-
摘要: 环境健康影响评价（environmental health impact assessment, EHIA）作为环境规划与决策过程，旨在预测、分析和评估拟建项目所带来的人群健康影响。近年来，我国越来越重视环境对人群健康的影响，积极推动环境健康影响评价工作。本文系统概述了EHIA的主要内容及其国内外发展历程和现状，为完善我国EHIA制度提供理论依据和实施策略，进而为环境健康影响评价在实践中解决人类健康问题提供参考。Abstract: Environmental health impact assessment (EHIA) is a planning and decision - making process, which aims to predict, analyze and evaluate the population health impact of the proposed project. In recent years, China has paid more and more attention to the impact of environment on human health, and actively promoted the environmental health impact assessment. In this paper, we systematically summarize the main contents of EHIA and its development process and current situation in China and foreign countries, aiming to provide a theoretical basis and implementation strategies for improving China's EHIA system, and provide a reference for environmental health impact assessment to solve human health problems in practice.
-
表 1 美国、日本有关环境与健康的法律法规
Table 1. Laws and regulations on environment and health in the United States and Japan
国家 年份 相关法律法规 主要内容 美国 1969 《国家环境政策法》（NEPA）[26] 首次规定环境影响评价制度确保公民健康权益 1976 《有毒物质控制法》[31] 从保障人群健康的角度制定标准和进行有毒物质排放的削减 《资源保护与回收法》[32] 定义有害废物对人类健康及环境的影响并建立有害废物管理标准 1977 《清洁水法》（联邦水污染控制法修正案）[33] 完善工业污水排放标准以降低危害人类健康风险 1980 《综合环境应对、赔偿和责任综合法》
（超级基金法）[34]建立较完备的环境损害对人群健康的评估标准和责任体制 1983 《联邦政府风险评估：管理程序》[27] 标志着人体健康风险评估技术方法的建立 1990 《1990清洁空气法修订案》[35] 把健康目标纳入设置标准和规定有毒环境物质风险源标准 2000 《健康人民2010》[36] 明确指出可避免的健康问题与环境质量之间的关系以营造健康环境 2002 《棕色地块恢复法》[37] 降低人群健康因不知情“棕色地块”而遭受暴露损害的风险 2010 《健康人民2020》[38] 把改善环境质量作为优先健康领域 2016 《EJ 2020行动议程》[39] 优先制定EHIA环境公正实践规则以改善环境健康挑战 日本 1968 《大气污染防治法》[40] 制定大气环保标准确保国民健康 1970 《农用地土壤污染防治法》[41] 规定农田土壤污染评价标准并采取措施防治污染损害健康 1993 《环境基本法》[42] 成立日本全球环境基金，发展环境负荷少的健康经济 1997 《环境影响评价法》[43] 明确基本EIA技术和EHIA实施细目 2002 《土壤污染对策法》[44] 通过评估环境污染范围影响、制定相关措施预防土壤污染给人体健康造成的损害 2006 《第三次环境基本计划》[45] 把推广科学的EHIA方法作为改善环境保护健康的重点政策措施 2010 《未来环境影响评估系统（报告书）》[46] 对环境影响评价做出未来规划，扩大环境影响评价项目范围 2020 《环境影响评价法（平成9年法第81号）》[47] 针对项目进行EHIA并采取措施使结果反映在有关环境的措施 
下载: 导出CSV
表 2 我国有关环境与健康的法律法规
Table 2. Laws and regulations on environment and health in China
年份 相关法律法规 主要内容 1979 《中华人民共和国环境保护法（试行）》[48] 新中国制定的第一部环境保护法律，正式步入依法治理环境保障人群生命健康阶段 1987 《中华人民共和国大气污染防治法》[58] 制定了大气污染防治标准与策略以保障公众健康 1989 《中华人民共和国环境保护法》[50] 中国环境影响评价体系已发展成为一个基于持续改进原则的法律体系 2002 《中华人民共和国环境影响评价法》[51] EIA成为环境管理的法定法规 2007 《国家环境与健康行动计划（2007 — 2015）》[59] 中国环境健康领域的第一个纲领性文件 2012 修订《环境空气质量标准》[60] 首次将PM2.5作为主要控制项目列入以达到改善环境保护人群健康的目的 2014 修订《中华人民共和国环境保护法》[53] 规定可制定超过国家环境质量标准的地方性环境质量标准 2016 《“健康中国2030”规划纲要》[55] 逐步建立环境与健康综合检测与风险评估体系 2017 《国家环境保护“十三五”环境与健康工作规划》[61] 推进我国环境健康工作的调查和检测工作 2018 《国家环境保护环境与健康工作办法（试行）》[62] 规定与健康损害相关的环境因素以此削弱因污染环境造成健康损害的影响 2019 《中华人民共和国基本医疗卫生与健康促进法》[63] 建立健康危险因素监测制度和研究 2022 《“十四五”环境健康工作规划》[57] 推动环境健康风险防控，完善并强化监测、预警、风险评估等职能
下载: 导出CSV
-
