Prevalence of and impact of depression and anxiety on suicidal behaviors among high school students: a cross-sectional survey in five provinces, China
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摘要:
目的 了解中国中学生自杀行为和抑郁、焦虑情绪的发生情况,分析抑郁、焦虑情绪与不同阶段自杀行为的关联性。 方法 于2021年4 — 12月,采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法,对江苏、广东、云南、甘肃、湖北5个省份共计20 792名11~20岁在校中学生通过问卷调查其自杀行为(包括自杀意念、自杀计划和自杀未遂)、抑郁、焦虑情绪及个人基本情况。 结果 中学生中有自杀行为者占比为23.54%,其中自杀意念者、自杀计划者、自杀未遂者占比分别为10.41%、8.03%、5.10%。抑郁、焦虑情绪检出率分别为19.70%、13.97%。其中,农村女生抑郁、焦虑情绪检出率均最高,分别为27.86%、19.43%。城市女生自杀意念(OR = 1.73,95%CI = 1.52~1.97)、自杀计划(OR = 1.79,95%CI = 1.53~2.08)、自杀未遂(OR = 1.69,95%CI = 1.40~2.04)的风险均高于城市男生;农村女生自杀意念(OR = 1.68,95%CI = 1.47~1.92)、自杀计划(OR = 1.67,95%CI = 1.43~1.95)、自杀未遂(OR = 1.47,95%CI = 1.22~1.78)的风险也均高于城市男生。抑郁、焦虑情绪与不同阶段自杀行为的关联强度均不同。自杀未遂阶段与抑郁(OR = 5.99,95%CI = 5.00~7.16)、焦虑(OR = 3.37,95%CI = 2.82~4.03)情绪的关联强度更强。 结论 抑郁、焦虑情绪均是我国在校中学生不同阶段自杀行为的危险因素。在制定预防和干预青少年心理行为问题措施时,应注意性别和城乡差异。 Abstract:Objective To investigate the prevalence of suicidal behaviors, depressive emotion and anxious emotion and the associations of depressive/anxious emotion with suicidal behaviors among high school students in China. Methods An on-site self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted among 21 207 students recruited with stratified multistage cluster sampling at 40 high schools in five representative provinces (Jiangsu, Guangdong, Yunnan, Gansu, and Hubei province) of China during April – December 2021. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), and a self-designed questionnaire were used to assess the participants′ depressive and anxious emotion and to collect demographics and other relevant information of the participants. Results Of 20 792 students (10 319 males and 10 473 females aged 11 – 20 years and averagely 15.16 ± 1.87 years ) with eligible responses, 23.54% reported ever having suicidal behaviors during past one year, with 10.41%, 8.03%, and 5.10% reporting experience of suicidal ideation, plan, and attempt during past one year, respectively. For all the eligible respondents, the detection rate of depressive and anxious emotion were 19.70% and 13.97% and the highest proportion of having depressive and anxious emotion (27.86% and 19.43%) were detected among rural girl students. The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that compared to urban boy students, both urban and rural girl students were at an increased risk of having suicidal behavior during past one year, with the odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval [95% CI]) for urban and rural girl students in terms of suicidal ideation: 1.73 ( 1.52 – 1.97) and 1.68 (1.47 – 1.92), suicidal plan: 1.79 (1.53 – 2.08) and 1.67 (1.43 – 1.95), and suicidal attempt: 1.69 (1.40 – 2.04) and 1.47 (1.22 – 1.78), respectively; the results also revealed significantly positive correlations of depressive and anxious emotion with suicidal behaviors among the students and the correlation of depressive emotion (OR = 5.99, 95% CI: 5.00 – 7.16) and anxious emotion (OR = 3.37, 95% CI: 2.82 – 4.03) were much stronger for suicidal attempt compared to the students with out the emotions. Conclusion Among high school students in China, there are gender and urban-rural differences in the prevalence of suicidal behaviors, depressive/anxious emotion and both depressive and anxious emotion are risk factors of different suicidal behaviors. The study results should be noted in developing relevant intervention measures. -
Key words:
- depression /
- anxiety /
- suicidal behavior /
- high school students
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表 1 不同特征中学生自杀行为分布
Table 1. Prevalence of suicidal ideation/plan/attempt by gender, region, studying period, being only child, family type, parental education, household monthly income per capita, smoking, alcohol drinking, depressive emotion, and anxious emotion among 20 792 high school students surveyed during 2021 in five provinces, China
