Abstract: With the rapid and in-depth development of medical practice and medical research, medical ethics issues are receiving more and more attention; at the same time, population-related health surveys are also facing more and more medical ethics issues. How to deal with the medical ethics is the focus and difficulty of on-site quality control in population health investigations. On the basis of expounding the four basic principles of medical ethics (beneficial principle, non-harm principle, respect principle, and fairness principle) and their interrelationships, we summarize the application of the basic principles of medical ethics in the quality control of field survey on population health from three aspects: the basic principles of medical ethics and the presentation of population health questionnaire, the recruitment of participants, and the process of inquiry, aimed to promote cross-integration and innovative development of medical ethics and public health and other related disciplines.