中国2016 — 2017年6～17岁儿童主要食物摄入状况及评价

琚腊红; 赵丽云; 房红芸; 郭齐雅; 朴玮; 许晓丽; 李淑娟; 成雪; 蔡姝雅; 于冬梅

doi:10.11847/zgggws1139959

中国2016 — 2017年6～17岁儿童主要食物摄入状况及评价

doi: 10.11847/zgggws1139959

中国疾病预防控制中心营养与健康所营养监测室，北京 100050

基金项目: 国家重大公共卫生服务项目[中国儿童与乳母营养健康监测（2016 — 2017年）]

详细信息

作者简介:
琚腊红（1978 – ），女，安徽桐城人，主任医师，硕士，研究方向：营养与健康流行病学

通讯作者:
于冬梅， E-mail：yudm@ninh.chinacdc.cn

中图分类号: R 151.42；R 281.5
计量
- 文章访问数: 391
- HTML全文浏览量: 32
- PDF下载量: 66
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 接收日期: 2022-08-05
- 网络出版日期: 2023-02-24
- 刊出日期: 2023-05-10

Main food intakes of Chinese children aged 6 – 17 years, 2016 – 2017: surveillance data-based evaluation

Department of Nutrition Surveillance, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China

摘要

摘要: 目的分析和评价2016 — 2017年中国6～17岁儿童主要食物摄入状况，为科学引导我国6～17岁儿童合理选择食物提供依据。方法数据来源于2016 — 2017年中国儿童与乳母营养健康监测。采用多阶段分层随机抽样方法，在全国31省抽取275个监测点开展营养健康监测，6～17岁儿童纳入膳食调查分析的有效样本量为16 042人。膳食调查采用连续3 d 24 h膳食回顾法收集食物摄入信息，按中国食物成分表中的食物分类划分为粮谷类、薯类、全谷物和杂豆、新鲜蔬菜、新鲜水果、畜禽肉类、鱼虾类、蛋类、奶类及其制品、坚果、大豆类等，计算各类食物的摄入量。依据中国学龄儿童平衡膳食宝塔推荐量，将主要食物平均每人日摄入量占膳食宝塔推荐量的百分比按＜60%、60%～、80%～、＞100%分布进行分析。结果 6～17岁儿童粮谷类、薯类、全谷物和杂豆、新鲜蔬菜、新鲜水果、坚果、畜禽肉类、鱼虾类、蛋类、奶类及其制品和大豆类的日均摄入量分别为（236.20 ± 118.45）、（33.32 ± 51.86）、（12.12 ± 24.67）、（164.03 ± 127.08）、（47.85 ± 75.76）、（2.16 ± 8.68）、（103.39 ± 78.99）、（15.45 ± 32.45）、（33.25 ± 32.51）、（72.83 ± 113.66）和（9.29 ± 18.41) g 。粮谷类和畜禽肉的日均摄入量过高，超出中国学龄儿童平衡膳食宝塔推荐量的比例分别为58.43%和76.06%，全谷物和杂豆、新鲜蔬菜、新鲜水果、坚果、鱼虾类、奶类及其制品和大豆类的日均摄入量较低，低于推荐量60%的比例分别为80.55%、76.21%、85.21%、88.99%、79.67%、86.93%和70.81%。除坚果外，其他食物的日均摄入量在年龄方面差异均有统计学意义（均P < 0.05）；粮谷类、全谷物和杂豆、新鲜水果、畜禽肉类、蛋类和坚果的日均摄入量在性别方面差异均有统计学意义（均P < 0.05）；主要食物的日均摄入量在城乡和不同地域差异均有统计学意义（均P < 0.05）。结论我国6～17岁大部分儿童粮谷类和畜禽肉摄入充足，甚至过多；全谷物和杂豆、新鲜蔬菜、新鲜水果、鱼虾类、奶类及其制品、坚果和大豆类摄入不足；6～17岁儿童主要食物摄入量有明显的城乡和地域差异。
- 营养与健康监测 /
- 食物 /
- 儿童
Abstract: Objective To analyze and evaluate the status of main food intakes among 6 – 17 years old children in China from 2016 to 2017, and to provide evidence for guiding the children's food intake. Methods The data of the study were extracted from the National Nutrition and Health Survey among children and lactating mothers conducted during 2016 – 2017 at 275 surveillance sites selected with stratified multistage random sampling in 31 provincial-level administrative divisions across China. The information on food intake of 16 042 children aged 6 – 17 years were collected using three consecutive 24-hour recalls. Based on the classification