采用多阶段随机抽样方法在南京市、淮安市、盱眙市、金湖市和扬州市抽取25家小龙虾特色餐饮店正在用餐的377名消费者进行小龙虾消费情况问卷调查,建立摄入量评估模型计算其镉摄入量。 结果 江苏省小龙虾镉含量的平均值为(0.23 ± 0.72)mg/kg,其中头部镉含量[(0.45 ± 0.97)mg/kg]高于尾部[(0.01 ± 0.02)mg/kg],幼虾镉含量[(1.11 ± 1.91)mg/kg] 高于成虾[(0.19 ± 0.68)mg/kg]和商品虾[(0.18 ± 0.38)mg/kg],差异均有统计学意义(均P < 0.05)。江苏省小龙虾消费者小龙虾食用量为(0.56 ± 1.01)千克/月,因食用小龙虾镉月摄入量平均值、P90值和上限值分别为(1.76 ± 3.56)、4.71和8.57 μg/kg,分别占每月耐受摄入量(PTMI)的7.04 %、18.84 % 和34.29 %,MOS值分别为14.20、5.31和2.92。江苏省不同特征小龙虾消费者比较,仅食用小龙虾尾部、食用小龙虾头部及尾部和仅食用小龙虾头部消费者因食用小龙虾镉月摄入量平均值分别为(0.09 ± 1.73)、(2.44 ± 3.56)和(6.64 ± 3.26)μg/kg,不同食用部位消费者因食用小龙虾镉月摄入量差异有统计学意义(F = 33.718,P < 0.001);不同年龄消费者因食用小龙虾镉月摄入量差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05);不同食用部位和不同年龄小龙虾消费者因食用小龙虾镉月摄入量MOS值均 > 1,江苏省小龙虾消费者的镉暴露风险可以接受。 结论 江苏省小龙虾消费者的镉暴露风险在可接受范围内,但小龙虾头部和幼虾镉含量较高,长期大量食用可能对人体造成健康危害,建议弃食虾头并避免食用幼虾。 Abstract:Objective To investigate crayfish eating-related cadmium exposure risk among consumers in Jiangsu province for providing evidences to food safety risk assessment by relevant departments. Methods Cadmium contents were detected for a total of 408 crayfish samples (20, 220, and 168 samples of juvenile, adult, and precooked crayfish) randomly collected from farmers′ markets, supermarkets, wholesale markets and catering units in four municipalities/prefectures of Jiangsu province from June 2011 to September 2014. An on-site questionnaire survey was conducted among 377 crayfish consumers selected with multistage random sampling in 25 restaurants providing crayfish dishes in five municipalities/prefectures of Jiangsu province during July – September, 2014 to establish an intake assessment model for estimating crayfish eating-related cadmium exposure among the consumers. Results The average cadmium content of the crayfish was 0.23 ± 0.72 mg/kg, with significantly higher content of head specimens than that of tail specimens (0.45 ± 0.97 vs. 0.01 ± 0.02 mg/kg) and higher content of juvenile crayfish specimens than that of adult/precooked crayfish specimens (1.11 ± 1.91 vs. 0.19 ± 0.68/0.18 ± 0.38 mg/kg) (all P < 0.05). For the consumers, the monthly amount of crayfish consumed was 0.56 ± 1.01 kg/month; the average monthly crayfish eating-related cadmium intake was 1.76 ± 3.56 μg/kg, with the 90th percentile of 4.71 μg/kg and upper limit of 8.57 μg/kg; and the cadmium intake accounted for 7.04%, 18.84% and 34.29% of the monthly tolerated intake (PTMI) and the margin of safety (MOS) values corresponding to the intakes were 14.20, 5.31 and 2.92, respectively. The average monthly crayfish eating-related cadmium intake could differ significantly by different eating behaviors, with estimated intakes of 0.09 ± 1.73, 2.44 ± 3.56, and 6.64 ± 3.26 μg/kg for the consumers eating only tail, both tail and head, and only head of crayfish, respectively (F = 33.718, P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the monthly crayfish eating-related intake of cadmium among consumers at various ages (P > 0.05). The monthly MOS value of cadmium intake due to crayfish consumption was > 1 for the consumers of different ages and eating different body parts of crayfish, indicating that the risk of cadmium exposure for crayfish consumers in Jiangsu province was acceptable. Conclusion The risk of crayfish eating-related cadmium exposure for crayfish consumers in Jiangsu province is within an acceptable range, but the cadmium content of the head and juvenile crayfish is high, and long-term consumption of large amounts of crayfish may cause health hazards. The results suggest that it is better for consumers not to eat head of crayfish and juvenile crayfish to decrease cadmium exposure. -
Key words:
- cadmium exposure /
- risk assessment /
- consumer /
- crayfish
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表 1 江苏省不同食用部位小龙虾消费者因食用小龙虾镉月摄入量
食用部位 人数 平均值 P90 值 上限值 数值(μg/kg) 占PTMI比例(%) MOS 数值(μg/kg) 占PTMI比例(%) MOS 数值(μg/kg) 占PTMI比例(%) MOS 头部 11 6.64 26.57 3.77 12.21 48.86 2.05 22.07 88.29 1.13 尾部 131 0.09 0.34 277.78 0.39 1.54 64.10 0.77 3.09 32.47 头 + 尾部 235 2.44 9.77 10.25 4.24 16.97 5.90 9.39 37.54 2.66 合计 377 1.76 7.04 14.20 4.71 18.84 5.31 8.57 34.29 2.92 表 2 江苏省不同年龄小龙虾消费者因食用小龙虾镉月摄入量
年龄(岁) 人数 平均值 P90 值 上限值 数值(μg/kg) 占PTMI比例(%) MOS 数值(μg/kg) 占PTMI比例(%) MOS 数值(μg/kg) 占PTMI比例(%) MOS < 18 50 0.74 2.96 33.78 2.30 9.20 10.87 4.03 16.12 6.20 18~34 136 1.52 6.08 16.45 3.64 14.56 6.87 6.37 25.48 3.92 35~59 175 2.21 8.84 11.31 5.46 21.84 4.58 9.56 38.24 2.62 ≥ 60 16 1.59 6.36 15.72 6.06 24.24 4.13 10.66 42.64 2.35 合计 377 1.76 7.04 14.20 4.71 18.84 5.31 8.57 34.29 2.92 -
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