Main food intakes of Chinese children aged 6 – 17 years, 2016 – 2017: surveillance data-based evaluation
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摘要:
目的 分析和评价2016 — 2017年中国6~17岁儿童主要食物摄入状况,为科学引导我国6~17岁儿童合理选择食物提供依据。 方法 数据来源于2016 — 2017年中国儿童与乳母营养健康监测。采用多阶段分层随机抽样方法,在全国31省抽取275个监测点开展营养健康监测,6~17岁儿童纳入膳食调查分析的有效样本量为16 042人。膳食调查采用连续3 d 24 h膳食回顾法收集食物摄入信息,按中国食物成分表中的食物分类划分为粮谷类、薯类、全谷物和杂豆、新鲜蔬菜、新鲜水果、畜禽肉类、鱼虾类、蛋类、奶类及其制品、坚果、大豆类等,计算各类食物的摄入量。依据中国学龄儿童平衡膳食宝塔推荐量,将主要食物平均每人日摄入量占膳食宝塔推荐量的百分比按<60%、60%~、80%~、>100%分布进行分析。 结果 6~17岁儿童粮谷类、薯类、全谷物和杂豆、新鲜蔬菜、新鲜水果、坚果、畜禽肉类、鱼虾类、蛋类、奶类及其制品和大豆类的日均摄入量分别为(236.20 ± 118.45)、(33.32 ± 51.86)、(12.12 ± 24.67)、(164.03 ± 127.08)、(47.85 ± 75.76)、(2.16 ± 8.68)、(103.39 ± 78.99)、(15.45 ± 32.45)、(33.25 ± 32.51)、(72.83 ± 113.66)和(9.29 ± 18.41) g 。粮谷类和畜禽肉的日均摄入量过高,超出中国学龄儿童平衡膳食宝塔推荐量的比例分别为58.43%和76.06%,全谷物和杂豆、新鲜蔬菜、新鲜水果、坚果、鱼虾类、奶类及其制品和大豆类的日均摄入量较低,低于推荐量60%的比例分别为80.55%、76.21%、85.21%、88.99%、79.67%、86.93%和70.81%。除坚果外,其他食物的日均摄入量在年龄方面差异均有统计学意义(均P < 0.05);粮谷类、全谷物和杂豆、新鲜水果、畜禽肉类、蛋类和坚果的日均摄入量在性别方面差异均有统计学意义(均P < 0.05);主要食物的日均摄入量在城乡和不同地域差异均有统计学意义(均P < 0.05)。 结论 我国6~17岁大部分儿童粮谷类和畜禽肉摄入充足,甚至过多;全谷物和杂豆、新鲜蔬菜、新鲜水果、鱼虾类、奶类及其制品、坚果和大豆类摄入不足;6~17岁儿童主要食物摄入量有明显的城乡和地域差异。 Abstract:Objective To analyze and evaluate the status of main food intakes among 6 – 17 years old children in China from 2016 to 2017, and to provide evidence for guiding the children's food intake. Methods The data of the study were extracted from the National Nutrition and Health Survey among children and lactating mothers conducted during 2016 – 2017 at 275 surveillance sites selected with stratified multistage random sampling in 31 provincial-level administrative divisions across China. The information on food intake of 16 042 children aged 6 – 17 years were collected using three consecutive 24-hour recalls. Based on the classification of the China Food Composition Table, the food were divided into grains and cereals, tubers, whole grains and miscellaneous beans, fresh vegetables, fresh fruits, meat and poultry, fish and shrimp, eggs, milk, nuts and beans, and the children's intake of each food were calculated. The percentage of the average daily intake of main foods (< 60%, 60% – 79%, 80% – 99%, and > 100%) relative to the recommended amount among the children were analyzed according to the food guide pagoda for Chinese school-age children. Results The estimated average daily intakes (grams) of the children were 236.20 ± 118.45 for grains and cereals, 33.32 ± 51.86 for tubers, 12.12 ± 24.67 for whole grains and miscellaneous beans, 164.03 ± 127.08 for fresh vegetables, 47.85 ± 75.76 for fresh fruits, 2.16 ± 8.68 for nuts, 103.39 ± 78.99 for meat and poultry, 15.45 ± 32.45 for fish and shrimp, 33.25 ± 32.51 for eggs, 72.83 ± 113.66 for milk and milk