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2017—2022年呼和浩特市采暖期和非采暖期大气污染特征及人群健康风险评价

Assessment of air pollution characteristics and population health risks during heating and non-heating seasons in Hohhot city from 2017 to 2022

    摘要
  • 摘要:
    目的 了解2017—2022年内蒙古呼和浩特市采暖期（每年10月15日至次年4月15日）和非采暖期（每年4月16日至次年10月14日）大气污染特征及人群健康风险，为该地区制定科学的环境保护政策提供参考依据。
    方法 收集2017年1月1日—2022年12月31日呼和浩特市生态环境监测站采暖期与非采暖期监测污染物资料绘制污染物时间序列图，并采用美国环境保护署（USEPA）推荐模型计算健康风险值评估大气污染物对人群造成的健康风险。
    结果 2017—2022年呼和浩特市采暖期和非采暖期分别为1 099 d和1 092 d，采暖期和非采暖期可吸入颗粒物（PM10）、细颗粒物（PM2.5）、二氧化硫（SO2）、二氧化氮（NO2）、一氧化碳（CO）、臭氧日最大8 h平均（O3-8 h）浓度超标率分别为16.7%和4.0%、18.4%和1.1%、0和0、2.2%和0.1%、0.1%和0、0和12.5%；采暖期与非采暖期比较，采暖期PM10、PM2.5和NO2超标率均高于非采暖期，O3-8 h超标率低于非采暖期（均P<0.001）；2017—2022年呼和浩特市采暖期PM10、PM2.5、SO2、NO2、CO和非采暖期PM10、PM2.5、SO2、NO2、CO、O3-8 h年均质量浓度均呈下降趋势（均P<0.001），且采暖期PM10、PM2.5、SO2、NO2和CO各年份年均质量浓度均高于非采暖期，而O3-8 h各年份年均质量浓度则低于非采暖期（均P<0.001）；时间序列图显示，2017—2022年呼和浩特市PM10、PM2.5、SO2、NO2和CO日均浓度呈现为采暖期浓度高非采暖期浓度低的特征，而O3-8 h日均浓度则呈现为采暖期浓度低非采暖期浓度高的特征；大气污染物采暖期与非采暖期日均浓度对比图结果亦显示，2017—2022年呼和浩特市各年份采暖期PM10、PM2.5、SO2、NO2和CO日均浓度均高于非采暖期，而O3-8 h日均浓度低于非采暖期，差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.001）；2017—2022年呼和浩特市PM10的非致癌风险值在采暖期和非采暖期均>1×10–6，PM2.5的非致癌风险值在采暖期均>1×10–6而在非采暖期均<1×10–6，SO2和NO2的非致癌风险评估值在采暖期和非采暖期均<1×10–6。
    结论 2017—2022年呼和浩特市大气污染情况在采暖期均较非采暖期严重，该地区PM10和PM2.5超标较重，对人群健康具有潜在风险。

     

    Abstract:
    Objective To understand the characteristics of air pollution and the associated population health risks during the heating season (October 15 to April 15 of the following year) and the non-heating season (April 16 to October 14 of the following year) in Hohhot city, Inner Mongolia, from 2017 to 2022, and to provide a reference for the development of scientific environmental protection policies in this region.
    Methods Data on monitored pollutants during the heating and non-heating seasons from January 1, 2017, to December 31, 2022, were collected from the Hohhot Ecological Environment Monitoring Station. Time series plots of pollutants were generated, and health risk values were calculated using the model recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) to assess the health risks posed by air pollutants to the population.
    Results From 2017 to 2022, there were 1 099 days in the heating season and 1 092 days in the non-heating season in Hohhot city. The exceedance rates of inhalable particulate matter (PM10), fine particulate matter (PM2.5), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and 8-hour ozone (O3-8 h) concentrations during the heating and non-heating seasons were 16.7% and 4.0%, 18.4% and 1.1%, 0 and 0, 2.2% and 0.1%, 0.1% and 0, and 0 and 12.5%, respectively. Compared with the non-heating season, the exceedance rates of PM10, PM2.5, and NO2 were higher during the heating season, while the exceedance rate of O3-8 h was lower during the heating season (all P<0.001). From 2017 to 2022, the annual average mass concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, and CO during both the heating and non-heating seasons showed a downward trend (all P<0.001). The annual average mass concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, and CO were higher during the heating season than during the non-heating season for each year, while the annual average mass concentration of O3-8 h was lower during the heating season (all P<0.001). Time series plots showed that the daily average concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, and CO in Hohhot city from 2017 to 2022 were higher during the heating season than during the non-heating season, while the daily average concentration of O3-8 h was lower during the heating season. Comparison of the daily average concentrations of air pollutants between the heating and non-heating seasons also showed that the daily average concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, and CO were higher during the heating season than during the non-heating season for each year from 2017 to 2022, while the daily average concentration of O3-8 h was lower during the heating season; these differences were all statistically significant (all P<0.001). From 2017 to 2022, the non-carcinogenic risk value of PM10 was > 1×10–6 during both the heating and non-heating seasons in Hohhot city. The non-carcinogenic risk value of PM2.5 was > 1×10–6 during the heating season and <1×10–6 during the non-heating season. The non-carcinogenic risk values of SO2 and NO2 were <1×10–6 during both the heating and non-heating seasons.
    Conclusions From 2017 to 2022, air pollution in Hohhot city was more severe during the heating season than during the non-heating season. PM10 and PM2.5 pollution was particularly serious in this region, posing potential risks to human health.

     

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