特征 无自杀行为者 自杀意念者 自杀计划者 自杀未遂者 χ2 值 P 值 人数 % 人数 % 人数 % 人数 % 性别 男性 8474 82.12 831 8.05 625 6.06 389 3.77 365.88 < 0.001 女性 7423 70.88 1334 12.74 1045 9.98 671 6.41 地区 城市 8292 77.50 1062 9.93 804 7.51 542 5.07 15.55 0.001 农村 7605 75.36 1103 10.93 866 8.58 518 5.13 学段 初中 7983 76.20 1004 9.58 839 8.01 650 6.20 64.84 < 0.001 高中 7914 76.72 1161 11.25 831 8.06 410 3.97 独生子女 是 4350 75.93 621 10.84 462 8.06 296 5.17 1.76 0.625 否 11547 76.66 1544 10.25 1208 8.02 764 5.07 家庭类型 核心家庭 13463 77.78 1771 10.23 1299 7.51 775 4.48 147.00 < 0.001 单亲家庭 1161 70.71 180 10.96 177 10.78 124 7.55 重组家庭 459 67.30 80 11.73 81 11.88 62 9.09 其他 814 70.17 134 11.55 113 9.74 99 8.53 父母受教育程度 小学及以下 1035 78.47 129 9.78 94 7.13 61 4.62 29.42 0.001 初中 5657 77.00 756 10.29 595 8.10 339 4.61 高中 4954 77.17 627 9.77 478 7.45 361 5.62 大学及以上 4251 74.50 653 11.44 503 8.82 299 5.24 家庭人均月收入(元) ≤ 1 999 1957 75.82 279 10.81 223 8.64 122 4.73 17.25 0.045 2 000 ~ 3228 74.98 499 11.59 366 8.50 212 4.92 4 000 ~ 4071 76.83 542 10.23 421 7.94 265 5.00 ≥ 6 000 6641 77.16 845 9.82 660 7.67 461 5.36 吸烟 否 15415 77.02 2095 10.47 1569 7.84 936 4.68 235.04 < 0.001 是 482 62.03 70 9.01 101 13.00 124 15.96 饮酒 否 14828 77.84 1932 10.14 1449 7.61 841 4.41 332.26 < 0.001 是 1069 61.37 233 13.38 221 12.69 219 12.57 抑郁情绪 无 14080 84.34 1382 8.28 826 4.95 407 2.44 3238.43 < 0.001 有 1817 44.35 783 19.11 844 20.60 653 15.94 焦虑情绪 无 14681 82.07 1640 9.17 1036 5.79 531 2.97 2658.24 < 0.001 有 1216 41.87 525 18.08 634 21.83 529 18.22 合计 15897 76.46 2165 10.41 1670 8.03 1060 5.10 表 2 不同城乡、性别中学生自杀行为以及抑郁、焦虑情绪发生情况比较
Table 2. Prevalence of suicidal ideation/plan/attempt, depressive emotion, and anxious emotion by urban-rural region and gender among 20 792 high school students surveyed during 2021 in five provinces, China
变量 城市 农村 χ2 值 P 值 男生(n = 5729) 女生(n = 4971) 男生(n = 4590) 女生(n = 5502) 人数 % 人数 % 人数 % 人数 % 自杀行为 无自杀行为者 4718 82.35 3574 71.90 3756 81.83 3849 69.96 自杀意念者 448 7.82 ab 614 12.35 383 8.34 ab 720 13.09 173.11 < 0.001 自杀计划者 331 5.78 ab 473 9.52 294 6.41 ab 572 10.40 157.78 < 0.001 自杀未遂者 232 4.05 ab 310 6.24 157 3.42 ab 361 6.56 112.77 < 0.001 抑郁情绪 无 4987 87.05 4046 81.39 3693 80.46 3969 72.14 有 742 12.95 abc 925 18.61 b 897 19.54 b 1533 27.86 400.41 < 0.001 焦虑情绪 无 5177 90.36 4291 86.32 3987 86.86 4433 80.57 有 552 9.64 abc 680 13.68 b 603 13.14 b 1069 19.43 229.05 < 0.001 注:与城市女生比较,a P < 0.001;与农村女生比较,b P < 0.001;与农村男生比较,c P < 0.001。 表 3 自杀行为的多元logistic回归分析
Table 3. Influence of region-specific gender grouping, studying period, family type, parental education, household monthly income per capita, smoking, alcohol drinking, depressive emotion, and anxious emotion on suicidal ideation/plan/attempt among high school students in five provinces, China : multivariate logistic regression analysis
变量 参照组 自杀意念者 自杀计划者 自杀未遂者 OR 值 95%CI OR 值 95%CI OR 值 95%CI 人群 城市女生 城市男生 1.73 1.52~1.97 c 1.79 1.53~2.08 c 1.69 1.40~2.04 c 农村男生 0.96 0.83~1.11 0.90 0.76~1.07 0.59 0.47~0.74 c 农村女生 1.68 1.47~1.92 c 1.67 1.43~1.95 c 1.47 1.22 ~1.78 c 学段 高中 初中 1.04 0.95~1.14 0.83 0.74~0.92 b 0.49 0.43~0.56 c 家庭类型 单亲家庭 核心家庭 1.07 0.91~1.27 1.36 1.14~1.63 b 1.55 1.25~1.93 c 重组家庭 1.13 0.88~1.45 1.46 1.12~1.89 b 1.73 1.27~2.35 c 其他 1.14 0.93~1.38 1.21 0.97~1.50 1.65 1.29~2.11 c 父母受教育程度 初中 小学及以下 1.20 0.98~1.48 1.28 1.01~1.64 a 0.97 0.72~1.31 高中 1.19 0.96~1.47 1.22 0.95~1.57 1.15 0.84~1.56 大学及以上 1.53 1.23~1.91 c 1.59 1.23~2.06 c 1.13 0.82~1.56 家庭人均月收入(元) 2 000 ~ ≤ 1 999 1.21 1.02~1.42 a 1.14 0.95~1.38 1.17 0.91~1.50 4 000 ~ 1.05 0.89~1.24 1.05 0.87~1.27 1.17 0.91~1.49 ≥ 6 000 1.03 0.87~1.21 1.07 0.89~1.29 1.35 1.06~1.71 a 吸烟 是 否 0.71 0.53~0.94 a 1.23 0.94~1.61 2.20 1.66~2.92 c 饮酒 是 否 1.64 1.38~1.94 c 1.66 1.37~2.00 c 2.30 1.86~2.84 c 抑郁情绪 有 无 3.28 2.89~3.73 c 4.68 4.06~5.38 c 5.99 5.00~7.16 c 焦虑情绪 有 无 1.67 1.44~1.93 c 2.48 2.14~2.88 c 3.37 2.82~4.03 c 注:参照组为无自杀行为者;a P < 0.05,b P < 0.01,c P < 0.001。 -
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