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黑龙江省6～18岁学生超重和肥胖流行特征及影响因素：一项2024—2025年横断面调查

Prevalence and determinants of overweight and obesity among students aged 6–18 years in Heilongjiang province: a cross-sectional survey, 2024–2025

    摘要
  • 摘要:
    目的 探究黑龙江省6～18岁学生超重和肥胖流行特征及影响因素，为制定有针对性的减重措施提供科学依据。
    方法 于2024年10月—2025年4月，采用多阶段分层随机抽样法，对黑龙江省6地市及其下辖县（区）的6～18岁共50 734名在校学生进行身体测量和问卷调查，根据《学龄儿童青少年超重与肥胖筛查：WS/T 586—2018》标准判定超重与肥胖，采用χ2检验和多因素logistic回归进行数据分析。
    结果 6～18岁学生超重率为17.45%，肥胖率为23.46%；男生超重率为20.78%，肥胖率为28.41%，女生超重率为14.01%，肥胖率为18.35%，性别差异有统计学意义（χ2=1 486.520，P<0.01）。小学超重率为17.30%，肥胖率为30.10%；初中超重率为17.22%，肥胖率为21.10%；高中超重率为18.45%，肥胖率为18.16%，不同学段差异均有统计学意义（χ2=640.236，P<0.01）。男女生不同年龄段超重和肥胖率变化有所不同，男生超重率呈“增—降—增”的双峰特征，女生则为“降—增”的单峰特征；而男女生肥胖率均呈平稳回落趋势。总体分析结果显示，每餐用时短、每周吃夜宵频次高、非独生子女、每周运动频次低、单次运动持续时间短、家庭结构不完整、与主要照料人冲突频发与超重和肥胖风险增加有关（均P<0.05）。学段分层分析显示，小学阶段每餐用时短、每周运动频次低与超重和肥胖风险增加有关（均P<0.05）；中学阶段每餐用时短、每周吃夜宵频次高、单次运动持续时间短、与主要照料人冲突频发、家庭结构不完整与超重和肥胖风险增加有关（均P<0.05）。
    结论 黑龙江省 6～18岁学生超重和肥胖率较高，需结合本省膳食特征和生活习惯，推进健康饮食与运动干预，实施分性别、分学段精准管理，强化家庭支持与学校健康教育。

     

    Abstract:
    Objective This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and determinants of overweight and obesity among students aged 6–18 years in Heilongjiang province, providing an evidence base for the development of region-specific body weight management strategies.
    Methods Between October 2024 and April 2025, a total of 50 734 students were recruited from six prefecture-level cities and their subordinate counties/districts via a multistage stratified random sampling design. Anthropometric measurements and structured questionnaires were administered. Overweight and obesity were classified according to the standard Screening for Overweight and Obesity among School-Age Children and Adolescents (WS/T 586—2018). Chi-square tests and multivariable logistic regression were employed for data analysis.
    Results The overall prevalence of overweight and obesity was 17.45% and 23.46%, respectively. Boys (20.78% and 28.41%) had higher rates than girls (14.01% and 18.35%) (χ2 = 1 486.520, P < 0.01). Across school stages, the prevalence rates of overweight/obesity were 17.30%/30.10% in primary school students, 17.22%/21.10% in junior high school students, and 18.45%/18.16% in senior high school students, with significant differences observed (χ2 = 640.236, P < 0.01). Overweight and obesity rates varied by gender across age groups: Male overweight rate showed a "rise-decline-rise" bimodal pattern, while female overweight rate presented a "decline-rise" unimodal one. Both genders′ obesity rates exhibited a steady downward trend with age. Multivariate analysis indicated that shorter mealtime duration, frequent late-night snacking, being a non-only child, lower exercise frequency, shorter exercise duration, incomplete family structure, and frequent conflicts with caregivers were associated with higher odds of overweight and obesity (all P < 0.05). Stratified analysis further revealed that among primary school students, short mealtime duration and low exercise frequency increased the risk (both P < 0.05), whereas among secondary school students, short mealtime duration, frequent late-night snacking, short exercise duration, conflicts with caregivers, and incomplete family structure were predictors (all P < 0.05).
    Conclusions  The prevalence of overweight and obesity among students aged 6–18 years in Heilongjiang remains high, underscoring the need for tailored interventions that integrate local dietary and lifestyle characteristics with gender- and school stage-specific management, strengthened family involvement, and school-based health education.

     

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