Abstract: Pathogenic bioaerosols represent a critical public health challenge, necessitating advanced detection methodologies for effective infectious disease surveillance and mitigation. This review comprehensively examines the intrinsic principles, methodological strengths, inherent limitations, and contextual applications of conventional sampling techniques (encompassing filtration and impactor-based methodologies) and contemporary detection modalities (including real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and loop-mediated isothermal amplification). Furthermore, the review examines emerging rapid detection paradigms, with a particular emphasis on innovative approaches such as microfluidic systems, nanomaterials, and sophisticated optical analysis techniques. The investigation reveals that optimal bioaerosol sampling necessitates a multifactorial selection strategy, and the selection of technologies for field rapid detection should be contingent upon environmental conditions, target pathogen characteristics, and operational constraints. While novel bioaerosol sampling technologies demonstrate substantial promise, significant challenges persist regarding sampling efficiency, analytical precision, and economic feasibility. The research underscores the imperative for interdisciplinary collaboration and technological refinement to advance environmental monitoring and public health protection strategies.