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摘要: 环境健康影响评价(environmental health impact assessment, EHIA)作为环境规划与决策过程,旨在预测、分析和评估拟建项目所带来的人群健康影响。近年来,我国越来越重视环境对人群健康的影响,积极推动环境健康影响评价工作。本文系统概述了EHIA的主要内容及其国内外发展历程和现状,为完善我国EHIA制度提供理论依据和实施策略,进而为环境健康影响评价在实践中解决人类健康问题提供参考。Abstract: Environmental health impact assessment (EHIA) is a planning and decision - making process, which aims to predict, analyze and evaluate the population health impact of the proposed project. In recent years, China has paid more and more attention to the impact of environment on human health, and actively promoted the environmental health impact assessment. In this paper, we systematically summarize the main contents of EHIA and its development process and current situation in China and foreign countries, aiming to provide a theoretical basis and implementation strategies for improving China's EHIA system, and provide a reference for environmental health impact assessment to solve human health problems in practice.
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表 1 美国、日本有关环境与健康的法律法规
Table 1. Laws and regulations on environment and health in the United States and Japan
国家 年份 相关法律法规 主要内容 美国 1969 《国家环境政策法》(NEPA)[26] 首次规定环境影响评价制度确保公民健康权益 1976 《有毒物质控制法》[31] 从保障人群健康的角度制定标准和进行有毒物质排放的削减 《资源保护与回收法》[32] 定义有害废物对人类健康及环境的影响并建立有害废物管理标准 1977 《清洁水法》(联邦水污染控制法修正案)[33] 完善工业污水排放标准以降低危害人类健康风险 1980 《综合环境应对、赔偿和责任综合法》
(超级基金法)[34]建立较完备的环境损害对人群健康的评估标准和责任体制 1983 《联邦政府风险评估:管理程序》[27] 标志着人体健康风险评估技术方法的建立 1990 《1990清洁空气法修订案》[35] 把健康目标纳入设置标准和规定有毒环境物质风险源标准 2000 《健康人民2010》[36] 明确指出可避免的健康问题与环境质量之间的关系以营造健康环境 2002 《棕色地块恢复法》[37] 降低人群健康因不知情“棕色地块”而遭受暴露损害的风险 2010 《健康人民2020》[38] 把改善环境质量作为优先健康领域 2016 《EJ 2020行动议程》[39] 优先制定EHIA环境公正实践规则以改善环境健康挑战 日本 1968 《大气污染防治法》[40] 制定大气环保标准确保国民健康 1970 《农用地土壤污染防治法》[41] 规定农田土壤污染评价标准并采取措施防治污染损害健康 1993 《环境基本法》[42] 成立日本全球环境基金,发展环境负荷少的健康经济 1997 《环境影响评价法》[43] 明确基本EIA技术和EHIA实施细目 2002 《土壤污染对策法》[44] 通过评估环境污染范围影响、制定相关措施预防土壤污染给人体健康造成的损害 2006 《第三次环境基本计划》[45] 把推广科学的EHIA方法作为改善环境保护健康的重点政策措施 2010 《未来环境影响评估系统(报告书)》[46] 对环境影响评价做出未来规划,扩大环境影响评价项目范围 2020 《环境影响评价法(平成9年法第81号)》[47] 针对项目进行EHIA并采取措施使结果反映在有关环境的措施 表 2 我国有关环境与健康的法律法规
Table 2. Laws and regulations on environment and health in China
年份 相关法律法规 主要内容 1979 《中华人民共和国环境保护法(试行)》[48] 新中国制定的第一部环境保护法律,正式步入依法治理环境保障人群生命健康阶段 1987 《中华人民共和国大气污染防治法》[58] 制定了大气污染防治标准与策略以保障公众健康 1989 《中华人民共和国环境保护法》[50] 中国环境影响评价体系已发展成为一个基于持续改进原则的法律体系 2002 《中华人民共和国环境影响评价法》[51] EIA成为环境管理的法定法规 2007 《国家环境与健康行动计划(2007 — 2015)》[59] 中国环境健康领域的第一个纲领性文件 2012 修订《环境空气质量标准》[60] 首次将PM2.5作为主要控制项目列入以达到改善环境保护人群健康的目的 2014 修订《中华人民共和国环境保护法》[53] 规定可制定超过国家环境质量标准的地方性环境质量标准 2016 《“健康中国2030”规划纲要》[55] 逐步建立环境与健康综合检测与风险评估体系 2017 《国家环境保护“十三五”环境与健康工作规划》[61] 推进我国环境健康工作的调查和检测工作 2018 《国家环境保护环境与健康工作办法(试行)》[62] 规定与健康损害相关的环境因素以此削弱因污染环境造成健康损害的影响 2019 《中华人民共和国基本医疗卫生与健康促进法》[63] 建立健康危险因素监测制度和研究 2022 《“十四五”环境健康工作规划》[57] 推动环境健康风险防控,完善并强化监测、预警、风险评估等职能 -
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