products, and 9.29 ± 18.41 for beans, respectively. In comparison to recommendations of the food guide pagoda, the children's average daily intakes of grains and cereals were 58.43% higher and those of meat and poultry were 76.06% higher; while, the average daily intakes were 80.55% lower for whole grains and miscellaneous beans, 76.21% for fresh vegetables, 85.21% for fresh fruits, 88.99% for nuts, 79.67% for fish and shrimp, 86.93% for milk and milk products, and 70.81% for beans. There were significant age differences in daily intakes of main foods (P < 0.05 for all), except for nuts; there were also significant gender differences in daily intake of grains and cereals, whole grains and miscellaneous beans, fresh fruits, meat and poultry, eggs, and nuts (all P < 0.05) and regional differences between urban and rural areas and among eastern, central and western regions in daily intakes of main foods (both P < 0.05). Conclusion The average daily intakes of grains and cereals, meat and poultry were adequate, even too much in most children of 6 – 17 years old in China, but those of whole grains and miscellaneous beans, fresh vegetables, fresh fruits, meat and poultry, fish and shrimp, eggs, milk, nuts and beans were insufficient. There were significant differences in the children′s daily intakes of main foods between urban and rural areas and among eastern, central and western regions. -
Key words:
- nutrition and health surveillance /
- food /
- children
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表 1 2022年中国6~17岁学龄儿童平衡膳食宝塔推荐量
食物名称 6~10岁 11~13岁 14~17岁 谷类(g/d) 150~200 225~250 250~300 全谷物和杂豆(g/d) 30~70 30~70 50~100 薯类(g/d) 25~50 25~50 50~100 蔬菜类(g/d) 300 400~450 450~500 水果类(g/d) 150~200 200~300 300~350 畜禽肉(g/d) 40 50 50~75 鱼虾类(g/d) 40 50 50~75 蛋类(g/d) 25~40 40~50 50 奶及奶制品(g/d) 300 300 300 大豆(g/周) 105 105 105~175 坚果(g/周) 50 50~70 50~70 表 2 2016 — 2017年中国不同特征儿童主要食物日均摄入量(g/d)
特征 粮谷类 薯类 全谷物和杂豆 新鲜蔬菜 新鲜水果 坚果 $\bar x \pm s $ M P25~P75 $\bar x \pm s $ M P25~P75 $\bar x \pm s $ M P25~P75 $\bar x \pm s $ M P25~P75 $\bar x \pm s $ M P25~P75 $\bar x \pm s $ M P25~P75 年龄(岁) 6~8 196.61 ± 89.93 176.50 136.67~236.67 27.02 ± 39.43 16.67 0.00~36.67 12.14 ± 24.90 0 0.00~16.00 142.65 ± 105.19 118.90 73.33~183.33 51.44 ± 74.82 20.92 0.00~78.00 2.06 ± 7.83 0 0.00~0.00 9~11 216.03 ± 100.91 192.68 149.33~259.07 31.68 ± 54.54 16.67 0.00~46.67 12.07 ± 24.49 0 0.00~15.50 162.82 ± 125.44 133.33 81.67~206.67 47.70 ± 75.84 0 0.00~70.37 1.82 ± 7.35 0 0.00~0.00 12~14 255.27 ± 123.91 230.00 168.92~308.89 36.84 ± 56.57 20.00 0.00~50.00 12.29 ± 24.90 0 0.00~15.17 179.95 ± 140.20 149.29 88.99~232.00 47.01 ± 77.28 0 0.00~70.00 2.35 ± 9.52 0 0.00~0.00 15~17 288.80 ± 138.65 259.09 191.67~356.67 38.99 ± 54.31 23.33 0.00~56.67 