[1] RojasRueda D, MoralesZamora E, Alsufyani WA, et al. Environmental risk factors and health: an umbrella review of meta - analyses[J]. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2021, 18(2): 704. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18020704 [2] 科技部, 生态环境部, 住房和城乡建设部, 等. 科技部 生态环境部 住房和城乡建设部 气象局 林草局关于印发《“十四五”生态环境领域科技创新专项规划》的通知[EB/OL]. (2022 – 09 – 19)[2022 – 11 – 17]. http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2022-11/02/content_5723769.htm. [3] 国务院办公厅. 国务院办公厅关于印发“十四五”国民健康规划的通知[EB/OL]. (2022 – 04 – 27)[2022 – 11 – 17]. http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2022-05/20/content_5691424.htm. [4] Fehr R. Environmental health impact assessment: evaluation of a ten - step model[J]. Epidemiology, 1999, 10(5): 618 – 625. doi: 10.1097/00001648-199909000-00031 [5] 杨彦, 陆晓松, 李定龙. 我国环境健康风险评价研究进展[J]. 环境与健康杂志, 2014, 31(4): 357 – 363. [6] 马蔚纯, 赵海君, 李莉, 等. 区域规划环境评价的空间尺度效应 —— 对上海高桥镇和浦东新区的案例研究[J]. 地理科学进展, 2015, 34(6): 739 – 748. [7] 徐琳瑜, 康鹏. 工业园区规划环境影响评价中的环境承载力方法研究[J]. 环境科学学报, 2013, 33(3): 918 – 930. [8] Zocchetti C. Epidemiologic health impact assessment: estimation of attributable cases and application to decision making[J]. La Medicina del Lavoro, 2022, 113(1): e2022010. [9] World Health Organization. Environmental health criteria 1, mercury[EB/OL]. (2021 – 01– 01)[2022 – 11 – 17]. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/39550. [10] 环境保护部. 国家污染物环境健康风险名录[M]. 北京: 中国环境科学出版社, 2009. [11] 王红梅, 何磊, 沈鹏, 等. 规划环境影响评价中开展健康风险源头控制[J]. 环境工程技术学报, 2019, 9(1): 61 – 65. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2019.01.009 [12] 王禅, 毕科楠, 马晓静. 借鉴我国环境影响评价的理论和经验开展健康影响评价[J]. 中国卫生经济, 2017, 36(2): 5 – 7. [13] 董璟琦, 杨晓华, 杨海真, 等. 模糊评价方法在风险规划环评方案筛选中的应用[J]. 水利规划与设计, 2011(6): 42 – 46. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2469.2011.06.012 [14] Onishi K. Health impact assessment of Asian dust/cross - border air pollutant and necessary preventive measure[J]. Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi (Japanese Journal of Hygiene), 2017, 72(1): 43 – 48. doi: 10.1265/jjh.72.43 [15] 国务院办公厅. 国务院办公厅关于印发新污染物治理行动方案的通知[EB/OL]. (2022 – 05 – 24)[2022 – 11 – 17]. http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2022-05/24/content_5692059.htm. [16] Dietrich M, Wolfe A, Burke M, et al. Corrigendum to “The first pollution investigation of road sediment in Gary, Indiana: anthropogenic metals and possible health implications for a socioeconomically disadvantaged area” [Environ. Int. 128 (2019) 175 – 192][J]. Environment International, 2019, 131: 104886. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.05.080 [17] Jeon HL, Hong S, Choi K, et al. First nationwide exposure profile of major persistent organic pollutants among Korean adults and their determinants: Korean National Environmental Health Survey Cycle 3 (2015 – 2017)[J]. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 2021, 236: 113779. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113779 [18] Chanchang C, Sithisarankul P, Supanitayanon T. Environmental and health impact assessment for ports in Thailand[J]. International Maritime Health, 2016, 67(2): 112 – 116. doi: 10.5603/IMH.2016.0021 [19] Kim J, Haigh FA. HIA and EIA are different, but maybe not in the way we thought they were: a bibliometric analysis[J]. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2021, 18(17): 9101. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18179101 [20] O'Cathain A, Murphy E, Nicholl J. Multidisciplinary, interdiscipli-nary, or dysfunctional? Team working in mixed - methods research[J]. Qualitative Health Research, 2008, 18(11): 1574 – 1585. doi: 10.1177/1049732308325535 [21] 王菲菲, 郭少娟, 杨立新. 集成环境健康影响评价研究进展[J]. 环境与健康杂志, 2019, 36(12): 1106 – 1110. doi: 10.16241/j.cnki.1001-5914.2019.12.024 [22] Turner LR, Alderman K, Connell D, et al. Motivators and barriers to incorporating climate change - related health risks in environ-mental health impact assessment[J]. International Journal of Environ-mental Research and Public Health, 2013, 10(3): 1139 – 1151. doi: 10.3390/ijerph10031139 [23] Linzalone N, Assennato G, Ballarini A, et al. Health impact assessment practice and potential for integration within environmental impact and strategic environmental assessments in Italy[J]. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2014, 11(12): 12683 – 12699. doi: 10.3390/ijerph111212683 [24] 程红光, 王琳, 郝芳华. 将健康风险纳入环评可行性分析[J]. 环境影响评价, 2014(1): 22 – 25. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-2842.2014.01.009 [25] 孙佑海, 朱炳成. 美国环境健康风险评估法律制度研究[J]. 吉首大学学报(社会科学版), 2018, 39(1): 15 – 25. [26] Pub L. National environmental policy act - laws[EB/OL]. (1969 – 12 – 31)[2022 – 11 – 17].https://ceq.doe.gov/laws-regulations/laws.html. [27] National Research Council (US) Committee on the Institutional Means for Assessment of Risks to Public Health. Risk assessment in the federal government: managing the process[M]. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US), 1983. [28] Wang A, Law R, Lyons R, et al. Assessing the public health impact of using poison center data for public health surveillance[J]. Clinical Toxicology, 2018, 56(7): 646 – 652. doi: 10.1080/15563650.2017.1413194 [29] Iyer VG. Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) process towards the sustainable design and construction of computer, communication, network engineering, machine learning and artificial intelligence systems[C]//Proceedings of 2019 International Con-ference on Education, Management, Economics and Humanities (ICEMEH 2019). DEStech Publications, 2019: 396 – 412. [30] Nishioka T, Iwasaki Y, Ishikawa Y, et al. Validation of AIST - SHANEL Model based on spatiotemporally extensive monitoring data of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate in Japan: toward a better strategy on deriving predicted environmental concentrations[J]. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, 2019, 15(5): 750 – 759. doi: 10.1002/ieam.4167 [31] Environment Protection Agency. Toxic substances control act November 1977[EB/OL]. (1976 – 10 – 11)[2022 – 11 – 17].https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyNET.exe/20016M6U.TXT?ZyActionD=ZyDocument&Client=EPA&Index=1976 + Thru + 1980&Docs=&Query=&Time=&EndTime=&SearchMethod=1&TocRestrict=n&Toc=&TocEntry=&QField=&QFieldYear=&QFieldMonth=&QFieldDay=&IntQFieldOp=0&ExtQFieldOp=0&XmlQuery=&File=D%3A%5Czyfiles%5CIndex%20Data%5C76thru80%5CTxt%5C00000009%5C20016M6U.txt&User=ANONYMOUS&Password=anonymous&SortMethod=h%7C-&MaximumDocuments=1&FuzzyDegree=0&ImageQuality=r75g8/r75g8/x150y150g16/i425&Display=hpfr&DefSeekPage=x&SearchBack=ZyActionL&Back=ZyActionS&BackDesc=Results%20page&MaximumPages=1&ZyEntry=1&SeekPage=x&ZyPURL. [32] Environment Protection Agency. Resource conservation and reco-very act (RCRA) regulations[EB/OL]. (1976 – 10 – 21)[2022 – 11 – 17].https://www.epa.gov/rcra/resource-conservation-and-recovery-act-rcra-regulations#haz. [33] Environment Protection Agency. EPA policy on land treatment and the clean water act of 1977[EB/OL]. (1977 – 12 – 27)[2022 – 11 – 17].https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyNET.exe/2000V32N.TXT?ZyActionD=ZyDocument&Client=EPA&Index=1976 + Thru + 1980&Docs=&Query=&Time=&EndTime=&SearchMethod=1&TocRestrict=n&Toc=&TocEntry=&QField=&QFieldYear=&QFieldMonth=&QFieldDay=&IntQFieldOp=0&ExtQFieldOp=0&XmlQuery=&File=D%3A%5Czyfiles%5CIndex%20Data%5C76thru80%5CTxt%5C00000006%5C2000V32N.txt&User=ANONYMOUS&Password=anonymous&SortMethod=h%7C-&MaximumDocuments=1&FuzzyDegree=0&ImageQuality=r75g8/r75g8/x150y150g16/i425&Display=hpfr&DefSeekPage=x&SearchBack=ZyActionL&Back=ZyActionS&BackDesc=Results%20page&MaximumPages=1&ZyEntry=1&SeekPage=x&ZyPURL. [34] Environment Protection Agency. Superfund policy, guidance and laws[EB/OL]. (1980 – 12 – 11)[2022 – 11 – 17].https://www.epa.gov/superfund/superfund-policy-guidance-and-laws. [35] Environment Protection Agency. Clean air act amendments of 1990[EB/OL]. (1990 – 11 – 15)[2022 – 11 – 17].https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyNET.exe/2000P3K7.TXT?ZyActionD=ZyDocument&Client=EPA&Index=1986 + Thru + 1990&Docs=&Query=&Time=&EndTime=&SearchMethod=1&TocRestrict=n&Toc=&TocEntry=&QField=&QFieldYear=&QFieldMonth=&QFieldDay=&IntQFieldOp=0&ExtQFieldOp=0&XmlQuery=&File=D%3A%5Czyfiles%5CIndex%20Data%5C86thru90%5CTxt%5C00000012%5C2000P3K7.txt&User=ANONYMOUS&Password=anonymous&SortMethod=h%7C-&MaximumDocuments=1&FuzzyDegree=0&ImageQuality=r75g8/r75g8/x150y150g16/i425&Display=hpfr&DefSeekPage=x&SearchBack=ZyActionL&Back=ZyActionS&BackDesc=Results%20page&MaximumPages=1&ZyEntry=1&SeekPage=x&ZyPURL. [36] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Healthy people 2010[EB/OL]. (2000 – 02 – 25)[2022 – 11 – 17].https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/healthy_people/hp2010.htm. [37] Environment Protection Agency. Summary of the small business