Abstract: Objective To examine the prevalence of main chronic diseases and its risk factors among rural population in Yiling district,Yichang city. Methods Using stratified cluster sampling,9 781 migrants and non-migrants aged from 35 to 75 years in Yiling district,Yichang city were investigated with a questionnaire survey,physical examination, and laboratory test. Results The number and prevalence of hypertension,diabetes mellitus,dyslipidemia,and obesity were 3 677(37.6%),340(3.4%),2 801(28.3%),and 629(6.3%),respectively.The number and the age-adjusted prevalences of the diseases were 1 617(39.3%),139(3.3%),1 127(27.9%),and 224(5.7%)in men and 2 060 (36.6%),201(3.5%),1 674(29.0%),and 405(7.0%)in women,respectively.The rate of hypertension in men was higher than that in women(P<0.05),but the prevalence of obesity among women was higher than among men (P<0.05).Compared to non-migrants,the rate of dyslipidemia among migrants was lower,but the rate of obesity was higher(P<0.05).Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that the related risk factors of hypertension and diabetes mellitus included family history,with the odds ratio(OR)and 95% confidence interval(CI)of 2.114(1.8932.360)for hypertension and 4.229(2.705-6.611)for diabetes mellitus. Conclusion Hypertension and diabetes are main chronic diseases and intervention strategies should be taken among the residents of Yiling district of Yichang city.