Intake of cooking oil and salt among day students and boarders aged 12 − 17 years in China, 2016 − 2017: a comparative analysis on data of China National Nutrition and Health Survey
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摘要:
目的 比较分析2016 — 2017年中国12～17岁走读生和寄宿生的烹调油与烹调盐摄入状况，为中国学校食堂及相关部门制定减油减盐政策提供科学依据。 方法 对2016 — 2017年中国学龄儿童与乳母营养健康监测数据进行分析；采用多阶段分层随机抽样方法，在全国31省（自治区、直辖市）抽取275个监测点对7265名12～17岁儿童进行营养健康监测；采用食物秤称重记录家庭或学校食堂连续3 d烹调油和烹调盐的摄入量，同时记录用餐人次数，依据用餐人员的膳食能量比计算个体烹调油和烹调盐的摄入量。 结果 12～17岁走读生和寄宿生烹调油平均摄入量中位数分别为31.1和30.6 g/d，差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）；走读生和寄宿生的烹调油日均摄入量中位数在性别、城乡、南北方及东中西部方面差异均有统计学意义（均P < 0.01）；走读生和寄宿生烹调油日均摄入量超出推荐值30 g的比例分别为52.4%和51.9%，差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。走读生、寄宿生烹调盐平均摄入量中位数分别为6.5和6.6 g/d，差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）；走读生、寄宿生烹调盐日均摄入量中位数在性别、南北方及东中西部方面差异均有统计学意义（均P < 0.05），走读生城乡差异亦有统计学意义（P < 0.01）；走读生、寄宿生烹调盐日均摄入量超出推荐值5 g的比例分别为65.6%和67.1%，差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。 结论 12～17岁走读生与寄宿生烹调油和烹调盐日均摄入量中位数差异无统计学意义，≥ 50%的走读生和寄宿生烹调油和烹调盐均摄入过多。 Abstract:Objective To examine the intake of cooking oil and salt among day students and boarders aged 12 − 17 years in China in 2016 – 2017 for providing evidence to the development of effective measures on reducing cooking oil and salt intake in the students. Methods The data on 3 492 day students and 3 773 boarders aged 12 − 17 years were extracted from China National Nutrition and Health Survey conducted during 2016 – 2017 at 275 surveillance sites selected with multistage stratified random sampling in 31 provincial-level administrative divisions. Three-day consecutive weighing of household or school canteen cooking oil and salt use were adopted to measure the participants' cooking oil and salt intake. Results The median of cooking oil intake was 31.1 grams/day (g/d) for the day students and 30.6 g/d for the boarders and there was no significant difference between the medians of the two student groups (P > 0.05); but there were significant gender and residential region (urban-rural, north-south, east-middle-west) differences in the median of cooking oil intake for both day students and boarders (P < 0.01 for all). The percentages of the day students and boarders with the intake of cooking oil exceeding 30 g/d (being recommended in the Dietary Guidelines for Chinese Residents – 2022) were 52.4% and 51.9% ,respectively, without significant difference (P > 0.05). The median of table salt intake of the day students and boarders were 6.5 g/d and 6.6 g/d and there was no significant difference between the medians of the two student groups (P > 0.05); but there were significant gender and residential region (north-south, east-middle-west) differences in the median of table salt intake for both day students and boarders（all P < 0.05) and there was urban-rural difference in the median for the boarders (P < 0.01). The percentages of the day students and boarders with the intake of table salt exceeding 5 g/d (being recommended in the Dietary Guidelines for Chinese Residents – 2022) were 65.6% and 67.1% ,respectively, without significant difference (P > 0.05). Conclusion There were no significant differences in the medians of daily intake of cooking oil and table salt between the day students and boarders aged 12 – 17 years in China and more than 50% of the day students and boarders had the cooking oil and table salt intake exceeding the amount recommended in national dietary guidelines. -
Key words:
- nutrition and health surveillance /
- cooking oil /
- cooking salt /
- schoolchildren
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表 1 2016 — 2017年膳食调查中12～17岁走读生和寄宿生基本情况
Table 1. Gender and residential region (urban-rural, north-south, east-middle-west) of 3 492 day students and 3 773 boarders aged 12 − 17 years in the dietary survey across China, 2016 – 2017
特征 走读生 寄宿生 P 值 人数 构成比（%） 人数 构成比（%） 性别 男生 1737 49.7 1881 49.8 0.0167 女生 1755 50.3 1892 50.2 0.0233 P 值 0.7607 0.8579 城乡 城市 2143 61.4 1236 46.5 < 0.0001 农村 1349 38.6 2537 53.5 < 0.0001 P 值 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 南北方 南方 1899 54.4 2225 56.8 < 0.0001 北方 1593 45.6 1548 43.2 0.4220 P 值 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 东中西部 东部 1427 40.9 1077 34.5 < 0.0001 中部 1039 29.8 1186 30.6 0.0018 西部 1026 29.4 1510 34.9 < 0.0001 P 值 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 合计 3492 48.1 3773 51.9 0.0010 