of the China Food Composition Table, the food were divided into grains and cereals, tubers, whole grains and miscellaneous beans, fresh vegetables, fresh fruits, meat and poultry, fish and shrimp, eggs, milk, nuts and beans, and the children's intake of each food were calculated. The percentage of the average daily intake of main foods (< 60%, 60% – 79%, 80% – 99%, and > 100%) relative to the recommended amount among the children were analyzed according to the food guide pagoda for Chinese school-age children. Results The estimated average daily intakes (grams) of the children were 236.20 ± 118.45 for grains and cereals, 33.32 ± 51.86 for tubers, 12.12 ± 24.67 for whole grains and miscellaneous beans, 164.03 ± 127.08 for fresh vegetables, 47.85 ± 75.76 for fresh fruits, 2.16 ± 8.68 for nuts, 103.39 ± 78.99 for meat and poultry, 15.45 ± 32.45 for fish and shrimp, 33.25 ± 32.51 for eggs, 72.83 ± 113.66 for milk and milk products, and 9.29 ± 18.41 for beans, respectively. In comparison to recommendations of the food guide pagoda, the children's average daily intakes of grains and cereals were 58.43% higher and those of meat and poultry were 76.06% higher; while, the average daily intakes were 80.55% lower for whole grains and miscellaneous beans, 76.21% for fresh vegetables, 85.21% for fresh fruits, 88.99% for nuts, 79.67% for fish and shrimp, 86.93% for milk and milk products, and 70.81% for beans. There were significant age differences in daily intakes of main foods (P < 0.05 for all), except for nuts; there were also significant gender differences in daily intake of grains and cereals, whole grains and miscellaneous beans, fresh fruits, meat and poultry, eggs, and nuts (all P < 0.05) and regional differences between urban and rural areas and among eastern, central and western regions in daily intakes of main foods (both P < 0.05). Conclusion The average daily intakes of grains and cereals, meat and poultry were adequate, even too much in most children of 6 – 17 years old in China, but those of whole grains and miscellaneous beans, fresh vegetables, fresh fruits, meat and poultry, fish and shrimp, eggs, milk, nuts and beans were insufficient. There were significant differences in the children′s daily intakes of main foods between urban and rural areas and among eastern, central and western regions.
- nutrition and health surveillance /
- food /
- children

