Abstract: Healthcare service needs, as the cornerstone of the existence and development of the healthcare service system, if misunderstood or "distorted", will lead to limitations in the interpretation of demand-side behavior and affect the effectiveness of supply-side construction direction and resource allocation. In response to this, based on the analysis of the concept of needs in different disciplines and combining the characteristics of healthcare service providers and users in China, this paper defines the basic connotation and core characteristics of healthcare service needs. By analyzing the ways and results of the influence of factors in the new era on residents′ health service needs, the structural variables of health service needs are derived. On this basis, a "source-structure" theoretical model of Chinese residents′ healthcare service needs is further refined and summarized. For service users, this model reveals the logic and steps behind the demand behavior and the focus of analysis. For service providers, this model can provide theoretical guidance for clarifying functional positioning among different units, optimizing resource allocation, and defining development paths, as well as serve as a reference for improving service capabilities, adjusting service structures, and improving management processes.