Willingness to pay for human papillomavirus vaccines among Chinese female health care workers
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摘要:
目的 分析中国女性医护人员对人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)疫苗的支付意愿及其影响因素,为改进HPV疫苗接种策略提供依据。 方法 于2021年11 — 12月,采用在线问卷调查中国内地31个省(自治区、直辖市)18~45岁女性医护人员的HPV疫苗接种现状、认知水平、保护动机理论(PMT)各维度得分,同时调查HPV疫苗支付意愿的额度范围,并建立结构方程模型,分析影响因素。 结果 本研究共收集15969份有效问卷,平均年龄为(30.6 ± 6.2)岁。43.4 %调查对象支付意愿为 < 1600元,33.2 %为1601~3200元,23.4 %为3201~5000元。18~26岁、汉族、硕士及以上、未婚/离婚/丧偶、尚无职称、三级医院工作、每月平均收入 > 8 000元、已接种/已预约HPV疫苗的调查对象支付意愿更高。PMT各维度与认知水平得分与HPV疫苗接种现状、支付意愿均存在关联性(P < 0.001)。结构方程模型结果显示,PMT感知易感性(β = 0.046)、感知严重性(β = 0.012)、反应效能(β = 0.027)、自我效能(β = 0.155)、认知水平(β = 0.151)和疫苗接种行为(β = 0.154)正向影响着HPV疫苗支付意愿;PMT反应代价对支付意愿则有负向影响(β = – 0.183)。 结论 中国女性医护人员对于HPV疫苗的支付意愿相对较高;HPV疫苗价格、预约/接种的便捷性、疫苗安全性是该人群支付意愿的主要影响因素。 Abstract:Objective To investigate the willingness to pay (WTP) for human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine and its influencing factors among Chinese female health care workers for improving HPV vaccination strategies in China. Methods An online survey was conducted among 18 – 45 years old female health care workers from 310 hospitals in 31 provincial level administrative divisions across China during November – December 2021. A self-designed questionnaire was used to collect information on demographics, HPV vaccination status, HPV-related knowledge, protective motivation theory (PMT)-based HPV vaccination-related cognition and attitude, and the amount of WTP for HPV vaccination. Structural equation model was adopted to analyze influencing factors of WTP. Results Of the 15 969 valid respondents aged 30.6 ± 6.2 years, 43.4%, 33.2%, and 23.4% reported the highest amount (CNY) of WTP for HPV vaccine ranging 0 – 1 600, 1 601 – 3 200, and 3 201 – 5 000, respectively; higher amount of WTP was reported by the respondents aged 18 – 26 years, being Han ethnic, unmarried/divorced/widowed, having the education of master degree or above, without professional title, with a monthly income more than 8 000 CNY, working in a tertiary hospital, and already receiving HPV vaccination or having an appointment for the vaccination. The scores for multidimensional PMT-based cognition and attitude about HPV vaccination were significantly