Correlation between drinking water quality and kidney stone incidence:a case-control study

Objective To explore the relationship between drinking water quality and the incidence of kidney stone for the prevention of the disease.Methods A hospital-based questionnaire survey was conducted among 164 inpatients with kidney stone (cases) and 150 hospitalization time-matched inpatients with other diseases (controls)between August 2013 and August 2015 in a general hospital in Mudanjiang city.Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were performed to analyze the risk factors of kidney stone.Results The cases reported significantly higher ratios than the controls for drinking coffee and soft beverages of >25 ml per day (23.17%vs.13.33%and 18.29%vs.10.00%) but lower ratios for taking drinking water >1 000 ml per day (76.22%vs.86.00%),having tap water as drinking water (75.00%vs.88.00%),and taking boiled water as drinking water (70.73%vs.86.00%)(all P < 0.05).The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that drinking coffee >25 ml per day was a risk factor for the incidence of kidney stone,while drinking water ≥ 1000 mL per day and taking tap water and boiled water as drinking water were protective factors.Conclusion The consumption amount,the source,and the type of drinking water and whether drinking coffee are influence factors for the incidence kidney stone.