HTML全文

表 1 2022年中国6～17岁学龄儿童平衡膳食宝塔推荐量

食物名称	6～10岁	11～13岁	14～17岁
谷类（g/d）	150～200	225～250	250～300
全谷物和杂豆（g/d）	30～70	30～70	50～100
薯类（g/d）	25～50	25～50	50～100
蔬菜类（g/d）	300	400～450	450～500
水果类（g/d）	150～200	200～300	300～350
畜禽肉（g/d）	40	50	50～75
鱼虾类（g/d）	40	50	50～75
蛋类（g/d）	25～40	40～50	50
奶及奶制品（g/d）	300	300	300
大豆（g/周）	105	105	105～175
坚果（g/周）	50	50～70	50～70

下载: 导出CSV

表 2 2016 — 2017年中国不同特征儿童主要食物日均摄入量（g/d)

特征	粮谷类			薯类			全谷物和杂豆			新鲜蔬菜			新鲜水果			坚果
特征	$\bar x \pm s $	M	P₂₅～P₇₅	$\bar x \pm s $	M	P₂₅～P₇₅	$\bar x \pm s $	M	P₂₅～P₇₅	$\bar x \pm s $	M	P₂₅～P₇₅	$\bar x \pm s $	M	P₂₅～P₇₅	$\bar x \pm s $	M	P₂₅～P₇₅
年龄（岁）
6～8	196.61 ± 89.93	176.50	136.67～236.67	27.02 ± 39.43	16.67	0.00～36.67	12.14 ± 24.90	0	0.00～16.00	142.65 ± 105.19	118.90	73.33～183.33	51.44 ± 74.82	20.92	0.00～78.00	2.06 ± 7.83	0	0.00～0.00
9～11	216.03 ± 100.91	192.68	149.33～259.07	31.68 ± 54.54	16.67	0.00～46.67	12.07 ± 24.49	0	0.00～15.50	162.82 ± 125.44	133.33	81.67～206.67	47.70 ± 75.84	0	0.00～70.37	1.82 ± 7.35	0	0.00～0.00
12～14	255.27 ± 123.91	230.00	168.92～308.89	36.84 ± 56.57	20.00	0.00～50.00	12.29 ± 24.90	0	0.00～15.17	179.95 ± 140.20	149.29	88.99～232.00	47.01 ± 77.28	0	0.00～70.00	2.35 ± 9.52	0	0.00～0.00
15～17	288.80 ± 138.65	259.09	191.67～356.67	38.99 ± 54.31	23.33	0.00～56.67	11.97 ± 24.41	0	0.00～13.87	172.91 ± 133.64	141.03	78.33～233.33	44.84 ± 74.88	0	0.00～66.67	2.55 ± 10.19	0	0.00～0.00
P 值		< 0.0001			< 0.0001			0.014			< 0.0001			< 0.0001			0.1227
性别
男生	249.28 ± 125.06	220.00	163.27～305.33	34.01 ± 56.19	17.86	0.00～48.33	11.71 ± 24.00	0	0.00～14.67	165.30 ± 130.49	134.62	80.58～215.33	44.26 ± 73.91	0	0.00～66.67	2.09 ± 8.59	0	0.00～0.00
女生	223.25 ± 110.01	198.33	149.49～272.50	32.64 ± 47.16	16.67	0.00～46.67	12.52 ± 25.31	0	0.00～16.50	162.78 ± 123.60	133.33	80.00～211.03	51.41 ± 77.38	16.67	0.00～79.08	2.23 ± 8.76	0	0.00～0.00
P 值		< 0.0001			0.58			< 0.0001			0.32			< 0.0001			0.0127
城乡
城市	225.88 ± 114.52	200.18	149.00～277.13	29.61 ± 47.50	16.67	0.00～40.00	13.52 ± 26.61	1.07	0.00～16.67	173.82 ± 134.11	142.86	86.34～226.27	54.60 ± 80.21	20.00	0.00～84.05	2.38 ± 9.12	0	0.00～0.00
农村	245.32 ± 121.10	216.41	161.56～298.33	36.60 ± 55.22	20.00	0.00～53.33	10.88 ± 22.75	0	0.00～13.33	155.39 ± 119.86	126.91	76.67～201.47	41.89 ± 71.06	0	0.00～61.60	1.97 ± 8.27	0	0.00～0.00
P 值		< 0.0001			< 0.0001			< 0.0001			< 0.0001			< 0.0001			< 0.0001
地域
东部	229.54 ± 117.96	201.51	151.18～277.70	27.05 ± 46.10	10.00	0.00～36.67	13.51 ± 25.71	1.30	0.00～16.67	181.43 ± 132.25	152.04	96.67～233.33	54.28 ± 79.35	20.00	0.00～83.33	2.48 ± 8.73	0	0.00～0.00
中部	236.27 ± 112.50	212.01	161.11～287.11	35.62 ± 57.31	20.00	0.00～50.00	12.20 ± 25.17	0	0.00～16.67	148.81 ± 122.63	120.14	71.62～190.00	43.79 ± 73.03	0	0.00～65.87	2.26 ± 9.07	0	0.00～0.00
西部	242.83 ± 123.62	212.10	155.33～300.00	37.57 ± 51.65	23.33	0.00～53.33	10.65 ± 23.02	0	0.00～11.11	160.03 ± 123.55	130.00	76.54～210.35	45.00 ± 74.00	0	0.00～66.67	1.75 ± 8.25	0	0.00～0.00
P 值		< 0.0001			< 0.0001			< 0.0001			< 0.0001			< 0.0001			< 0.0001
合计	236.20 ± 118.45	208.67	155.87～288.19	33.32 ± 51.86	16.67	0.00～47.31	12.12 ± 24.67	0	0.00～15.17	164.03 ± 127.08	133.33	80.03～213.33	47.85 ± 75.76	0	0.00～71.67	2.16 ± 8.68	0	0.00～0.00