11.97 ± 24.41 0 0.00~13.87 172.91 ± 133.64 141.03 78.33~233.33 44.84 ± 74.88 0 0.00~66.67 2.55 ± 10.19 0 0.00~0.00 P 值 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 0.014 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 0.1227 性别 男生 249.28 ± 125.06 220.00 163.27~305.33 34.01 ± 56.19 17.86 0.00~48.33 11.71 ± 24.00 0 0.00~14.67 165.30 ± 130.49 134.62 80.58~215.33 44.26 ± 73.91 0 0.00~66.67 2.09 ± 8.59 0 0.00~0.00 女生 223.25 ± 110.01 198.33 149.49~272.50 32.64 ± 47.16 16.67 0.00~46.67 12.52 ± 25.31 0 0.00~16.50 162.78 ± 123.60 133.33 80.00~211.03 51.41 ± 77.38 16.67 0.00~79.08 2.23 ± 8.76 0 0.00~0.00 P 值 < 0.0001 0.58 < 0.0001 0.32 < 0.0001 0.0127 城乡 城市 225.88 ± 114.52 200.18 149.00~277.13 29.61 ± 47.50 16.67 0.00~40.00 13.52 ± 26.61 1.07 0.00~16.67 173.82 ± 134.11 142.86 86.34~226.27 54.60 ± 80.21 20.00 0.00~84.05 2.38 ± 9.12 0 0.00~0.00 农村 245.32 ± 121.10 216.41 161.56~298.33 36.60 ± 55.22 20.00 0.00~53.33 10.88 ± 22.75 0 0.00~13.33 155.39 ± 119.86 126.91 76.67~201.47 41.89 ± 71.06 0 0.00~61.60 1.97 ± 8.27 0 0.00~0.00 P 值 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 地域 东部 229.54 ± 117.96 201.51 151.18~277.70 27.05 ± 46.10 10.00 0.00~36.67 13.51 ± 25.71 1.30 0.00~16.67 181.43 ± 132.25 152.04 96.67~233.33 54.28 ± 79.35 20.00 0.00~83.33 2.48 ± 8.73 0 0.00~0.00 中部 236.27 ± 112.50 212.01 161.11~287.11 35.62 ± 57.31 20.00 0.00~50.00 12.20 ± 25.17 0 0.00~16.67 148.81 ± 122.63 120.14 71.62~190.00 43.79 ± 73.03 0 0.00~65.87 2.26 ± 9.07 0 0.00~0.00 西部 242.83 ± 123.62 212.10 155.33~300.00 37.57 ± 51.65 23.33 0.00~53.33 10.65 ± 23.02 0 0.00~11.11 160.03 ± 123.55 130.00 76.54~210.35 45.00 ± 74.00 0 0.00~66.67 1.75 ± 8.25 0 0.00~0.00 P 值 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 合计 236.20 ± 118.45 208.67 155.87~288.19 33.32 ± 51.86 16.67 0.00~47.31 12.12 ± 24.67 0 0.00~15.17 164.03 ± 127.08 133.33 80.03~213.33 47.85 ± 75.76 0 0.00~71.67 2.16 ± 8.68 0 0.00~0.00 续表 2 特征 畜禽肉类 鱼虾类 蛋类 奶类及其制品 大豆类 $ \bar x \pm s $ M P25~P75 $\bar x \pm s $ M P25~P75 $ \bar x \pm s $ M P25~P75 $ \bar x \pm s $ M P25~P75 $ \bar x \pm s $ M P25~P75 年龄(岁) 6~8 89.27 ± 64.80 78.03 41.71~122.17 15.16 ± 30.74 0 0.00~20.00 34.17 ± 31.61 29.30 11.67~50.00 75.30 ± 115.04 33.33 0.00~120.00 7.18 ± 12.89 2.95 0.00~8.61 9~11 97.77 ± 75.05 83.33 44.44~132.67 15.23 ± 31.40 0 0.00~19.33 33.46 ± 31.45 27.60 13.33~50.00 67.36 ± 98.89 0 0.00~100.00 8.46 ± 17.63 3.07 0.00~10.00 12~14 109.60 ± 83.40 93.33 50.00~149.45 17.15 ± 36.53 0 0.00~20.00 32.09 ± 33.29 25.00 2.78~48.33 71.19 ± 114.45 0 0.00~100.00 10.37 ± 19.99 3.83 0.00~12.27 15~17 120.61 ± 89.67 100.00 56.67~167.73 14.21 ± 30.92 0 0.00~16.67 33.19 ± 34.06 26.67 0.00~50.00 79.32 ± 128.89 16.67 0.00~116.67 11.71 ± 22.29 4.17 0.00~13.61 P 值 