liability relief and brownfields revitalization act[EB/OL]. (2002 – 01 – 11)[2022 – 11 – 17].https://www.epa.gov/brownfields/summary-small-business-liability-relief-and-brownfields-revitalization-act. [38] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Healthy people 2020[EB/OL]. (2010 – 12 – 02)[2022 – 11 – 17].https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/healthy_people/hp2020.htm. [39] Environment Protection Agency. Environmental justice 2020 action agenda[EB/OL]. (2016 – 10 – 27)[2022 – 11 – 17].https://www.epa.gov/environmentaljustice/environmental-justice-2020-action-agenda. [40] Ministry of International Affairs and Communication. Air pollution control act[EB/OL]. (1968 – 06 – 10)[2022 – 11 – 17].https://elaws.e-gov.go.jp/document?lawid=343AC0000000097_20220617_504AC0000000068&keyword=%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%97%E6%B1%9A%E6%9F%93%E9%98%B2%E6%AD%A2%E6%B3%95. [41] Ministry of International Affairs and Communication. Act to prevent soil contamination on agricultural land[EB/OL]. (1970 – 12 – 25)[2022 – 11 – 17].https://elaws.e-gov.go.jp/document?lawid=345AC0000000139_20150801_000000000000000&keyword=%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%9F. [42] Ministry of International Affairs and Communication. Basic act on the environment[EB/OL]. (1993 – 11 – 19)[2022 – 11 – 17].https://elaws.e-gov.go.jp/document?lawid=405AC0000000091_20210901_503AC0000000036&keyword=%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83. [43] Ministry of International Affairs and Communication. Environmental impact assessment act[EB/OL]. (1997 – 06 – 13)[2022 – 11 – 17].https://elaws.e-gov.go.jp/document?lawid=409AC0000000081_20200610_502AC0000000041&keyword=%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E5%BD%B1%E9%9F%BF. [44] Ministry of International Affairs and Communication. Soil contami-nation countermeasures act[EB/OL]. (2002 – 05 – 29)[2022 – 11 – 17].https://elaws.e-gov.go.jp/document?lawid=414AC0000000053_20220617_504AC0000000068&keyword=%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%8C%E6%B1%9A%E6%9F%93. [45] Ministry of International Affairs and Communication. Basic act on the environment[EB/OL]. (2007 – 04 – 07)[2022 – 11 – 17]. https://www.env.go.jp/policy/kihon_keikaku/plan/plan_3.html. [46] Japan Central Environment Council. Future environmental impact assessment system[EB/OL]. (2010 – 02 – 22)[2022 – 11 – 17]. http://assess.env.go.jp/1_seido/1-3_horei/5_seitei/index.html. [47] Ministry of International Affairs and Communication. Environmental impact assessment act[EB/OL]. (2020 – 06 – 10)[2022 – 11 – 17].https://elaws.e-gov.go.jp/document?lawid=409AC0000000081_20200610_502AC0000000041&keyword=%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E5%BD%B1%E9%9F%BF. [48] 环境保护部. 中华人民共和国环境保护法(试行)[J]. 环境保护, 1979(5): 1 – 4. [49] 王灿发, 樊杏华. 新时期我国环境影响评价制度亟待新发展[J]. 