Abnormal conditions detected in routine health examinations and their associates among 0 – 6 years children in three provinces of China
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摘要:
目的 调查分析基于国家基本公共卫生服务项目的0 ~ 6岁儿童健康体检异常检出情况及其与儿童家庭环境、服务利用情况的关系。 方法 基于多阶段分层抽样方法,于2019年11 — 12月在我国浙江、山西、重庆3省(直辖市)抽取10个社区卫生服务中心和乡镇卫生院进行0 ~ 6岁儿童家长问卷调查,回收有效问卷3020份。 结果 龋齿(5.9 %,171/2919)、贫血(4.3 %,126/2922)、缺钙(3.5 %,101/2920)是儿童体检项目异常检出率排名前3位项目。≥ 3岁儿童龋齿问题更加突出。西部重庆儿童贫血(4.8 %,29/605)、缺钙(4.3 %,26/603)、心理行为发育偏异(1.0 %,6/604)检出率最高,东部浙江以及城区儿童缺钙及睡眠问题较严重。 结论 我国0 ~ 6岁儿童体检结果与健康状况在不同月龄、地区以及城乡之间存在显著差异。 -
关键词:
- 0 ~ 6岁儿童 /
- 体检异常检出 /
- 国家基本公共卫生服务
Abstract:Objective To analyze abnormal conditions detected in routine health examinations covered by national basic public health services (BPHS) and associates of family environment and utilization of health services with the abnormal conditions among 0 – 6 years children. Methods Using stratified multistage random sampling and a self-designed questionnaire, we conducted an on-site survey among parents of 3 020 of children aged 0 – 6 years at 10 community health service centers/township health centers in Zhejiang province, Shanxi province and Chongqing municipality during November – December 2019. Results Reported by the parents, according to outcomes of physical examinations under the BPHS, the abnormal conditions with top three prevalence rates among the children surveyed were caries (5.9%, 171/2 919), anemia (4.3%, 126/2 922), and calcium deficiency (3.5%, 101/2 920). Caries were more prominent in the children over 3 years of age. Higher prevalence rate of anemia (4.8%, 29/605), calcium deficiency (4.3%, 26/603), and suspected developmental delay for mental and behavioral (1.0%, 6/604) were reported for the children in Chongqing municipality in western China; while higher prevalence rate of calcium deficiency and sleep problems were reported for the children in urban regions and Zhejiang province in eastern China. Conclusion There are significant age-, region-, and urban-rural-specific disparity in abnormal conditions detected in routine physical examinations covered by national BPHS among 0 – 6 years old children in China. -
表 1 被调查儿童及其家庭情况
被调查儿童及其家庭情况 例数 有效百分比(%) 被调查儿童及其家庭情况 例数 有效百分比(%) 所在地区 东部(浙江) 1207 40.0 月龄 49~60 348 11.6 中部(山西) 1204 39.8 61~72 376 12.6 西部(重庆) 609 20.2 > 72 162 5.4 城乡分布 社区卫生服务中心 1126 37.3 早产儿 是 194 6.6 否 2767 93.4 乡镇卫生院 1894 62.7 出生体重是否异常 是 238 7.9 否 2775 92.1 性别 男童 1505 50.4 主要看护人没有父亲或母亲 是 601 20.0 女童 1479 49.6 否 2399 80.0 月龄 满月 17 0.6 父亲是否大专/大学本科及以上 是 1168 38.9 2~3 164 5.5 否 1838 61.1 4~6 194 6.5 父亲是否失业 是 92 3.1 7~8 167 5.6 否 2904 96.9 9~12 267 8.9 母亲是否大专/大学本科及以上 是 1285 42.9 13~18 296 9.9 否 1711 57.1 19~24 252 8.4 母亲是否失业 是 744 24.7 25~30 244 8.2 否 2265 75.3 31~36 220 7.4 过去1年家庭的人均月收入