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 0.0011 < 0.0001 性别 男生 109.94 ± 83.56 93.11 50.13~149.37 15.82 ± 33.11 0 0.00~19.45 34.58 ± 34.20 29.33 10.00~50.00 75.28 ± 124.36 0 0.00~116.67 9.71 ± 19.02 3.33 0.00~11.50 女生 96.90 ± 73.62 82.82 43.33~133.06 15.08 ± 31.78 0 0.00~18.33 31.94 ± 30.69 26.10 10.00~48.37 70.40 ± 101.92 26.67 0.00~106.67 8.88 ± 17.76 3.33 0.00~10.50 P 值 < 0.0001 0.9299 0.0001 0.4353 0.123 城乡 城市 117.80 ± 82.96 102.11 58.86~158.89 20.83 ± 38.28 0 0.00~29.50 37.22 ± 33.61 33.33 14.91~53.33 94.36 ± 128.24 66.67 0.00~150.00 9.59 ± 19.24 3.58 0.00~11.50 农村 90.66 ± 72.99 75.26 40.00~121.67 10.69 ± 25.31 0 0.00~10.00 29.75 ± 31.09 20.53 0.00~43.33 53.81 ± 95.05 0 0.00~83.33 9.03 ± 17.63 3.07 0.00~10.73 P 值 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 地域 东部 121.31 ± 85.60 105.85 61.63~165.33 24.65 ± 40.98 8.33 0.00~33.33 41.44 ± 35.91 35.20 16.67~60.00 81.68 ± 117.23 41.67 0.00~133.33 9.22 ± 20.05 3.00a 0.00~10.40 中部 89.08 ± 72.87 71.98 38.33~120.67 13.30 ± 28.04 0 0.00~16.67 32.62 ± 29.61 28.33 13.33~49.47 67.33 ± 121.38 0 0.00~90.91 10.59 ± 16.59 5.31 0.00~13.80 西部 98.04 ± 73.75 83.33 46.67~131.14 8.11 ± 22.74 0 0.00~0.00 25.60 ± 29.28 18.33 0.00~37.09 68.80 ± 101.86 0 0.00~104.17 8.22 ± 18.14 2.33a 0.00~8.63 P 值 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 合计 103.39 ± 78.99 87.65 48.00~140.00 15.45 ± 32.45 0 0.00~19.33 33.25 ± 32.51 26.67 10.00~50.00 72.83 ± 113.66 5.00 0.00~110.00 9.29 ± 18.41 3.33 0.00~11.00 表 3 2016 — 2017年中国不同特征儿童主要食物日均摄入量占膳食宝塔推荐量构成比分布情况(%)
特征 粮谷类 薯类 全谷物和杂豆 新鲜蔬菜 新鲜水果 坚果 < 60 % 60 %~ 80 %~ > 100 % < 60 % 60 %~ 80 %~ > 100 % < 60 % 60 %~ 80 %~ > 100 % < 60 % 60 %~ 80 %~ > 100 % < 60 % 60 %~ 80 %~ > 100 % < 60 % 60 %~ 80 %~ > 100 % 年龄(岁) 6~8 4.80 11.16 17.59 66.44 48.05 7.86 5.26 38.84 78.38 4.83 4.13 12.66 73.92 12.59 6.61 6.88 78.68 7.01 5.01 9.31 88.54 0.95 2.00 8.51 9~11 7.45 16.84 13.74 61.97 45.20 6.67 5.40 42.73 78.79 4.52 3.49 13.20 72.87 12.22 6.76 8.16 82.05 5.67 4.29 7.99 89.88 1.02 1.69 7.40 12~14 11.86 25.85 11.78 50.50 46.50 7.10 5.00 41.40 79.93 4.71 3.45 11.91 77.54 10.89 5.89 5.68 88.03 4.76 3.18 4.02 88.43 0.63 1.81 9.13 15~17 10.77 16.95 19.26 53.02 55.04 9.62 8.23 27.12 86.17 4.24 2.92 6.67 82.01 9.44 4.68 3.87 94.02 3.09 1.33 1.56 88.91 0.69 1.41 8.98 P 值 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 0.3908 性别 男生 6.82 15.51 14.39 63.28 48.07 7.50 5.78 38.65 80.97 4.50 3.63 10.90 75.65 11.69 6.18 6.49 86.42 4.57 3.28 5.73 89.50 0.90 1.54 8.06 女生 10.27 19.64 16.45 53.64 48.61 7.90 5.98 37.51 80.14 4.67 3.40 11.80 76.77 11.10 5.96 6.17 84.02 5.88 3.85 6.25 88.49 0.78 1.94 8.80 P 值 < 0.0001 0.2835 0.0554 0.7557 0.1885 0.1454 城乡 城市 10.83 19.18 15.02 54.97 52.06 8.43 5.42 34.09 78.64 4.98 3.69 12.68 73.18 12.32 6.75 7.75 81.95 