下载: 导出CSV

续表 2
特征	畜禽肉类			鱼虾类			蛋类			奶类及其制品			大豆类
特征	$ \bar x \pm s $	M	P₂₅～P₇₅	$\bar x \pm s $	M	P₂₅～P₇₅	$ \bar x \pm s $	M	P₂₅～P₇₅	$ \bar x \pm s $	M	P₂₅～P₇₅	$ \bar x \pm s $	M	P₂₅～P₇₅
年龄（岁）
6～8	89.27 ± 64.80	78.03	41.71～122.17	15.16 ± 30.74	0	0.00～20.00	34.17 ± 31.61	29.30	11.67～50.00	75.30 ± 115.04	33.33	0.00～120.00	7.18 ± 12.89	2.95	0.00～8.61
9～11	97.77 ± 75.05	83.33	44.44～132.67	15.23 ± 31.40	0	0.00～19.33	33.46 ± 31.45	27.60	13.33～50.00	67.36 ± 98.89	0	0.00～100.00	8.46 ± 17.63	3.07	0.00～10.00
12～14	109.60 ± 83.40	93.33	50.00～149.45	17.15 ± 36.53	0	0.00～20.00	32.09 ± 33.29	25.00	2.78～48.33	71.19 ± 114.45	0	0.00～100.00	10.37 ± 19.99	3.83	0.00～12.27
15～17	120.61 ± 89.67	100.00	56.67～167.73	14.21 ± 30.92	0	0.00～16.67	33.19 ± 34.06	26.67	0.00～50.00	79.32 ± 128.89	16.67	0.00～116.67	11.71 ± 22.29	4.17	0.00～13.61
P 值		< 0.0001			< 0.0001			< 0.0001			0.0011			< 0.0001
性别
男生	109.94 ± 83.56	93.11	50.13～149.37	15.82 ± 33.11	0	0.00～19.45	34.58 ± 34.20	29.33	10.00～50.00	75.28 ± 124.36	0	0.00～116.67	9.71 ± 19.02	3.33	0.00～11.50
女生	96.90 ± 73.62	82.82	43.33～133.06	15.08 ± 31.78	0	0.00～18.33	31.94 ± 30.69	26.10	10.00～48.37	70.40 ± 101.92	26.67	0.00～106.67	8.88 ± 17.76	3.33	0.00～10.50
P 值		< 0.0001			0.9299			0.0001			0.4353			0.123
城乡
城市	117.80 ± 82.96	102.11	58.86～158.89	20.83 ± 38.28	0	0.00～29.50	37.22 ± 33.61	33.33	14.91～53.33	94.36 ± 128.24	66.67	0.00～150.00	9.59 ± 19.24	3.58	0.00～11.50
农村	90.66 ± 72.99	75.26	40.00～121.67	10.69 ± 25.31	0	0.00～10.00	29.75 ± 31.09	20.53	0.00～43.33	53.81 ± 95.05	0	0.00～83.33	9.03 ± 17.63	3.07	0.00～10.73
P 值		< 0.0001			< 0.0001			< 0.0001			< 0.0001			< 0.0001
地域
东部	121.31 ± 85.60	105.85	61.63～165.33	24.65 ± 40.98	8.33	0.00～33.33	41.44 ± 35.91	35.20	16.67～60.00	81.68 ± 117.23	41.67	0.00～133.33	9.22 ± 20.05	3.00^a	0.00～10.40
中部	89.08 ± 72.87	71.98	38.33～120.67	13.30 ± 28.04	0	0.00～16.67	32.62 ± 29.61	28.33	13.33～49.47	67.33 ± 121.38	0	0.00～90.91	10.59 ± 16.59	5.31	0.00～13.80
西部	98.04 ± 73.75	83.33	46.67～131.14	8.11 ± 22.74	0	0.00～0.00	25.60 ± 29.28	18.33	0.00～37.09	68.80 ± 101.86	0	0.00～104.17	8.22 ± 18.14	2.33^a	0.00～8.63
P 值		< 0.0001			< 0.0001			< 0.0001			< 0.0001			< 0.0001
合计	103.39 ± 78.99	87.65	48.00～140.00	15.45 ± 32.45	0	0.00～19.33	33.25 ± 32.51	26.67	10.00～50.00	72.83 ± 113.66	5.00	0.00～110.00	9.29 ± 18.41	3.33	0.00～11.00

