高级检索

2012—2022年重庆市居民膳食镉暴露水平及其健康风险评估

Dietary cadmium exposure and associated health risks among residents of Chongqing city from 2012 to 2022: surveillance and survey data analysis

  • 摘要:
    目的 分析2012—2022年重庆市居民膳食镉暴露水平及其可能的健康风险,为该地区的食品安全决策提供理论依据。
    方法 收集重庆市食品安全风险监测系统2012—2022年化学污染物监测数据中大米及其制品、小麦及其制品、其他谷物及其制品、叶菜类蔬菜、块根和块茎类蔬菜、豆类蔬菜、其他新鲜蔬菜、禽肉、畜肉、水果、蛋及其制品11类共9219份食品样品的镉含量监测数据,结合2011—2018年中国健康与营养调查项目膳食重庆市调查数据,采用蒙特卡罗模拟法估计重庆市居民在2012—2014年、2015—2018年和2019—2022年3个时间段中膳食镉暴露水平,并评估其健康风险。
    结果 重庆市2012—2022年11类9219份食品样本中,共检出5 143份含镉样本,镉的总检出率为55.79%,总检出水平为0.015 6~0.024 7 mg/kg。2012—2014年、2015—2018年、2019—2022年3个时间段重庆市居民的膳食镉平均暴露水平分别为12.69、13.47、11.19 µg/kg bw/month(MB)和12.87、13.62、12.42 µg/kg bw/month(UB),均低于食品添加剂联合专家委员会提出的暂定每月可耐受摄入量(PTMI)的25 µg/kg bw/month;2012—2014年、2015—2018年、2019—2022年3个时间段高暴露水平人群(P95)的膳食镉平均暴露水平分别为40.53、39.42、34.53 µg/kg bw/month(MB)和40.47、38.43、36.63 µg/kg bw/month(UB),分别为PTMI的1.62、1.58、1.38倍。大米及其制品在不同时间段中均为膳食镉暴露风险的主要来源,2012—2014年、2015—2018年、2019—2022年的贡献率分别为52.45%(MB)和51.87%(UB)、65.42%(MB)和62.13%(UB)、47.54%(MB)和42.88%(UB);其次是叶菜类蔬菜,2012—2014年、2015—2018年、2019—2022年的贡献率分别为23.86%(MB)和23.39%(UB)、15.12%(MB)和14.21%(UB)、29.98%(MB)和37.12%(UB)。
    结论 2012—2022年重庆市居民镉暴露水平较低,引起健康风险可能性不大,但高暴露水平人群可能通过膳食镉暴露引起一定健康风险,大米及其制品和叶菜类蔬菜均为膳食镉暴露风险的主要来源。

     

    Abstract:
    Objective To analyze the levels and potential health risks of dietary cadmium exposure among residents of Chongqing city from 2012 to 2022, and to provide a basis for regional decision-making on food safety.
    Methods The detection data from 2012 to 2022 on cadmium concentrations of 9 219 samples from 11 food categories, including rice and rice products, wheat and wheat products, other grains and grain products, leafy vegetables, root and tuber vegetables, legumes, other fresh vegetables, poultry, livestock, fruits, and eggs and egg products, were collected from the Chongqing Food Safety Risk Monitoring System. The cadmium content in food samples was detected by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy according to the national standard (GB 5009.15–2014) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry according to (GB 5009.268–2016). The limit of detection (LOD) for different food types ranged from 0.000 1 to 0.01 mg/kg, and the left-censored results were replaced by the middle bound (MB) and upper bound (UB) detections. Dietary survey data from 3 354 residents in 6 districts/counties of Chongqing city were also extracted from the three waves of the China Health and Nutrition Survey conducted in 2011, 2015, and 2018. A Monte Carlo simulation was used to estimate dietary cadmium exposure levels for Chongqing residents during three time periods: 2012–2014, 2015–2018, and 2019–2022. The health risks associated with these exposure levels were then assessed.
    Results Cadmium was detected in 5 143 (55.79%) of all samples at levels ranging from 0.015 6 to 0.024 7 mg/kg. For Chongqing residents during 2012–2014, 2015–2018, and 2019–2022, the estimated mean dietary cadmium intake (µg/kg bw/month) was 12.69, 13.47, and 11.19 with MB substitutions for the left-censored food sample measurements used in the estimates) and 12.87, 13.62, and 12.42 (with UB substitutions for the left-censored food sample measurements used in the estimates), respectively. All these values were below the provisional tolerable monthly intake (PTMI) of 25 µg/kg bw/month established by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). The estimated mean dietary cadmium intake (µg/kg bw/month) for the highly exposed population (95 th percentile) during 2012–2014, 2015–2018, and 2019–2022 was 40.53, 39.42, and 34.53 (with MB) and 40.47, 38.43, and 36.63 (with UB), respectively, which was 1.62, 1.58, and 1.38 times the PTMI. Rice and rice products were the main source of dietary cadmium exposure risk in all periods, contributing 52.45% (with MB) and 51.87% (with UB) of total dietary cadmium exposure in 2012–2014, 65.42% (with MB) and 62.13% (with UB) in 2015–2018, and 47.54% (with MB) and 42.88% (with UB) in 2019–2022. Leafy vegetables were the second largest contributor, accounting for 23.86% (with MB) and 23.39% (with UB) of total dietary cadmium exposure in 2012–2014, 15.12% (with MB) and 14.21% (with UB) in 2015–2018, and 29.98% (with MB) and 37.12% (with UB) in 2019–2022.
    Conclusions Dietary cadmium exposure among Chongqing residents from 2012 to 2022 was relatively low, posing a minimal health risk to the general population. However, the high-exposure population may face some health risks from dietary cadmium exposure. Rice and rice products, and leafy vegetables were identified as the main sources of risk from dietary cadmium exposure.

     

/

返回文章
返回