是否达到 > 5000元是 1255 42.0 37~48 285 9.5 否 1736 58.0 注:部分条目存在缺失值。 表 2 被调查0~6岁儿童不同月龄分段体检指标异常检出率比较(%)
项目 合计 满月 2~3月 4~6月 7~8月 9~12月 13~18月 19~24月 25~30月 31~36月 37~48月 49~60月 61~72月 > 72月 χ2 值 P 值 消瘦 2.6 0.0 2.7 0.5 1.8 2.3 2.1 2.4 2.9 2.3 3.2 3.8 3.0 2.5 25.44 0.382 超重或肥胖 2.7 9.1 1.4 3.7 3.1 1.5 3.1 3.6 2.5 5.1 2.1 2.4 1.9 1.9 33.55 0.093 身高不足 3.2 0.0 3.4 2.1 1.2 1.5 2.0 4.4 4.1 3.2 4.6 5.5 2.7 1.3 42.19 0.012 营养不良 0.9 0.0 1.4 1.6 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.9 2.5 0.6 1.1 0.0 33.74 0.089 贫血 4.3 0.0 4.1 4.4 7.3 4.5 4.4 6.8 1.2 4.2 4.3 5.0 4.3 0.6 248.20 < 0.001 龋齿 5.9 0.0 3.5 2.7 5.5 1.5 0.3 2.0 3.3 3.7 6.0 11.4 15.5 7.5 339.60 < 0.001 口腔发育异常 0.5 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.6 0.4 0.0 0.4 0.4 0.0 1.1 0.9 0.5 0.6 20.54 0.666 听力异常 0.3 0.0 0.7 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.8 0.0 51.15 0.001 视力异常 1.2 9.1 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 1.2 2.1 0.0 1.4 1.8 2.7 2.5 116.60 < 0.001 喂养不合理 1.8 9.1 6.6 1.6 0.6 2.7 2.4 0.8 2.5 1.9 2.2 0.9 1.1 0.0 48.90 0.002 睡眠问题 1.5 0.0 1.4 1.6 1.2 1.9 2.7 2.0 2.9 0.9 1.1 1.2 0.5 0.0. 26.84 0.312 缺钙症状 3.5 0.0 3.5 3.1 7.3 5.7 3.1 3.2 2.9 2.3 2.9 3.5 3.0 1.9 52.97 0.001 缺乏维生素D 1.7 0.0 4.7 1.6 0.6 2.3 1.0 2.4 0.4 1.4 2.9 0.9 1.9 0.6 51.07 0.001 缺乏维生素A 0.7 0.0 1.4 0.5 0.6 1.1 0.7 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.6 46.57 0.004 心理行为发育偏异 0.3 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.6 1.5 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.6 77.99 < 0.001 表 3 被调查0~6岁儿童不同地区分布体检指标异常检出率比较(%)
项目 合计 东部(浙江) 中部(山西) 西部(重庆) χ2 值 P 值 调查人数 异常人数 检出率 调查人数 异常人数 检出率 调查人数 异常人数 检出率 调查人数 异常人数 检出率 消瘦 2962 75 2.5 1173 45 3.8 1184 17 1.4 605 13 2.1 15.419 0.004 超重或肥胖 2946 78 2.6 1166 36 3.1 1175 35 3.0 605 7 1.2 8.582 0.072 身高不足 2963 93 3.1 1173 48 4.1 1184 21 1.8 606 24 4.0 14.562 0.006 营养不良 2958 27 0.9 1170 14 1.2 1183 7 0.6 605 6 1.0 2.517 0.642 贫血 2949 128 4.3 1170 46 3.9 1174 53 4.5 605 29 4.8 44.079 < 0.001 龋齿 2946 174 5.9 1170 69 5.9 1170 75 6.4 606 30 5.0 185.278 < 0.001 口腔发育异常 2936 14 0.5 1156 9 0.8 1176 3 0.3 604 2 0.3 79.095 < 0.001 听力异常 2956 8 0.3 1166 5 0.4 1184 2 0.2 606 1 0.2 241.819 < 0.001 视力异常 2955 35 1.2 1165 23 2.0 1184 8 0.7 606 4 0.7 