下载: 导出CSV

表 3 2016 — 2017年中国不同特征儿童主要食物日均摄入量占膳食宝塔推荐量构成比分布情况（%）

特征	粮谷类				薯类				全谷物和杂豆				新鲜蔬菜				新鲜水果				坚果
特征	< 60 %	60 %～	80 %～	> 100 %	< 60 %	60 %～	80 %～	> 100 %	< 60 %	60 %～	80 %～	> 100 %	< 60 %	60 %～	80 %～	> 100 %	< 60 %	60 %～	80 %～	> 100 %	< 60 %	60 %～	80 %～	> 100 %
年龄（岁）
6～8	4.80	11.16	17.59	66.44	48.05	7.86	5.26	38.84	78.38	4.83	4.13	12.66	73.92	12.59	6.61	6.88	78.68	7.01	5.01	9.31	88.54	0.95	2.00	8.51
9～11	7.45	16.84	13.74	61.97	45.20	6.67	5.40	42.73	78.79	4.52	3.49	13.20	72.87	12.22	6.76	8.16	82.05	5.67	4.29	7.99	89.88	1.02	1.69	7.40
12～14	11.86	25.85	11.78	50.50	46.50	7.10	5.00	41.40	79.93	4.71	3.45	11.91	77.54	10.89	5.89	5.68	88.03	4.76	3.18	4.02	88.43	0.63	1.81	9.13
15～17	10.77	16.95	19.26	53.02	55.04	9.62	8.23	27.12	86.17	4.24	2.92	6.67	82.01	9.44	4.68	3.87	94.02	3.09	1.33	1.56	88.91	0.69	1.41	8.98
P 值	< 0.0001				< 0.0001				< 0.0001				< 0.0001				< 0.0001				0.3908
性别
男生	6.82	15.51	14.39	63.28	48.07	7.50	5.78	38.65	80.97	4.50	3.63	10.90	75.65	11.69	6.18	6.49	86.42	4.57	3.28	5.73	89.50	0.90	1.54	8.06
女生	10.27	19.64	16.45	53.64	48.61	7.90	5.98	37.51	80.14	4.67	3.40	11.80	76.77	11.10	5.96	6.17	84.02	5.88	3.85	6.25	88.49	0.78	1.94	8.80
P 值	< 0.0001				0.2835				0.0554				0.7557				0.1885				0.1454
城乡
城市	10.83	19.18	15.02	54.97	52.06	8.43	5.42	34.09	78.64	4.98	3.69	12.68	73.18	12.32	6.75	7.75	81.95	6.46	4.19	7.40	87.81	0.88	2.30	9.01
农村	6.54	16.18	15.79	61.49	45.06	7.07	6.28	41.59	82.24	4.23	3.36	10.18	78.89	10.58	5.46	5.07	88.10	4.14	3.02	4.74	90.03	0.81	1.24	7.91
P 值	< 0.0001				< 0.0001				< 0.0001				< 0.0001				< 0.0001				0.0136
地域
东部	9.94	18.94	15.15	55.97	55.79	7.44	5.09	31.67	78.08	4.90	3.86	13.16	70.61	13.99	7.59	7.82	82.57	6.17	3.86	7.41	87.00	0.95	2.28	9.77
中部	7.07	16.21	16.03	60.69	45.95	7.70	6.09	40.26	79.82	5.09	3.83	11.26	81.00	9.76	4.30	4.95	86.95	4.56	3.26	5.23	88.49	1.00	1.65	8.86
西部	8.48	17.44	15.17	58.91	42.98	7.97	6.48	42.57	83.68	3.82	2.90	9.61	77.61	10.24	6.10	6.05	86.34	4.88	3.55	5.24	91.43	0.59	1.28	6.70
P 值	< 0.0001				< 0.0001				< 0.0001				0.0006				< 0.0001				< 0.0001
合计	8.55	17.59	15.43	58.43	48.34	7.70	5.88	38.08	80.55	4.58	3.52	11.35	76.21	11.40	6.07	6.33	85.21	5.23	3.57	5.99	88.99	0.84	1.74	8.43

