Global prevalence, risk factors and prevention strategies of typhoid and paratyphoid fever

Typhoid and paratyphoid fever, which remains one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in the world, is a serious public health problem in developing countries. It′s not clear that typhoid and paratyphoid fever′s prevalence tendency, disease types, pathogen types, and risk factors during different periods and in various regions. The remarkable characteristics of endemic areas of the diseases are with high morbidity, limitation in prevention and control, high proportions of water-born, food-born, and close-contact transmission cases. Whereas the developed countries are with low morbidity, large proportion of travel-associated cases, and difficulty in reducing the number of cases persistently. We described the trend and rule of typhoid and paratyphoid fever epidemic, including prevalence, morbidity, disease types, pathogen types, relevant public health facilities and risk factors through searching and analyzing literatures published between 1950 and 2015 and then put forward differentiated prevention and control strategies based on risk assessments and relevant indexes. Besides, we provided evidences for early warning system and identification of spatial-temporal variation for the control and elimination of typhoid and paratyphoid fever.