Abstract: Objective To explore risk factors of urinary system calculi and to provide evidences for developing control measures for the disease.Methods A case-control study was conducted among 185 newly diagnosed urinary system calculi patients and 360 healthy physical examinees without urinary system calculi in Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University from 2010 to 2013.The participants of the study were interviewed face-to-face with a questionnaire about demographic characteristics,dietary behavior,drinking water,and family history of genetic diseases and blood lipids,uric acid,pH of urine and urinary tract infections of the participants were also detected.Results The results of multivariate logistic regression showed that the risk factors of urinary system calculi included aged ≥50 years(odds ratio[OR]=3.335),salty diet(OR=7.571),high-fat diet(OR=2.269),familial history of urinary system calculi(OR=3.584),long-term medication(OR=4.755),high uric acid(OR=2.485),and increased urine pH(OR=4.054)(all P<0.05),while drinking a large amount of water daily was a protective factor(P<0.05).Conclusion Decreasing salty and high-fat diet and increasing daily amount of drinking water may be helpful to the prevention of urinary system calculi,especially among the people aged 50 years and older and those with familial history of urinary system calculi.