下载: 导出CSV

续表 3
特征	畜禽肉类				鱼虾类				蛋类				奶类及其制品				大豆类
特征	< 60 %	60 %～	80 %～	> 100 %	< 60 %	60 %～	80 %～	> 100 %	< 60 %	60 %～	80 %～	> 100 %	< 60 %	60 %～	80 %～	> 100 %	< 60 %	60 %～	80 %～	> 100 %
年龄（岁）
6～8	12.74	4.15	6.93	76.18	77.85	4.55	5.26	12.34	27.73	11.24	7.33	53.70	86.26	5.88	4.40	3.45	75.60	6.36	3.18	14.86
9～11	13.68	4.71	5.81	75.80	79.06	4.83	4.71	11.40	33.88	10.58	13.01	42.52	88.02	5.44	3.47	3.07	72.54	6.27	4.58	16.61
12～14	13.12	5.84	6.60	74.43	79.96	5.05	3.95	11.05	50.60	7.89	17.39	24.12	87.40	4.84	4.13	3.63	68.49	6.00	4.73	20.78
15～17	11.44	4.24	6.24	78.08	82.30	4.91	3.26	9.53	53.08	13.37	0.00	33.55	85.68	4.71	4.65	4.97	65.46	6.58	4.91	23.04
P 值	0.1075				< 0.0001				< 0.0001				0.0071				< 0.0001
性别
男生	11.51	4.45	5.85	78.19	79.25	4.90	4.32	11.53	39.24	10.46	9.96	40.34	86.21	5.22	4.30	4.27	70.10	6.20	4.15	19.56
女生	14.13	5.02	6.89	73.96	80.09	4.76	4.38	10.77	41.66	10.96	9.69	37.69	87.64	5.27	3.93	3.15	71.53	6.39	4.53	17.56
P 值	< 0.0001				0.1382				0.0001				< 0.0001				0.0018
城乡
城市	8.83	3.75	5.08	82.35	73.21	5.90	5.21	15.68	35.02	9.88	9.94	45.16	81.95	7.18	5.61	5.26	70.14	6.42	4.45	18.99
农村	16.37	5.61	7.51	70.51	85.38	3.89	3.59	7.14	45.26	11.45	9.72	33.58	91.32	3.55	2.79	2.34	71.41	6.19	4.24	18.16
P 值	< 0.0001				< 0.0001				< 0.0001				< 0.0001				0.2150
地域
东部	9.33	3.12	4.64	82.91	68.62	6.58	6.13	18.67	31.21	9.27	10.29	49.23	84.49	5.79	5.11	4.61	72.08	6.04	3.98	17.90
中部	15.99	6.31	8.39	69.31	81.14	5.01	4.68	9.16	38.29	12.85	9.47	39.39	88.27	5.09	3.20	3.44	64.18	7.84	4.93	23.05
西部	13.55	4.97	6.32	75.16	89.47	2.92	2.27	5.35	51.66	10.26	9.67	28.42	88.19	4.84	3.92	3.04	75.41	5.18	4.18	15.23
P 值	< 0.0001				< 0.0001				< 0.0001				< 0.0001				0.0003
合计	12.83	4.74	6.37	76.06	79.67	4.83	4.35	11.15	40.46	10.71	9.82	39.01	86.93	5.25	4.11	3.71	70.81	6.30	4.34	18.55

下载: 导出CSV

参考文献(37)