correlated with HPV vaccine acceptance and the WTP for HPV vaccine (P < 0.001 for all). The structural equation model analysis showed that perceived susceptibility (β = 0.046), perceived severity (β = 0.012), response efficacy (β = 0.027), self-efficacy (β = 0.155), HPV-related knowledge (β = 0.151) and vaccination behavior (β = 0.154) were positively associated with the WTP for HPV vaccination; whereas response cost was negatively associated with the WTP for HPV vaccination (β = – 0.183). Conclusion Chinese female health care workers have a relatively higher WTP for HPV vaccination. Price of HPV vaccine, convenience of vaccination/ appointment services, and safety of vaccines remain the main influencing factors of the WTP. -
表 1 不同特征女性医护人员HPV疫苗支付意愿情况
特征 HPV疫苗的支付意愿额度范围(元) χ2 值 P 值 < 1600 1601~3200 3201~5000 人数 % 人数 % 人数 % 年龄(岁) 452.157 < 0.001 18~26 1588 32.93 1662 34.47 1572 32.60 27~35 3564 46.20 2568 33.29 1582 20.51 36~45 1773 51.65 1067 31.08 593 17.27 民族 21.156 < 0.001 汉族 6396 42.89 4987 33.44 3531 23.67 少数民族 529 50.15 310 29.38 216 20.47 受教育程度 51.288 < 0.001 大专及以下 1 833 40.10 1530 33.46 1209 26.44 本科 4899 44.91 3609 33.09 2400 22.00 硕士及以上 193 39.47 158 32.31 138 28.22 婚恋状态 389.594 < 0.001 已婚 4764 48.79 3144 32.20 1 856 19.01 未婚/离婚/丧偶 2161 34.82 2153 34.70 1 891 30.48 职称 158.442 < 0.001 无职称 489 33.27 530 36.05 451 30.68 初级 3877 42.05 3053 33.11 2291 24.84 中级及以上 2559 48.49 1714 32.47 1005 19.04 医院等级 12.872 0.002 一级和二级医院 1 841 44.62 1401 33.96 884 21.42 三级医院 5084 42.93 3896 32.90 2863 24.17 每月平均收入(元) 62.887 < 0.001 ≤ 4000 3400 46.40 2355 32.14 1573 21.46 4001~8000 2413 41.55 1977 34.04 1418 24.41 > 8000 1112 39.25 965 34.06 756 26.69 接种行为 672.790 < 0.001 不愿意接种 839 74.98 184 16.44 96 8.58 愿意接种但还未预约 4442 44.13 3437 34.14 2187 21.73 已接种/已预约 1644 34.36 1676 35.04 1464 30.60 总计 6925 43.37 5297 33.17 3747 23.46 表 2 不同支付意愿女性医护人员PMT与认知水平得分比较(
$\bar x \pm s $ )PMT维度与认知 支付意愿额度范围(元) F 值 P 值 < 1600 1600~3200 3201~5000 感知易感性 a1:感染HPV的风险很高 3.87 ± 0.95 3.99 ± 0.89 4.06 ± 0.90 55.590 < 0.001 a2:患生殖器疣的风险很高 3.64 ± 1.00 3.74 ± 0.97 3.78 ± 0.98 30.427 < 0.001 a3:患宫颈癌、阴道癌和阴茎癌的风险很高 3.72 ± 0.97 3.82 ± 0.93 3.87 ± 0.95 37.034 < 0.001 a4:我很容易感染HPV 2.82 ± 1.11 2.89 ± 1.11 2.92 ± 1.12 13.869 < 0.001 a5:我身边的人很容易感染HPV 2.88 ± 1.04 2.95 ± 1.03 2.96 ± 1.03 9.281 < 0.001 总分 16.92 ± 4.15 17.39 ± 4.02 17.59 ± 4.06 38.452 < 0.001 感知严重性 < 0.001 b1:感染HPV对我的健康有害 3.78 ± 1.05 3.89 ± 0.99 3.94 ± 0.98 34.080 < 0.001 b2:患生殖器疣是很严重的 3.94 ± 0.94 4.03 ± 0.89 4.08 ± 0.87 32.058 < 0.001 b3:患宫颈癌、阴道癌和阴茎癌是很严重的 4.13 ± 0.93 4.21 ± 0.87 4.27 ± 0.84 30.096 < 0.001 b4:感染HPV会很痛苦 4.12 ± 0.87 4.17 ± 0.81 4.23 ± 0.80 23.017 < 0.001 b5:感染HPV会严重影响我的家庭 4.15 ± 0.85 4.19 ± 0.81 4.23 ± 0.81 11.006 < 0.001 总分 20.13 ± 3.98 20.48 ± 3.71 20.76 ± 3.66 35.034 < 0.001 反应效能 < 0.001 c1:HPV疫苗有效地保护我免受HPV感染 4.03 ± 0.86 4.12 ± 0.81 4.19 ± 0.80 44.796 < 0.001 c2:HPV疫苗能有效预防生殖器疣 3.97 ± 0.88 4.06 ± 0.83 4.14 ± 0.82 53.113 < 0.001 c3:HPV疫苗可以有效预防宫颈癌、阴道癌和阴茎癌 4.06 ± 0.83 4.15 ± 0.78 4.20 ± 0.79 40.880 < 0.001 c4:接种HPV疫苗对我的日常工作和生活都有好处 4.00 ± 0.86 4.12 ± 0.81 4.19 ± 0.80 68.414 < 0.001 c5:接种HPV疫苗对家庭成员和社会都有好处 4.04 ± 0.84 4.15 ± 0.79 4.22 ± 0.77 69.400 < 0.001 总分 20.10 ± 3.89 20.60 ± 3.68 20.94 ± 3.61 65.689 < 0.001 自我效能 < 0.001 d1:我可以成功地接种HPV疫苗 4.14 ± 0.85 4.31 ± 0.76 4.38 ± 0.75 40.661 < 0.001 d2:我接种疫苗后发生不良反应的概率很低 3.72 ± 0.86 3.81 ± 0.83 3.86 ± 0.83 37.489 < 0.001 d3:我可以在医生的帮助下处理HPV疫苗的副作用 3.87 ± 0.82 3.97 ± 0.78 4.03 ± 0.77 55.961 < 0.001 总分 11.73 ± 2.23 12.09 ± 2.07 12.27 ± 2.04 89.757 < 0.001 反应代价 < 0.001 f1:HPV疫苗的价格比较昂贵 3.88 ± 0.90 3.79 ± 0.87 3.71 ± 0.89 43.072 < 0.001 f2:接种HPV疫苗对我来说很不方便 3.69 ± 1.02 3.70 ± 1.03 3.68 ± 1.08 0.616 < 0.001 f3:接种HPV疫苗可能会对我的健康造成长期的不良影响 2.84 ± 1.05 2.79 ± 1.09 2.75 ± 1.11 9.269 < 0.001 总分 10.41 ± 2.28 10.29 ± 2.30 10.14 ± 2.39 17.565 < 0.001 认知水平 < 0.001 v1:疾病认知得分 16.17 ± 4.57 16.49 ± 4.37 16.63 ± 4.41 15.462 < 0.001 v2:疫苗认知得分 17.00 ± 7.26 18.60 ± 6.69 19.17 ± 6.65 144.482 < 0.001 总分 33.17 ± 9.92 35.08 ± 9.09 35.80 ± 9.21 113.077 < 0.001 表 3 不同疫苗接种行为女性医护人员PMT与认知水平得分比较(
$\bar x \pm s $ )PMT维度与认知 已接种/已预约 愿意接种但
还未接种不愿意接种 F 值 P 值 感知易感性 a1:感染HPV的风险很高 4.07 ± 0.88 3.95 ± 0.91 3.46 ± 1.03 200.648 < 0.001 a2:患生殖器疣的风险很高 3.78 ± 0.98 3.71 ± 0.98 3.30 ± 1.04 110.470 < 0.001 a3:患宫颈癌、阴道癌和阴茎癌的风险很高。 3.86 ± 0.94 3.80 ± 0.94 3.38 ± 1.01 118.328 < 0.001 a4:我很容易感染HPV 2.90 ± 1.10 2.86 ± 1.14 2.60 ± 1.11 37.230 < 0.001 a5:我身边的人很容易感染HPV 2.94 ± 1.04 2.92 ± 1.02 2.72 ± 1.04 23.475 < 0.001 总分 17.54 ± 4.02 17.30 ± 4.05 15.46 ± 4.35 118.524 < 0.001 感知严重性 < 0.001 b1:感染HPV对我的健康有害 3.92 ± 0.98 3.87 ± 1.01 3.43 ± 1.09 108.906 < 0.001 b2:患生殖器疣是很严重的 4.05 ± 