Abstract: In the past 70 years since the founding of the People's Republic of China, China has made remarkable achievements but also faces many problems and challenges in public health. At present, the development of public health service system in China lags behind the that of economy and other social undertakings. In the study, we analyzed and studied the development process and problems of public health system in China. The main problems in China's public health system include: the lagged development of the public health system, the lack of top-level design, the widening gap between the medical system and the public health system, the inadequacy of the total amount/structure and mode of financial investment in the development of the public health system, the instability and weak development of public health personnel, and lagging-behind public health informatization, obvious shortages in investment and talent resources, imperfect legal system construction, and the lack of administrative empowerment. To those problems mentioned above, the study puts forward some suggestions for improving the public health service system in the new era, such as building a health service system combining medicine with prevention, optimizing the mode of financial investment, establishing a multi-channel financing mechanism, strengthening the construction of talents in public health system, improving the construction of public health informatization, and improving the public health legal system.