摘要:
目的 了解农村环境卫生状况及相关因素，为农村疾病预防控制和环境综合整治提供依据。方法 2012年在辽宁省选择11个县，设置220个监测点，开展农村饮用水、户厕类型及粪便处理、生活垃圾处理、生活污水处理、居住环境病媒生物、村级环境卫生组织管理等现状调查，采集土壤检测重金属、pH 值和蛔虫卵，对监测点数据资料进行统计分析。结果 农村饮用水66.3%为集中式供水，集中式供水进行出厂水消毒处理的占10.1%；居民有喝开水习惯的占63.5%；农村户厕61.3%为卫生厕所，17.6%为无害化卫生厕所，粪便无害化处理率为48.9%；47.3%生活垃圾随意堆放，垃圾无害化处理率17.3%；生活污水53.2%随意排放，污水处理率1.4%；病媒生物厨房鼠迹7.2%，居民住宅内59.7%有苍蝇，居民住宅周围发现蚊子滋生地29.1%，居民住宅单元面积蟑螂成若虫平均值0.03个；土壤检测铅平均值18.57 mg/kg，镉平均值0.305 mg/kg，蛔虫卵检出率40.9%；监测点（村）环卫管理有资金投入的为65.0%。结论 农村环境卫生状况诸多因素中存在环境污染影响和健康危害因素，应强化干预和控制措施。
Abstract:
Objective To examine the status and influencing factors of environment hygiene in rural areas and to provide evidences for comprehensive environment management.Methods In 2012,220 monitoring stations were set up in the rural areas of 11 counties in Liaoning province.A cross-sectional study on drinking water,house toilet,management of stool,garbage and sewage,nocuous insects and pests in living environment,and management of environment hygiene at village level was carried out and soil samples were collected for detections of heavy metal,pH value and ascaris egg in the areas.The data collected were analyzed with SPSS 18.0.Results The ratio of centralized drinking water supply in the areas was 66.3% but only 10.1% of the water supply systems conducted disinfection for output water and 63.5% of the residents reported drinking boiled water.For the toilets in the houses of the residents,61.3% were sanitation toilets,of which,only 17.6% were non-hazardous sanitary toilets,and the ratio of night soil non-hazardous treatment was only 48.9%.For the rural areas surveyed,47.3% of domestic waste were piled up at random and the rate of hazard-free treatment of domestic waste was 17.3%;53.2% of the sewage was discharged at will and the ratio of sewage treatment was very low(1.4%).There were 7.2% of the kitchens with rat trace,59.7% of the houses with flies observed in the rooms and the average number of cockroach nymphs per residential unit area was 0.03.The mosquito breeding sites were identified around ambient environment for 29.1% of the houses surveyed.The average content of lead and cadmium were 18.57 mg/kg and 0.305 mg/kg,respectively,and the detection rate of ascaris egg was 40.9% for the soil samples.For all monitoring sites(villages) of the survey,65.0% had financial support for environment hygiene management.Conclusion Many environmental pollution and health risk factors exist in rural environment and control measures should be strengthened in Liaoning province.
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