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表 2 2016 — 2017年膳食调查12～17岁走读生与寄宿生烹调油摄入量比较（g/d）
Table 2. Gender- and residential region-specific differences in the median, percentile 25 and 75 of daily cooking oil intake (g) between 3 492 day students and 3 773 boarders aged 12−17 years in the dietary survey across China, 2016 – 2017
特征 走读生 寄宿生 P 值 M P25～P75 M P25～P75 性别 男生 33.0 19.3～53.1 34.4 18.4～54.8 0.7541 女生 30.0 17.1～47.0 28.3 14.8～45.0 0.0030 P 值 0.0002 < 0.0001 城乡 城市 29.1 16.5～46.0 31.9 15.0～48.7 0.852 农村 35.4 21.3～58.8 30.5 16.9～51.0 < 0.0001 P 值 < 0.0001 0.0234 南北方 南方 32.8 19.2～53.4 35.1 18.8～55.3 0.5872 北方 29.4 16.8～46.5 26.5 14.5～43.9 < 0.0001 P 值 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 东中西 东部 28.6 16.3～43.9 23.8 11.9～39.5 < 0.0001 中部 33.4 19.2～52.6 31.5 19.9～49.4 0.3336 西部 33.8 20.4～57.7 36.1 16.3～57.8 0.8625 P 值 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 合计 31.1 18.1～50.5 30.6 16.4～49.9 0.0579
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表 3 2016 — 2017年膳食调查中12～17岁走读生与寄宿生烹调盐摄入量比较（g/d）
Table 3. Gender- and residential region-specific differences in the median, percentile 25 and 75 of daily salt intake (g) between 3 492 day students and 3 773 boarders aged 12 − 17 years in the dietary survey across China, 2016 – 2017
特征 走读生 寄宿生 P 值 M P25～P75 M P25～P75 性别 男生 7.0 4.4～10.6 7.2 4.6～11.0 0.4554 女生 6.2 3.8～9.4 6.2 3.9～8.9 0.1520 P 值 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 城乡 城市 6.2 3.9～9.7 6.6 3.5～11.1 0.3851 农村 6.9 4.5～10.4 6.7 4.4～9.4 0.0020 P 值 < 0.0001 0.642 南北方 南方 6.3 4.0～9.7 7.0 4.4～10.2 0.0032 北方 6.7 4.1～10.3 6.3 3.4～9.7 < 0.0001 P 值 0.0221 < 0.0001 东中西 东部 6.0 3.8～9.4 5.9 3.8～9.2 0.2135 中部 6.7 4.4～10.0 6.9 4.2～10.5 0.5148 西部 6.9 4.2～10.6 7.0 4.4～10.2 0.5063 P 值 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 合计 6.5 4.1～9.9 6.6 4.1～9.9 0.5693
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表 4 2016 — 2017膳食调查中12～17岁走读生和寄宿生烹调油日均摄入量与推荐摄入量比较分布
Table 4. Gender- and residential region-specific differences in percentages of diverse daily cooking oil intake (g, 30 g/d being recommended in the Dietary Guidelines for Chinese Residents – 2022) between 3 492 day students and 3 773 boarders aged 12 − 17 years in the dietary survey across China, 2016 – 2017
特征 走读生 寄宿生 P 值 < 25 g/d 25～30 g/d > 30 g/d < 25 g/d 25～30 g/d > 30 g/d 人数 % 人数 % 人数 % 人数 % 人数 % 人数 % 性别 男生 624 35.9 159 9.2 954 54.9 632 33.6 168 8.9 1081 57.5 0.2869 女生 712 40.6 169 9.6 874 49.8 829 43.8 186 9.8 877 46.4 0.1022 P 值 0.0086 < 0.0001 城乡 城市 900 42 210 9.8 1033 48.2 509 41.2 88 7.1 639 51.7 0.0147 农村 436 32.3 118 8.8 795 58.9 952 37.5 266 10.5 1319 52.0 0.0002 P 值 < 0.0001 0.0016 南北方 南方 662 34.9 190 10.0 1047 55.1 730 32.8 198 8.9 1297 58.3 0.1104 北方 674 42.3 138 8.7 781 49.0 731 47.2 156 10.1 661 42.7 0.0017 P 值 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 东中西 东部 612 42.9 148 10.4 667 46.7 552 51.3 134 12.4 391 36.3 < 0.0001 中部 377 36.3 79 7.6 583 56.1 419 35.3 120 10.1 647 54.6 0.1165 西部 347 33.8 101 9.8 578 56.3 490 32.5 100 6.6 920 60.9 0.0052 P 值 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 合计 1336 38.3 328 9.4 1828 52.4 1461 38.7 354 9.4 1958 51.9 0.9172
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表 5 2016 — 2017年膳食调查中12～17岁走读生和寄宿生烹调盐日均摄入量与推荐摄入量比较
Table 5. Gender- and residential region-specific differences in percentages of distinct daily salt intake (g, 5 g/d being recommended in the Dietary Guidelines for Chinese Residents – 2022) between 3 492 day students and 3 773 boarders aged 12 − 17 years in the dietary survey across China, 2016 – 2017
特征 走读生 寄宿生 P 值 ≤5 g/d > 5 g/d ≤5 g/d > 5 g/d 人数 % 人数 % 人数 % 人数 % 性别 男生 521 30.0 1216 70.0 535 28.4 1346 71.6 0.3050 女生 679 38.7 1076 61.3 708 37.4 1184 62.6 0.4304 P 值 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 城乡 城市 793 37.0 1350 63.0 468 37.9 768 62.1 0.6186 农村 407 30.2 942 69.8 775 30.6 1762 69.5 0.8077 P 值 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 南北方 南方 666 35.1 1233 64.9 678 30.5 1547 69.5 0.0017 北方 534 33.5 1059 66.5 565 36.5 983 63.5 0.0803 P 值 0.3369 0.0001 东中西 东部 554 38.8 873 61.2 409 38.0 668 62.0 0.6663 中部 319 30.7 720 69.3 359 30.3 827 69.7 0.8249 西部 327 31.9 699 68.1 475 31.5 1035 68.5 0.8257 P 值 < 0.0001 0.0001 合计 1200 34.4 2292 65.6 1243 32.9 2530 67.1 0.2007
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