Abstract: Objective To explore the latent neurobehavioral function impairments induced by traffic exhaust exposure and other factors in children.Methods Two primary schools were chosen according to the air quality report in Quanzhou city,Fujian province,and all children in grade two and grade three were selected as subjects to complete a questionna ire survey and neurobehavioral function evaluation.Finally,861 children were chosen to analyze the effects of the exhausts and the interaction of related factors by Chisquare Automatic Interaction Detection.Results Girls in grade two with second hand smoking and boys in grade two living in traffic exhaust polluted area and with second hand smoking had the most impaired neurobehavioral functions.The traffic exhaust exposure was the most important factors of neurobehavioral function impairments in the children of grade three.Conclusion Avoiding indoor smoking and reducing traffic exhausts would benefit to the development of children's neurobehavioral function.