[1]	张倩, 胡小琪, 赵文华, 等. 我国中小学生营养现状及改善建议[J]. 中国学校卫生, 2016, 37(5): 641 – 643. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2016.05.001
[2]	Marín-Guerrero AC, Rodríguez-Artalejo F, Guallar-Castillón P, et al. Association of the duration of residence with obesity - related eating habits and dietary patterns among Latin-American immigrants in Spain[J]. British Journal of Nutrition, 2015, 113(2): 343 – 349. doi: 10.1017/S0007114514003614
[3]	Albuquerque RC, Baltar VT, Marchioni DM. Breast cancer and dietary patterns: a systematic review[J]. Nutrition Reviews, 2014, 72(1): 1 – 17. doi: 10.1111/nure.12083
[4]	Yu DM, Zhao LY, Zhang J, et al. China nutrition and health surveys (1982 – 2017)[J]. China CDC Weekly, 2021, 3(9): 193 – 195. doi: 10.46234/ccdcw2021.058
[5]	中华人民共和国国家卫生和计划生育委员会. 膳食调查方法第1部分: 24小时回顾法: WS/T 426.1 — 2013[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2013.
[6]	杨月欣, 王光亚, 潘兴昌. 中国食物成分表[M]. 2版. 北京: 北京大学医学出版社, 2009: 2 – 4.
[7]	中国营养学会. 中国学龄儿童膳食指南[M]. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2022: 80.
[8]	琚腊红, 于冬梅, 房红芸, 等. 2010 — 2012年中国居民膳食结构状况[J]. 中国公共卫生, 2018, 34(10): 1373 – 1376. doi: 10.11847/zgggws1116952
[9]	张倩, 胡小琪. 中国居民营养与健康状况监测报告之十一: 2010 — 2013年中国6～17岁学龄儿童营养与健康状况[M]. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2018: 13 – 38.
[10]	日本厚生劳动省. 国民健康·单餐调查[DB/OL]. (2020 – 04 – 17)[2022 – 09 – 14]. https://www.e-stat.go.jp/stat-search/files?page=1&cycle=7&toukei=00450171&tstat=000001041744&tclass1=000001139646&layout=datalist&cycle_facet=cycle.
[11]	Korean Statistic Information Service. Food intakes per capita per day (Standardization): ≥ 1 year, by sex Annual 1998 – 2020[DB/OL]. (2022 – 04 – 12)[2022 – 09 – 14]. https://kosis.kr/statHtml/statHtml.do?orgId=177&tblId=DT_11702_N221&vw_cd=MT_ETITLE&list_id=117_11702_A01_033&scrId=&language=en&seqNo=&lang_mode=en&obj_var_id=&itm_id=&conn_path=MT_ETITLE&path=%252Feng%252FstatisticsList%252FstatisticsListIndex.do.
[12]	中国营养学会. 中国居民膳食指南[M]. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2022: 22 – 47.
[13]	Albertson AM, Reicks M, Joshi N, et al. Whole grain consumption trends and associations with body weight measures in the United States: results from the cross sectional National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001 – 2012[J]. Nutrition Journal, 2015, 15: 8. doi: 10.1186/s12937-016-0126-4
[14]	U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, U. S. Department of Agriculture. 2015 – 2020 dietary guidelines for Americans. 8th Edition[EB/OL]. [2022 – 09 – 14]. http://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/guidelines/.
[15]	杜亚军, 李红梅, 李云龙. 杂豆主食化研究进展[J]. 食品研究与开发, 2021, 42(11): 183 – 188. doi: 10.12161/j.issn.1005-6521.2021.11.029
[16]	王凤成, 王梦杰, 沈玉现. 杂豆磨粉方式与应用价值概述[J]. 河南工业大学学报(自然科学版), 2019, 40(1): 120 – 125. doi: 10.16433/j.cnki.issn1673-2383.2019.01.022
[17]	Gebrelibanos M, Tesfaye D, Raghavendra Y, et al. Nutritional and health implications of legumes[J]. International Journal of Pharma-ceutical Sciences and Research, 2013, 4(4): 1269 – 1279.
[18]	Moriyasu Y, Fukumoto C, Wada M, et al. Validation of antiobesity effects of black soybean seed coat powder suitable as a food material: comparisons with conventional yellow soybean seed coat powder[J]. Foods, 2021, 10(4): 841. doi: 10.3390/foods10040841
[19]	Monk JM, Wu WQ, Lepp D, et al. Navy bean supplementation in established high - fat diet - induced obesity attenuates the severity of the obese inflammatory phenotype[J]. Nutrients, 2021, 13(3): 757. doi: 10.3390/nu13030757