0.88 4.02 ± 0.90 3.64 ± 1.02 99.515 < 0.001 b3:患宫颈癌、阴道癌和阴茎癌是很严重的 4.25 ± 0.86 4.20 ± 0.88 3.81 ± 1.06 114.287 < 0.001 b4:感染HPV会很痛苦 4.26 ± 0.82 4.18 ± 0.82 3.86 ± 0.98 81.677 < 0.001 b5:感染HPV会严重影响我的家庭 4.22 ± 0.82 4.20 ± 0.82 3.89 ± 0.89 76.406 < 0.001 总分 20.83 ± 3.67 20.48 ± 3.78 18.63 ± 4.39 132.306 < 0.001 反应效能 < 0.001 c1:HPV疫苗有效地保护我免受HPV感染 4.16 ± 0.80 4.12 ± 0.82 3.67 ± 0.97 167.557 < 0.001 c2:HPV疫苗能有效预防生殖器疣 4.10 ± 0.82 4.06 ± 0.84 3.59 ± 0.97 177.964 < 0.001 c3:HPV疫苗可以有效预防宫颈癌、阴道癌和阴茎癌 4.18 ± 0.77 4.14 ± 0.80 3.74 ± 0.94 144.281 < 0.001 c4:接种HPV疫苗对我的日常工作和生活都有好处 4.14 ± 0.81 4.11 ± 0.82 3.60 ± 0.96 210.003 < 0.001 c5:接种HPV疫苗对家庭成员和社会都有好处 4.17 ± 0.78 4.15 ± 0.79 3.64 ± 0.95 216.054 < 0.001 总分 20.75 ± 3.57 20.57 ± 3.70 18.23 ± 4.42 219.626 < 0.001 自我效能 < 0.001 d1:我可以成功地接种HPV疫苗 4.42 ± 0.70 4.27 ± 0.77 3.39 ± 0.96 828.440 < 0.001 d2:我接种疫苗后发生不良反应的概率很低 3.92 ± 0.82 3.76 ± 0.84 3.41 ± 0.88 185.159 < 0.001 d3:我可以在医生的帮助下处理HPV疫苗的副作用 4.05 ± 0.76 3.93 ± 0.79 3.55 ± 0.89 183.327 < 0.001 总分 12.39 ± 1.99 11.96 ± 2.09 10.34 ± 2.47 436.108 < 0.001 反应代价 < 0.001 f1:HPV疫苗的价格比较昂贵。 3.53 ± 0.93 3.82 ± 0.89 3.84 ± 0.88 60.487 < 0.001 f2:接种HPV疫苗对我来说很不方便。 3.39 ± 0.96 3.61 ± 1.09 3.76 ± 1.01 85.553 < 0.001 f3:接种HPV疫苗可能会对我的健康造成长期的不良影响 2.69 ± 1.11 2.84 ± 1.07 2.93 ± 0.97 39.632 < 0.001 总分 9.86 ± 2.38 10.12 ± 2.37 10.44 ± 2.27 54.952 < 0.001 认知水平 < 0.001 v1:疾病认知得分 16.87 ± 4.19 16.32 ± 4.49 14.82 ± 5.06 98.307 < 0.001 v2:疫苗认知得分 21.50 ± 5.34 16.99 ± 6.92 12.72 ± 7.49 1170.626 < 0.001 总分 38.36 ± 7.73 33.31 ± 9.48 27.55 ± 10.63 845.993 < 0.001 表 4 PMT各维度和认知水平对HPV疫苗支付意愿的影响(β)
路径解释 直接影响 间接影响 总影响 反应代价 ← 感知易感性 0.215 0.215 反应代价 ← 感知严重性 0.390 0.390 自我效能 ← 感知易感性 0.246 0.246 自我效能 ← 感知严重性 0.585 0.585 反应效能 ← 感知易感性 0.020 0.151 0.171 反应效能 ← 感知严重性 0.319 0.357 0.676 反应效能 ← 认知水平 0.015 0.015 反应效能 ← 反应代价 0.023 0.023 反应效能 ← 自我效能 0.595 0.595 接种行为 ← 感知易感性 0.044 0.035 0.079 接种行为 ← 感知严重性 – 0.108 0.049 – 0.059 接种行为 ← 认知水平 0.393 – 0.002 0.391 接种行为 ← 反应代价 – 0.079 – 0.003 – 0.082 接种行为 ← 自我效能 0.323 – 0.097 0.226 接种行为 ← 反应效能 – 0.163 – 0.163 支付意愿 ← 感知易感性 0.040 0.006 0.046 支付意愿 ← 感知严重性 0.000 0.012 0.012 支付意愿 ← 认知水平 0.090 0.061 0.151 支付意愿 ← 反应代价 – 0.172 – 0.011 – 0.183 支付意愿 ← 自我效能 0.089 0.066 0.155 支付意愿 ← 反应效能 0.052 – 0.025 0.027 支付意愿 ← 接种行为 0.154 0.154 -
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