环境保护, 2012(22): 25 – 27. [50] 环境保护部. 中华人民共和国环境保护法[EB/OL]. (2012 – 11 – 13)[2022 – 11 – 17]. http://www.gov.cn/bumenfuwu/2012-11/13/content_2601277.htm?gs_ws=people_635559949466718750. [51] 环境保护部. 中华人民共和国环境影响评价法[EB/OL]. (2002 – 10 – 28)[2022 – 11 – 17]. http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/content/2002/content_61822.htm. [52] 环境保护部. 关于征求《环境影响评价技术导则 人体健康》(征求意见稿)国家环境保护标准意见的函[EB/OL]. (2008 – 04 – 01)[2022 – 11 – 17].https://www.mee.gov.cn/gkml/hbb/bgth/200910/t20091022_174821.htm. [53] 环境保护部. 中华人民共和国环境保护法 [EB/OL]. (2014 – 04 – 25)[2022 – 11 – 17]. http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2014 –04/25/content_2666434.htm. [54] 李智卓. 我国环境健康管理政策的发展历程、不足及完善建议[J]. 河海大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 2022, 24(3): 83 – 90. [55] 新华社. 中共中央 国务院印发《“健康中国2030”规划纲要》[EB/OL]. (2016 – 10 – 25)[2022 – 11 – 17]. http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2016-10/25/content_5124174.htm. [56] 新华社. 中国共产党第十九届中央委员会第六次全体会议公报[EB/OL]. (2021 – 11 – 11)[2022 – 11 – 17]. http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2021-11/11/content_5650329.htm. [57] 生态环境部办公厅. 关于印发《“十四五”环境健康工作规划》的通知[EB/OL]. (2022 – 07 – 30)[2022 – 11 – 17]. http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2022-07/30/content_5703607.htm. [58] 生态环境部. 中华人民共和国大气污染防治法[EB/OL]. (2018 – 11 – 13)[2022 – 11 – 17].https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/fgbz/fl/201811/t20181113_673567.shtml. [59] 卫生部, 环保总局, 发展改革委, 等. 关于印发《国家环境与健康行动计划》的通知[EB/OL]. (2007 – 11 – 16)[2022 – 11 – 17].https://www.mee.gov.cn/gkml/hbb/gwy/200910/t20091030_180715.htm. [60] 环境保护部. 关于实施《环境空气质量标准》(GB3095 — 2012)的通知[EB/OL]. (2012 – 02 – 29)[2022 – 11 – 17].https://www.mee.gov.cn/gkml/hbb/bwj/201203/t20120302_224147.htm. [61] 环境保护部. 环境保护部关于印发《国家环境保护“十三五”环境与健康工作规划》的通知[EB/OL]. (2017 – 02 – 22)[2022 – 11 – 17]. http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/content/2017/content_5222962.htm. [62] 环境保护部办公厅. 关于印发《国家环境保护环境与健康工作办法(试行)》的通知[EB/OL]. (2018 – 01 – 25)[2022 – 11 – 17].https://www.mee.gov.cn/gkml/hbb/bgt/201801/t20180130_430549.htm. [63] 新华社. 中华人民共和国基本医疗卫生与健康促进法[EB/OL]. (2019 – 12 – 29)[2022 – 11 – 17]. http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2019-12/29/content_5464861.htm. [64] Briggs DJ. A framework for integrated environmental health impact assessment of systemic risks[J]. Environmental Health, 2008, 7: 61. doi: 10.1186/1476-069X-7-61 [65] 周书铎, 金音子, 来晓真, 等. 健康影响评价的国际应用现状及对我国的启示[J]. 中国卫生经济, 2020, 39(5): 12 – 16. [66] Mahoney M. Health impact assessment in Australia[J]. New South Wales Public Health Bulletin, 2005, 16(7/8): 113 – 114. [67] Cortes-Ramirez J, Sly PD, Ng J, et al. Using human epidemi-ological analyses to support the assessment of the impacts of coal mining on health[J]. Reviews on Environmental Health, 2019, 34(4): 391 – 401. doi: 10.1515/reveh-2019-0033 -
点击查看大图
表(2)
计量
- 文章访问数: 42
- HTML全文浏览量: 15
- PDF下载量: 6
- 被引次数: 0