6.46 4.19 7.40 87.81 0.88 2.30 9.01 农村 6.54 16.18 15.79 61.49 45.06 7.07 6.28 41.59 82.24 4.23 3.36 10.18 78.89 10.58 5.46 5.07 88.10 4.14 3.02 4.74 90.03 0.81 1.24 7.91 P 值 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 0.0136 地域 东部 9.94 18.94 15.15 55.97 55.79 7.44 5.09 31.67 78.08 4.90 3.86 13.16 70.61 13.99 7.59 7.82 82.57 6.17 3.86 7.41 87.00 0.95 2.28 9.77 中部 7.07 16.21 16.03 60.69 45.95 7.70 6.09 40.26 79.82 5.09 3.83 11.26 81.00 9.76 4.30 4.95 86.95 4.56 3.26 5.23 88.49 1.00 1.65 8.86 西部 8.48 17.44 15.17 58.91 42.98 7.97 6.48 42.57 83.68 3.82 2.90 9.61 77.61 10.24 6.10 6.05 86.34 4.88 3.55 5.24 91.43 0.59 1.28 6.70 P 值 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 0.0006 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 合计 8.55 17.59 15.43 58.43 48.34 7.70 5.88 38.08 80.55 4.58 3.52 11.35 76.21 11.40 6.07 6.33 85.21 5.23 3.57 5.99 88.99 0.84 1.74 8.43 续表 3 特征 畜禽肉类 鱼虾类 蛋类 奶类及其制品 大豆类 < 60 % 60 %~ 80 %~ > 100 % < 60 % 60 %~ 80 %~ > 100 % < 60 % 60 %~ 80 %~ > 100 % < 60 % 60 %~ 80 %~ > 100 % < 60 % 60 %~ 80 %~ > 100 % 年龄(岁) 6~8 12.74 4.15 6.93 76.18 77.85 4.55 5.26 12.34 27.73 11.24 7.33 53.70 86.26 5.88 4.40 3.45 75.60 6.36 3.18 14.86 9~11 13.68 4.71 5.81 75.80 79.06 4.83 4.71 11.40 33.88 10.58 13.01 42.52 88.02 5.44 3.47 3.07 72.54 6.27 4.58 16.61 12~14 13.12 5.84 6.60 74.43 79.96 5.05 3.95 11.05 50.60 7.89 17.39 24.12 87.40 4.84 4.13 3.63 68.49 6.00 4.73 20.78 15~17 11.44 4.24 6.24 78.08 82.30 4.91 3.26 9.53 53.08 13.37 0.00 33.55 85.68 4.71 4.65 4.97 65.46 6.58 4.91 23.04 P 值 0.1075 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 0.0071 < 0.0001 性别 男生 11.51 4.45 5.85 78.19 79.25 4.90 4.32 11.53 39.24 10.46 9.96 40.34 86.21 5.22 4.30 4.27 70.10 6.20 4.15 19.56 女生 14.13 5.02 6.89 73.96 80.09 4.76 4.38 10.77 41.66 10.96 9.69 37.69 87.64 5.27 3.93 3.15 71.53 6.39 4.53 17.56 P 值 < 0.0001 0.1382 0.0001 < 0.0001 0.0018 城乡 城市 8.83 3.75 5.08 82.35 73.21 5.90 5.21 15.68 35.02 9.88 9.94 45.16 81.95 7.18 5.61 5.26 70.14 6.42 4.45 18.99 农村 16.37 5.61 7.51 70.51 85.38 3.89 3.59 7.14 45.26 11.45 9.72 33.58 91.32 3.55 2.79 2.34 71.41 6.19 4.24 18.16 P 值 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 0.2150 地域 东部 9.33 3.12 4.64 82.91 68.62 6.58 6.13 18.67 31.21 9.27 10.29 49.23 84.49 5.79 5.11 4.61 72.08 6.04 3.98 17.90 中部 15.99 6.31 8.39 69.31 81.14 5.01 4.68 9.16 38.29 12.85 9.47 39.39 88.27 5.09 3.20 3.44 64.18 7.84 4.93 23.05 西部 13.55 4.97 6.32 75.16 89.47 2.92 2.27 5.35 51.66 10.26 9.67 28.42 88.19 4.84 3.92 3.04 75.41 5.18 4.18 15.23 P 值 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 0.0003 合计 12.83 4.74 6.37 76.06 79.67 4.83 4.35 11.15 40.46 10.71 9.82 39.01 86.93 5.25 4.11 3.71 70.81 6.30 4.34 18.55 -
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