[20]	Hou DZ, Zhao QY, Yousaf L, et al. Beneficial effects of mung bean seed coat on the prevention of high - fat diet - induced obesity and the modulation of gut microbiota in mice[J]. European Journal of Nutrition, 2021, 60(4): 2029 – 2045. doi: 10.1007/s00394-020-02395-x
[21]	国家卫生健康委疾病预防控制局. 中国居民营养与慢性病状况报告 —— 2020年[M]. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2021: 125 – 126.
[22]	Al Ani MF, Al Subhi LK, Bose S. Consumption of fruits and vegetables among adolescents: a multi - national comparison of eleven countries in the Eastern Mediterranean Region[J]. British Journal of Nutrition, 2016, 115(6): 1092 – 1099. doi: 10.1017/S0007114515005371
[23]	Yngve A, Wolf A, Poortvliet E, et al. Fruit and vegetable intake in a sample of 11 - year - old children in 9 European countries: the pro children cross - sectional survey[J]. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2005, 49(4): 236 – 245. doi: 10.1159/000087247
[24]	Mihrshahi S, Myton R, Partridge SR, et al. Sustained low consumption of fruit and vegetables in Australian children: findings from the Australian national health surveys[J]. Health Promotion Journal of Australia, 2019, 30(1): 83 – 87. doi: 10.1002/hpja.201
[25]	Hong SA, Piaseu N. Prevalence and determinants of sufficient fruit and vegetable consumption among primary school children in Nakhon Pathom, Thailand[J]. Nutrition Research and Practice, 2017, 11(2): 130 – 138. doi: 10.4162/nrp.2017.11.2.130
[26]	杨月欣, 葛可佑. 中国营养科学全书[M]. 2版. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2019: 1156 – 1159.
[27]	李美茹, 刘秀芬. 维生素C的作用[J]. 生物学教学, 2006(10): 75. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-7549.2006.10.048
[28]	中国营养学会. 食物与健康: 科学证据共识[M]. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2016: 231.
[29]	Del Gobbo LC, Falk MC, Feldman R, et al. Effects of tree nuts on blood lipids, apolipoproteins, and blood pressure: systematic review, meta - analysis, and dose - response of 61 controlled interven-tion trials[J]. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2015, 102(6): 1347 – 1356. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.115.110965
[30]	琚腊红, 于冬梅, 许晓丽, 等. 中国居民2010 — 2012年坚果摄入状况及不同年份变化趋势[J]. 中国公共卫生, 2017, 33(6): 916 – 918. doi: 10.11847/zgggws2017-33-06-12
[31]	McAfee AJ, McSorley EM, Cuskelly GJ, et al. Red meat consumption: an overview of the risks and benefits[J]. Meat Science, 2010, 84(1): 1 – 13. doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2009.08.029
[32]	Zheng JS, Huang T, Yu YH, et al. Fish consumption and CHD mortality: an updated meta - analysis of seventeen cohort studies[J]. Public Health Nutrition, 2012, 15(4): 725 – 737. doi: 10.1017/S1368980011002254
[33]	Villegas R, Xiang YB, Elasy T, et al. Fish, shellfish, and long - chain n - 3 fatty acid consumption and risk of incident type 2 diabetes in middle - aged Chinese men and women[J]. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2011, 94(2): 543 – 551. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.111.013193
[34]	Cheng SL, Lyytikäinen A, Kröger H, et al. Effects of calcium, dairy product, and vitamin D supplementation on bone mass accrual and body composition in 10 – 12 - Y - old girls: a 2 - y randomized trial[J]. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2005, 82(5): 1115 – 1126. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/82.5.1115
[35]	赵琳, 安丽花, 廖文君. 青少年膳食钙摄入状况对骨密度的影响[J]. 临床儿科杂志, 2007, 25(10): 851 – 852. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-3606.2007.10.016
[36]	荫士安. 蛋类及其制品的营养价值[J]. 中国家禽, 2004, 26(24): 32 – 33. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-6364.2004.24.014
[37]	琚腊红, 于冬梅, 房红芸, 等. 1992 — 2012年中国居民膳食能量、蛋白质、脂肪的食物来源构成及变化趋势[J]. 卫生研究, 2018, 47(5): 689 – 694,704.