132.458 < 0.001 喂养不合理 2952 54 1.8 1160 36 3.1 1188 13 1.1 604 5 0.8 47.017 < 0.001 睡眠问题 2948 43 1.5 1161 32 2.8 1183 9 0.8 604 2 0.3 70.213 < 0.001 缺钙症状 2947 102 3.5 1160 49 4.2 1184 27 2.3 603 26 4.3 366.313 < 0.001 缺乏维生素D 2943 49 1.7 1151 27 2.3 1188 19 1.6 604 3 0.5 275.228 < 0.001 缺乏维生素A 2933 20 0.7 1145 10 0.9 1184 8 0.7 604 2 0.3 313.605 < 0.001 心理行为发育偏异 2927 12 0.4 1148 5 0.4 1175 1 0.1 604 6 1.0 774.531 < 0.001 至少1项异常 2860 821 28.7 1113 127 11.4 1151 341 29.6 596 353 59.2 434.454 < 0.001 表 4 被调查0~6岁儿童城乡分布体检指标异常检出率(%)
项目 合计 社区卫生服务中心 乡镇卫生院 χ2 值 P 值 调查人数 异常人数 检出率 调查人数 异常人数 检出率 调查人数 异常人数 检出率 消瘦 2962 75 2.5 1110 27 2.4 1 852 48 2.6 0.244 0.885 超重或肥胖 2946 78 2.6 1104 34 3.1 1 842 44 2.4 2.319 0.314 身高不足 2963 93 3.1 1109 44 4.0 1 854 49 2.6 4.029 0.133 营养不良 2958 27 0.9 1106 16 1.4 1 852 11 0.6 5.567 0.062 贫血 2949 128 4.3 1105 57 5.2 1 844 71 3.9 25.806 < 0.001 龋齿 2946 174 5.9 1104 76 6.9 1 842 98 5.3 6.097 0.047 口腔发育异常 2936 14 0.5 1102 5 0.5 1 834 9 0.5 1.151 0.562 听力异常 2956 8 0.3 1108 2 0.2 1 848 6 0.3 3.682 0.159 视力异常 2955 35 1.2 1107 19 1.7 1 848 16 0.9 8.579 0.014 喂养不合理 2952 54 1.8 1100 34 3.1 1 852 20 1.1 19.532 < 0.001 睡眠问题 2948 43 1.5 1102 31 2.8 1 846 12 0.7 38.016 < 0.001 缺钙症状 2947 102 3.5 1103 69 6.3 1 844 33 1.8 145.513 < 0.001 缺乏维生素D 2943 49 1.7 1101 24 2.2 1 842 25 1.4 4.899 0.086 缺乏维生素A 2933 20 0.7 1100 10 0.9 1 833 10 0.5 1.763 0.414 心理行为发育偏异 2927 12 0.4 1100 9 0.8 1 827 3 0.2 152.657 < 0.001 至少1项异常 2860 821 28.7 1068 305 28.6 1792 516 28.8 0.018 0.892 表 5 0~6岁儿童体检异常检出率影响因素的多因素logistic回归分析结果
自变量 对照组 β $S_{\bar x}$ Wald χ2 值 P 值 OR 值 95 % CI 儿童所在地区 东部 42.344 < 0.001 中部 – 0.721 0.142 25.578 < 0.001 0.486 0.368~0.643 西部 – 1.227 0.211 33.676 < 0.001 0.293 0.194~0.444 儿童城乡分布 0.318 1.135 0.079 0.779 1.375 0.394~0.652 儿童月龄 满月 35.342 < 0.001 2~3 – 0.837 1.143 0.537 0.464 0.433 0.046~4.067 4~6 – 0.746 1.130 0.436 0.509 0.474 0.052~4.346 7~8 – 0.838 1.138 0.542 0.462 0.433 0.047~4.023 9~12 – 0.694 1.119 0.385 0.535 0.500 0.056~4.477 13~18 – 0.449 1.113 0.163 0.686 0.638 0.072~5.647 19~24 – 0.163 1.114 0.022 0.883 0.849 0.096~7.539 25~30 – 0.349 1.116 0.098 0.755 0.706 0.079~6.284 31~36 – 0.298 1.117 0.071 0.790 0.743 0.083~6.634 37~48 – 0.185 1.111 0.028 0.867 0.831 0.094~7.326 49~60 0.185 1.107 0.028 0.867 1.203 0.137~10.536 61~72 0.209 1.106 0.036 0.850 1.233 0.141~10.766 > 72 – 0.705 1.136 0.385 0.535 0.494 0.053~4.582 过去1年您家庭的人均月收入
是否达到 > 5000元– 0.301 0.140 4.598 0.032 0.740 0.563~0.974 -
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